# NAME Affix - A Foreign Function Interface eXtension # SYNOPSIS ```perl use v5.40; use Affix qw[:all]; # Bind a function and call it natively. # Here, we use libm which might be in libm.so, msvcrt.dll, etc. # C: double pow(double x, double y); affix libm(), 'pow', [ Double, Double ] => Double; say pow( 2.0, 10.0 ); # 1024 # Working with C structs is easy # C: typedef struct { int x; int y; } Point; # void draw_point(Point p); typedef Point => Struct[ x => Int, y => Int ]; affix $lib, 'draw_point', [ Point() ] => Void; draw_point( { x => 10, y => 20 } ); # We can also allocate and manage raw memory and write data to it my $ptr = Affix::malloc(1024); $ptr->[0] = ord('t'); # Direct byte-level access memcpy( $ptr, 'test', 4 ); # We can also do pointer arithmetic to create new references my $offset_ptr = Affix::ptr_add( $ptr, 12 ); memcpy( $offset_ptr, 'test', 4 ); # Inspect memory with a hex dump to STDOUT Affix::dump( $ptr, 32 ); # And release the memory. This is automatic when such a scalar falls out of scope Affix::free($ptr); ``` # DESCRIPTION Affix is a high-performance, developer friendly Foreign Function Interface (FFI) extension for Perl. It serves as a universal bridge to the vast ecosystem of native software including those written in C, Rust, Zig, C++, Go, Fortran, and more without writing XS code, managing a compiler, or compromising on execution speed. Affix also comes with an extensive type system including native support for primitives (including half-width floats and 128bit integers), nested C style structs, union, fixed size arrays, smart handling of enums, SIMD vector types, and, of course, pointers. At its core, Affix is powered by [infix](https://github.com/sanko/infix/), a lightweight JIT (Just-In-Time) compilation engine designed with speed and portability as its primary objectives. Unlike traditional FFI solutions that rely on generic, per-call dispatch loops, Affix generates optimized machine code trampolines at runtime. These trampolines handle argument marshalling and return value processing directly, significantly reducing the overhead of crossing the boundary between Perl and native code. The underlying infix engine is [rigorously tested across a diverse range of environments](https://github.com/sanko/infix/actions/workflows/ci.yml), ensuring reliable performance on Linux, Windows, macOS, Solaris, and various BSD flavors. It supports multiple CPU architectures including `x86_64` and `AArch64` (ARM64). Affix serves as a universal bridge to the vast ecosystem of native software. Whether you're tapping into a legacy Fortran math routine, a modern Rust crate, or a system-level C library, Affix makes the integration safe, idiomatic, and exceptionally fast. # EXPORTS Affix exports standard types (`Int`, `Double`, etc.) and core functions (`affix`, `wrap`, `load_library`) by default. You can control imports using tags: ```perl use Affix qw[:all]; # Import everything use Affix qw[:lib]; # Library helpers (libc, libm, load_library...) use Affix qw[:memory]; # malloc, free, memcpy, cast, dump... use Affix qw[:pin]; # Variable binding (pin, unpin) use Affix qw[:types]; # Types only (Int, Struct, Pointer...) ``` # CORE API These functions are the primary entry points for interacting with foreign libraries. ## `affix( $lib, $symbol, $params, $return )` Attaches a symbol from a library to a named Perl subroutine in the current namespace. - **`$lib`**: A library handle returned by `load_library`, a string name, or `undef` to search the currently running process/executable. - **`$symbol`**: The name of the C function. To install it under a different name in Perl, pass an array reference: `['c_name', 'perl_alias']`. To bind a raw memory address, pass it directly: `[$ptr, 'perl_alias']`. - **`$params`**: An `ArrayRef` of Affix Type objects representing the function's arguments. - **`$return`**: A single Affix Type object representing the return value. ```perl # Standard: Load from library affix $lib, 'pow', [ Double, Double ] => Double; # Rename: Load 'pow', install as 'power' in Perl affix $lib, [ pow => 'power' ], [ Double, Double ] => Double; # Raw pointer: Bind a specific memory address (e.g., from dlsym or JIT) affix undef,[ $ptr => 'my_func' ], [Int] => Void; ``` On success, installs the subroutine and returns the generated code reference. ## `wrap( $lib, $symbol, $params, $return )` Creates a wrapper around a given symbol and returns it as an anonymous `CODE` reference. Arguments are identical to `affix` except you cannot provide an alias. ```perl my $pow = wrap $lib, 'pow', [ Double, Double ] => Double; my $result = $pow->( 2, 5 ); ``` ## `direct_affix( ... )` / `direct_wrap( ... )` **Experimental:** Bypasses standard safety checks and intermediate processing for maximum performance with simple primitives. Generates highly specialized trampolines that read Perl SVs directly from the stack. ## `typedef( $name => $type )` Registers a named type alias. This makes signatures more readable and is required for recursive types and smart Enums. ```perl # C: typedef struct { int x; int y; } Point; typedef Point => Struct[ x => Int, y => Int ]; # C: typedef double Vector3[3]; typedef Vector3 => Array[ Double, 3 ]; # C: typedef int* IntPtr; typedef IntPtr => Pointer[ Int ]; ``` Once registered, use these types in signatures by calling them as functions: `Point()`. ## `coerce( $type, $value )` Explicitly hints types for [Variadic Functions](#variadic-functions-varargs). ``` # Hint that we are passing a Float, not a Double coerce( Float, 1.5 ); ``` # VARIABLES & PINNING Affix allows you to link Perl scalars directly to global or external variables exported by C libraries. ## `pin( $var, $lib, $symbol, $type )` Binds a scalar to a C variable. Reading the scalar reads C memory; writing to it updates C memory immediately. ```perl # C: extern int errno; my $errno; pin $errno, libc(), 'errno', Int; $errno = 0; # Writes directly to C memory ``` ## `unpin( $var )` Removes the magic applied by `pin`. The variable retains its last value but is no longer linked to C memory. # TYPE SYSTEM Affix signatures are built using helper functions that map precisely to C types. These are exported by default, or can be imported explicitly using the `:types` tag. ## Primitive Types ### Void & Booleans - `Void`: Used for functions that return nothing (`void`). - `Bool`: Mapped to Perl's true/false values (`stdbool.h` / `_Bool`). ### Characters - `Char`: Standard signed `char` (usually 8-bit). - `SChar`: Explicitly signed `signed char`. - `UChar`: Unsigned `unsigned char`. - `WChar`: Wide character (`wchar_t`), usually 16-bit on Windows and 32-bit on Linux/macOS. - `Char8`, `Char16`, `Char32`: Explicit-width C++ character types (`char8_t`, etc.). ### Platform-Native Integers These types map to the system's native bit-widths (e.g., `Long` is 32-bit on Windows x64, but 64-bit on Linux x64). - `Short` / `UShort`: `short` / `unsigned short`. - `Int` / `UInt`: `int` / `unsigned int` (typically 32-bit). - `Long` / `ULong`: `long` / `unsigned long`. - `LongLong` / `ULongLong`: `long long` / `unsigned long long` (guaranteed at least 64-bit). - `Size_t` / `SSize_t`: Standard memory and array indexing types (`size_t`, `ssize_t`). ### Fixed-Width Integers Use these when a C library explicitly requests a `stdint.h` type. - `Int8` / `SInt8` / `UInt8`: 8-bit integers (`int8_t`, `uint8_t`). - `Int16` / `SInt16` / `UInt16`: 16-bit integers (`int16_t`, `uint16_t`). - `Int32` / `SInt32` / `UInt32`: 32-bit integers (`int32_t`, `uint32_t`). - `Int64` / `SInt64` / `UInt64`: 64-bit integers (`int64_t`, `uint64_t`). - `Int128` / `SInt128` / `UInt128`: 128-bit integers. _Note: Because standard Perl scalars cannot hold 128-bit numbers natively, these must be passed to/from Affix as decimal strings._ ### Floating Point - `Float16`: Half-precision 16-bit float (IEEE 754). - `Float` / `Float32`: Standard 32-bit `float`. - `Double` / `Float64`: Standard 64-bit `double`. - `LongDouble`: Platform-specific extended precision (typically 80-bit on x86 or 128-bit). ### Complex Numbers - `Complex[ $type ]`: C99 complex numbers (e.g., `Complex[Double]`). In Perl, these map to an `ArrayRef` of two numbers: `[ $real, $imaginary ]`. ## String Types - **`String`**: Maps to `const char*`. Affix handles UTF-8 encoding (Perl to C) and decoding (C to Perl) automatically. - **`WString`**: Maps to `const wchar_t*`. Affix automatically handles UTF-16/UTF-32 conversions, including Windows Surrogate Pairs. - **`StringList`**: Maps a Perl `ArrayRef` of strings to a null-terminated `char**` array (common in C APIs like `execve` or `main(argc, argv)`). - **`Buffer`**: Maps a mutable `char*` to the raw memory buffer of a Perl scalar. **Zero-copy**. The scalar must have pre-allocated capacity (e.g., `"\0" x 1024`). ## Pointer & Reference Types ### `Pointer[ $type ]` A pointer to another type. When used as an argument, you can pass a **reference to a scalar** for automatic temporary allocation and write-back. ```perl # C: void get_val(int *val); affix $lib, 'get_val', [ Pointer[Int] ] => Void; my $val = 0; get_val(\$val); say $val; # Updated by C ``` ### Specialized Pointers - **`File`** / **`PerlIO`**: Maps Perl filehandles (Globs or IO objects) to `FILE*` or `PerlIO*`. **Must** be wrapped in a pointer: `Pointer[File]`. - **`SockAddr`**: Specialized marshalling for packed socket strings (e.g., from `Socket::pack_sockaddr_in`) to `struct sockaddr*`. - **`SV`**: Direct, low-level access to Perl's internal Interpreter Object (`SV*`). **Must** be wrapped in a pointer: `Pointer[SV]`. ## Aggregate Types ### `Struct[ @members ]` A C struct, mapped to a Perl `HashRef`. ```perl # C: typedef struct { int x; int y; } Point; typedef Point => Struct[ x => Int, y => Int ]; ``` ### `Union[ @members ]` A C union, mapped to a Perl `HashRef` with exactly one key. ```perl # C: union { int key_code; float pressure; }; typedef Event => Union[ key_code => Int, pressure => Float ]; ``` ### `Packed[ $align, $aggregate ]` Forces specific byte alignment on a Struct or Union (e.g., `#pragma pack(1)`). ```perl # C: #pragma pack(push, 1) ... Packed[ 1, Struct[ flag => Char, data => Int ] ]; ``` ### `Array[ $type, $count ]` A fixed-size C array. Maps to a Perl `ArrayRef`. ```perl # C: double Vector3[3]; typedef Vector3 => Array[ Double, 3 ]; ``` ### Bitfields Specify bit widths using the pipe (`|`) operator within Structs/Unions. Affix handles all masking and shifting. ```perl # C: typedef struct { uint32_t a : 1; uint32_t b : 3; } Config; typedef Config => Struct[ a => UInt32 | 1, b => UInt32 | 3 ]; ``` ## Live Views (Zero-Copy Aggregates) Standard structs and arrays copy data between Perl and C. Live views allow you to directly manipulate C memory through Perl references. `Live[ $type ]` Returns a live, zero-copy view of the memory as defined by `$type`. If `$type` is a `Struct` or `Union`, it returns an `Affix::Live` tied hash. Modifying keys in this hash updates C memory immediately. If `$type` is an `Array`, it returns an `Affix::Pointer` object. Modifying elements (e.g. `$arr->[0] = 5`) writes directly to memory. ```perl # Example: Live view of a struct my $live = cast( $ptr, Live[ Struct[ x => Int, y => Int ] ] ); $live->{x} = 42; # Updates C memory ``` ### Unified Access `Affix::Pointer` objects for aggregates allow direct field access (`$p->{field}`) without explicit casting. ```perl affix $lib, 'get_ptr', [] => Pointer[Point]; my $p = get_ptr(); say $p->{x}; # Unified access! Reads directly from C memory. $p->{y} = 50; # Writes directly to C memory. ``` ## Callbacks & Functions - **`Callback[ [$params] => $ret ]`**: Defines the signature of a C function pointer. Allows you to pass Perl subroutines into C functions. ```perl # C: void set_handler( void (*cb)(int) ); affix $lib, 'set_handler', [ Callback[ [Int] => Void ] ] => Void; ``` - **`ThisCall( $cb_or_sig )`**: Helper for C++-style `__thiscall` callbacks. Prepends a `Pointer[Void]` (the `this` pointer) to the signature. ## Variadic Functions (VarArgs) Affix supports C functions that take a variable number of arguments (e.g., `printf`, `ioctl`). When defining a signature, use the `VarArgs` token at the end of the argument list. ### Basic Usage ```perl # C: int printf(const char* format, ...); affix libc(), ['printf' => 'my_printf'], [ String, VarArgs ] => Int; # Basic types are marshalled automatically based on Perl's internal state my_printf("Integer: %d, String: %s\n", 42, "Hello"); ``` ### Explicit Type Control with `coerce()` In variadic functions, C relies on the caller to pass data in the exact format the function expects. While Affix attempts to guess the correct C type for Perl scalars, these guesses might not always match the library's expectations like passing a 64-bit integer where a 32-bit one is expected, or a float instead of a double. Use `coerce( $type, $value )` to explicitly tell Affix how to marshal a variadic argument. ```perl # Suppose we have a variadic log function that expects specific bit-widths # C: void custom_log(int level, ...); affix $lib, 'custom_log', [ Int, VarArgs ] => Void; custom_log( 1, coerce(Short, 10), # Explicitly pass as a 16-bit signed int coerce(Float, 1.5), # Explicitly pass as a 32-bit float coerce(ULong, 1000) # Explicitly pass as a platform-native unsigned long ); ``` Note: Standard C default argument promotions still apply. For example, passing a `Float` to a variadic function will typically be promoted to a `Double` by the C runtime unless the receiving function specifically handles raw floats. ## Enumerations ```perl # C: enum Status { OK = 0, ERROR = 1, FLAG_A = 1<<0, FLAG_B = 1<<1 }; typedef Status => Enum[ [ OK => 0 ], 'ERROR', # Auto-increments to 1 [ FLAG_A => 1 << 0 ], # Bit shifting [ FLAG_B => '1 << 1' ] # String expression ]; ``` - **Constants:** `typedef` installs constants (e.g., `OK() == 0`) into your package. - **Dualvars:** Values returned from C act as dualvars. They print as strings (`"OK"`) but evaluate mathematically as integers (`0`). - **String Marshalling:** You can pass the string name of an element (`"OK"`) directly to functions that expect that enum type. - **Aliases:** You can also use `IntEnum[ ... ]`, `CharEnum[ ... ]`, and `UIntEnum[ ... ]` to force the underlying integer size. ## SIMD Vectors Vectors are first-class types. You can interact with them using standard **ArrayRefs** (convenient) or **Packed Strings** (high-performance, zero-overhead). - **`Vector[ $size, $type ]`**: Create a custom vector (e.g., `Vector[ 4, Float ]`). - **Aliases**: `M256`, `M256d`, `M512`, `M512d`, `M512i`. ```perl # C: __m256 add_vecs(__m256 a, __m256 b); affix $lib, 'add_vecs', [ M256, M256 ] => M256; my $v1 = pack('f8', 1..8); my $v2 = pack('f8', 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80); my $packed_res = add_vecs( $v1, $v2 ); ``` # MEMORY MANAGEMENT When bridging Perl and C, handling raw memory safely is critical. Affix uses **Pins** to manage this boundary. A Pin (an `Affix::Pointer` object) is a magical scalar reference that holds a C memory address, its associated type information, and an ownership flag. If a Pin is "managed", Perl will automatically free the underlying memory when the variable goes out of scope. ## Allocation & Deallocation These functions allocate memory on the C heap. Memory allocated via these functions is **managed by Perl** by default. ### `malloc( $size )` Allocates `$size` bytes of uninitialized memory. Returns a managed `Pointer[Void]` pin. ```perl my $ptr = malloc(1024); # Allocates 1KB # $ptr is automatically freed when it goes out of scope ``` ### `calloc( $count, $type )` Allocates memory for an array of `$count` elements of the given `$type`, and zero-initializes the memory. Returns a managed pin typed as an Array. ```perl my $arr = calloc( 10, Int ); $arr->[0] = 42; # Write directly to the first element ``` ### `realloc( $ptr, $new_size )` Resizes the memory area pointed to by `$ptr` to `$new_size` bytes. The original pin is updated automatically in-place. ``` $ptr = realloc( $ptr, 2048 ); ``` ### `strdup( $string )` Allocates managed memory and copies the Perl string (along with a `NULL` terminator) into it. Returns a managed `Pointer[Char]` pin. ```perl my $str_ptr = strdup("Hello C!"); ``` ### `free( $ptr )` Manually releases memory. **Warning:** Only use this on memory that you exclusively own (e.g., allocated via `malloc`). Do not call `free` on unmanaged pointers returned by C libraries unless the library explicitly transfers ownership to you, or you will cause a segmentation fault. ``` free($ptr); ``` ## Lifecycle & Ownership ### `own( $ptr, [$bool] )` Gets or sets the lifecycle management status of a pointer. - `own($ptr, 1)`: Perl takes ownership. `free()` will be called automatically when `$ptr` is garbage collected. - `own($ptr, 0)`: Perl releases ownership. You (or the C library) are now responsible for freeing the memory. ```perl # Take ownership of a pointer returned from C my $c_string = get_string_from_c(); own($c_string, 1); ``` ### `attach_destructor( $pin, $func_ptr, [$lib] )` Attaches a custom C function to be called when the Pin is destroyed. This is incredibly useful for C libraries that require specific cleanup routines (e.g., `SDL_DestroyWindow`, `sqlite3_free`). ```perl # Find the address of the library's custom free function my $free_func = find_symbol($my_lib, 'custom_free'); # When $ptr goes out of scope, Affix will call custom_free($ptr) attach_destructor($ptr, $free_func, $my_lib); ``` ## Type Casting ### `cast( $ptr, $type )` Reinterprets a memory address as a new type. The behavior depends on the requested `$type`: - **Casting to a Value (Primitives/Strings):** Reads the memory immediately and returns a Perl scalar copy. - **Casting to a Reference (Pointers/Live Views):** Returns a **new unmanaged Pin** that aliases the same memory address, allowing you to interact with it using the new type's rules. ```perl my $void_ptr = malloc(4); # 1. Alias the memory as an Integer pointer my $int_ptr = cast($void_ptr, Pointer[Int]); $int_ptr->[0] = 99; # 2. Read the memory immediately as an integer value my $val = cast($void_ptr, Int); # Returns 99 ``` # POINTER UTILITIES ### `address( $ptr )` Returns the virtual memory address of the pointer as a Perl Unsigned Integer (`UInt64`). Useful for passing addresses to other FFI libraries or debugging. ``` say sprintf("Address: 0x%X", address($ptr)); ``` ### `ptr_add( $ptr, $offset_bytes )` Returns a new **unmanaged alias Pin** offset by `$offset_bytes`. ```perl my $int_arr = calloc(10, Int); my $next_elem = ptr_add($int_arr, sizeof(Int)); ``` _Note: If `$ptr` is an Array type, `ptr_add` correctly decays the returned pin into a Pointer to the element type._ ### `ptr_diff( $ptr1, $ptr2 )` Returns the byte difference (`$ptr1 - $ptr2`) between two pointers as an integer. ### `is_null( $ptr )` Returns true if the address is `NULL` (`0x0`). ### `strnlen( $ptr, $max )` Safe string length calculation. Checks the pointer for a `NULL` terminator, scanning at most `$max` bytes. # RAW MEMORY OPERATIONS Affix exposes standard C memory operations for high-performance, raw byte manipulation. These functions accept either Pins or raw integer addresses. - `memcpy( $dest, $src, $bytes )`: Copies exactly `$bytes` from `$src` to `$dest`. - `memmove( $dest, $src, $bytes )`: Copies `$bytes` from `$src` to `$dest`. Safe to use if the memory regions overlap. - `memset( $ptr, $byte_val, $bytes )`: Fills the first `$bytes` of the memory block with the value `$byte_val`. - `memcmp( $ptr1, $ptr2, $bytes )`: Compares the first `$bytes` of two memory blocks. Returns an integer less than, equal to, or greater than zero. - `memchr( $ptr, $byte_val, $bytes )`: Locates the first occurrence of `$byte_val` within the first `$bytes` of the memory block. Returns a new Pin pointing to the match, or `undef`. # LIBRARIES & SYMBOLS Loading dynamic libraries across different operating systems (Windows, macOS, Linux, BSD) can be a nightmare of varying extensions, prefixes, and search paths. Affix abstracts this complexity away with a smart library discovery engine. ## Library Discovery When you provide a bare library name (e.g., `'z'`, `'ssl'`, `'user32'`) rather than an absolute path, Affix automatically formats the name for the current platform (e.g., `libz.so`, `libz.dylib`, `z.dll`) and searches the following locations in order: - 1. **Standard System Paths:** Windows `System32`/`SysWOW64`; Unix `/usr/local/lib`, `/usr/lib`, `/lib`, `/usr/lib/system`. - 2. **Environment Variables:** Paths defined in `LD_LIBRARY_PATH`, `DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH`, `DYLD_FALLBACK_LIBRARY_PATH`, or `PATH`. - 3. **Local Paths:** The current working directory (`.`) and its `lib/` subdirectory. ## Functions ### `load_library( $path_or_name )` Locates and loads a dynamic library into memory, returning an opaque `Affix::Lib` handle. ```perl my $lib = load_library('sqlite3'); ``` **Lifecycle:** Library handles are thread-safe and internally reference-counted. The underlying OS library is only closed (e.g., via `dlclose` or `FreeLibrary`) when all Affix wrappers and pins relying on it are destroyed. _Note:_ When using `affix()` or `wrap()`, you can safely pass the string name directly (e.g., `affix('sqlite3', ...)`) and Affix will call `load_library` for you internally. If you pass `undef` instead of a library name, Affix will search the currently running executable process. ### `locate_lib( $name, [$version] )` Searches for a library using Affix's discovery engine and returns its absolute file path as a string. It **does not** load the library into memory. This is useful if you need to pass the library path to another tool or check for its existence. ```perl # Find libssl.so.1.1 or libssl.1.1.dylib my $path = locate_lib('ssl', '1.1'); say "Found SSL at: $path" if $path; ``` ### `find_symbol( $lib_handle, $symbol_name )` Looks up an exported symbol (function or global variable) inside an already-loaded `Affix::Lib` handle. Returns an unmanaged `Affix::Pointer` (Pin) of type `Pointer[Void]` pointing to the memory address of the symbol. ```perl my $lib = load_library('m'); # Get the raw memory address of the 'pow' function my $pow_ptr = find_symbol($lib, 'pow'); if ($pow_ptr) { say sprintf("pow() is located at: 0x%X", address($pow_ptr)); } ``` Returns `undef` if the symbol cannot be found. ### `libc()` and `libm()` Helper functions that locate and return the file paths to the standard C library and the standard math library for the current platform. Because platform implementations differ wildly (e.g., MSVCRT on Windows, glibc on Linux, libSystem on macOS), using these helpers guarantees you get the correct library. ```perl # Bind 'puts' from the standard C library affix libc(), 'puts', [String] => Int; # Bind 'cos' from the math library affix libm(), 'cos', [Double] => Double; ``` ### `get_last_error_message()` If `load_library`, `find_symbol`, or a signature parsing step fails, this function returns a string describing the most recent internal or operating system error (via `dlerror` or `FormatMessage`). ```perl my $lib = load_library('does_not_exist'); if (!$lib) { die "Failed to load library: " . get_last_error_message(); } ``` # INTROSPECTION When working with C APIs, you often need to know exactly how much memory a structure consumes or where a specific field is located within a block of memory. Affix provides compiler-grade type introspection. ### `sizeof( $type )` Returns the size, in bytes, of any Affix Type object or registered `typedef` name. ``` # C: sizeof(int); say sizeof( Int ); # 4 (usually) # C: sizeof(Point); say sizeof( Point() ); # 8 ``` ### `alignof( $type )` Returns the alignment boundary (in bytes) required by the C ABI for the given type. ```perl say alignof( Int64 ); # 8 (usually) # Struct alignment is dictated by its largest member typedef Mixed => Struct[ a => Char, b => Double ]; say alignof( Mixed() ); # 8 ``` ### `offsetof( $struct_or_union, $field_name )` Returns the byte offset of a named field within an Aggregate type (Struct or Union). This is incredibly useful for manual pointer arithmetic. ```perl typedef Rect => Struct[ x => Int, y => Int, w => Int, h => Int ]; # C: offsetof(Rect, w); say offsetof( Rect(), 'w' ); # 8 (skips x and y, 4 bytes each) ``` ### `types()` Returns a list of all custom type names currently registered in Affix's global type registry via `typedef`. In scalar context, returns the total number of registered types. ```perl my @known_types = types(); say "Registered types: " . join(', ', @known_types); ``` # INTERFACING WITH OTHER LANGUAGES Because Affix dynamically loads symbols according to the C Application Binary Interface (C ABI), it can interact with libraries written in almost any language, provided they expose their functions correctly. Companion modules like [Affix::Build](https://metacpan.org/pod/Affix%3A%3ABuild) make compiling these languages seamless. Here are the requirements and quirks for interfacing with non-C languages. ## C++ C++ uses "name mangling" to support function overloading and namespaces, which alters the final symbol name inside the compiled library. - 1. **Prevent Mangling:** Wrap your exported functions in `extern "C"` to ensure they have predictable names. ``` extern "C" { int add(int a, int b) { return a + b; } } ``` - 2. **Or Use Mangled Names:** If you cannot change the C++ source, you must look up the exact mangled name (e.g., `_Z3addii`) using tools like `nm` or `objdump`, and bind to that. - 3. **Object Methods:** Calling an object's method requires passing the object instance pointer (the `this` pointer) as the first argument. Use the `ThisCall( ... )` wrapper around your callback/signature to automatically insert `Pointer[Void]` at the start of the argument list. ## Rust Rust does not use the C ABI by default. You must explicitly instruct the compiler to format the function correctly. - 1. **Exporting:** Use `#[no_mangle]` and `pub extern "C"`. ```rust #[no_mangle] pub extern "C" fn add(a: i32, b: i32) -> i32 { a + b } ``` - 2. **Structs:** Rust structs must be annotated with `#[repr(C)]` to guarantee their memory layout matches C (and thus Affix's `Struct`). - 3. **Strings:** Rust strings are not null-terminated. You must receive `String` arguments as `*const std::os::raw::c_char` and convert them using `CStr::from_ptr`. ## Fortran Fortran relies heavily on pass-by-reference. - 1. **Pointers Everywhere:** Unless a parameter uses the modern Fortran `VALUE` attribute, you must pass everything as a pointer. If the function expects a Float, your Affix signature must be `Pointer[Float]`. - 2. **Name Mangling:** Most Fortran compilers convert subroutine names to lowercase and append an underscore. A Fortran subroutine named `CALC_STRESS` will likely be exported as `calc_stress_`. - 3. **Strings:** Fortran does not use null-terminated strings. When passing character arrays, Fortran compilers silently append hidden "length" parameters at the **end** of the argument list (passed by value as integers). ## Assembly When writing raw Assembly (NASM/GAS), you must manually adhere to the calling convention of your target platform: - **Linux/macOS (System V AMD64 ABI):** Arguments are passed in `rdi, rsi, rdx, rcx, r8, r9`, with the rest on the stack. - **Windows (Microsoft x64):** Arguments are passed in `rcx, rdx, r8, r9`, with "shadow space" reserved on the stack. ## Go Go libraries can be loaded if they are compiled with `-buildmode=c-shared`. Note that Go slices and strings contain internal metadata (length/capacity) and do not map directly to C arrays or `char*`. Use the `C` package inside Go (`import "C"`) and `*C.char` to bridge the boundary. # ERROR HANDLING & DEBUGGING Bridging two entirely different runtimes can lead to spectacular crashes if types or memory boundaries are mismatched. Affix provides built-in tools to help you identify what went wrong. ## Error Handling ### `errno()` Accesses the system error code from the most recent FFI or standard library call (reads `errno` on Unix and `GetLastError` on Windows). This function returns a **dualvar**. It behaves as an integer in numeric context, and magically resolves to the human-readable system error message (via `strerror` or `FormatMessage`) in string context. ```perl # Suppose a C file-open function fails my $fd = c_open("/does/not/exist"); if (!$fd) { my $err = errno(); # String context say "Failed to open: $err"; # "No such file or directory" # Numeric context if (int($err) == 2) { say "Code 2 specifically triggered."; } } ``` **Note:** You must call `errno()` immediately after the C function invokes, as subsequent Perl operations (like printing to STDOUT) might overwrite the system's error register. ## Memory Inspection ### `dump( $pin, $length_in_bytes )` Prints a formatted hex dump of the memory pointed to by a Pin directly to `STDOUT`. This is an invaluable tool for verifying that C structs or buffers contain the data you expect. ```perl my $ptr = strdup("Affix Debugging"); dump($ptr, 16); # Output: # Dumping 16 bytes from 0x55E9A8A5 at script.pl line 42 # 000 41 66 66 69 78 20 44 65 62 75 67 67 69 6e 67 00 | Affix Debugging. ``` ### `sv_dump( $scalar )` Dumps Perl's internal interpreter structure (SV) for a given scalar to `STDOUT`. This exposes the raw flags, reference counts, and memory layout of the Perl variable itself. ```perl my $val = 42; sv_dump($val); # Exposes IV flags, memory addresses of the SV head, etc. ``` ## Advanced Debugging ### `set_destruct_level( $level )` Sets the internal `PL_perl_destruct_level` variable. When testing XS/FFI code for memory leaks using tools like Valgrind or AddressSanitizer, you often want Perl to meticulously clean up all global memory during its destruction phase (otherwise the leak checker will be flooded with false-positive "leaks" that are actually just memory Perl intentionally leaves to the OS to reclaim). ``` # Call this at the start of your script when running under Valgrind set_destruct_level(2); ``` # COMPANION MODULES Affix ships with two powerful companion modules to streamline your FFI development: - [**Affix::Wrap**](https://metacpan.org/pod/Affix%3A%3AWrap): Parses C/C++ headers using the Clang AST to automatically generate Affix bindings for entire libraries. - [**Affix::Build**](https://metacpan.org/pod/Affix%3A%3ABuild): A polyglot builder that compiles inline C, C++, Rust, Zig, Go, and 15+ other languages into dynamic libraries you can bind instantly. # THREAD SAFETY & CONCURRENCY Affix bridges Perl (a single-threaded interpreter, generally) with libraries that may be multi-threaded. This creates potential hazards that you must manage. ## 1. Initialization Phase vs. Execution Phase Functions that modify Affix's global state are **not thread-safe**. You must perform all definitions in the main thread before starting any background threads or loops in the library. Unsafe operations that you should never call from Callbacks or in a threaded context: - `affix( ... )` - Binding new functions. - `typedef( ... )` - Registering new types. ## 2. Callbacks When passing a Perl subroutine as a `Callback`, avoid performing complex Perl operations like loading modules or defining subs inside callbacks triggered on a foreign thread. Such callbacks should remain simple: process data, update a shared variable, and return. If the library executes the callback from a background thread (e.g., window managers, audio callbacks), Affix attempts to attach a temporary Perl context to that thread. This should be sufficient but Perl is gonna be Perl. # RECIPES & EXAMPLES See [The Affix Cookbook](https://github.com/sanko/Affix.pm/discussions/categories/recipes) for comprehensive guides to using Affix. ## Linked List Implementation ```perl # C equivalent: # typedef struct Node { # int value; # struct Node* next; # } Node; # int sum_list(Node* head); typedef 'Node'; # Forward declaration for recursion typedef Node => Struct[ value => Int, next => Pointer[ Node() ] ]; # Create a list: 1 -> 2 -> 3 my $list = { value => 1, next => { value => 2, next => { value => 3, next => undef # NULL } } }; # Passing to a function that processes the head affix $lib, 'sum_list', [ Pointer[Node()] ] => Int; say sum_list($list); ``` ## Interacting with C++ Classes (vtable) ```perl # Manual call to a vtable entry # Suppose $obj_ptr is a pointer to a C++ object my $vtable = cast($obj_ptr, Pointer[ Pointer[Void] ]); my $func_ptr = $vtable->[0]; # Get first method address # Bind and call my $method = wrap undef, $func_ptr, [Pointer[Void], Int] => Void; $method->($obj_ptr, 42); ``` # SEE ALSO [FFI::Platypus](https://metacpan.org/pod/FFI%3A%3APlatypus), [C::DynaLib](https://metacpan.org/pod/C%3A%3ADynaLib), [XS::TCC](https://metacpan.org/pod/XS%3A%3ATCC), [C::Blocks](https://metacpan.org/pod/C%3A%3ABlocks) All the heavy lifting is done by [infix](https://github.com/sanko/infix), my JIT compiler and type introspection engine. # AUTHOR Sanko Robinson # COPYRIGHT Copyright (C) 2023-2026 by Sanko Robinson. This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the Artistic License 2.0.