CHA-PROTOCOLS(7)

Protocols
Chawan supports downloading resources from various protocols: HTTP, FTP, SFTP, Gopher, Gemini, Spartan, and Finger. Details on these protocols, and information on how users can add support to their preferred protocols is outlined in this document.

You can find network adapters in the source distribution’s adapter/protocol directory. For protocol-specific file formats (like gemtext or gopher directories) you will also find an appropriate HTML converter in adapter/format - note that these are ultimately compiled into a single tohtml program that dispatches based on its argv[0].

  OpenSSL-based adapters
The HTTP(S), SFTP, and Gemini modules all depend on OpenSSL. This is a huge library, and linking it separately with each adapter would result in enormous code bloat in static builds.

Therefore, these modules are compiled into a single binary. The entry point can be found at adapter/protocol/ssl.nim.

  HTTP
The HTTP(S) adapter supports HTTP/1.1 with arbitrary headers and POST data, is able to use passed userinfo data (Basic authentication), and returns all headers and response body it receives without exception.

Deflate decompression with gzip and zlib headers is supported. (Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate.) This is based on a modified version of the public domain tinfl.h decompressor by Rich Geldreich.

Brotli decompression (Accept-Encoding: br) is supported using the decoder provided by the reference implementation.

The bonus directory contains two alternative HTTP clients:

•   curlhttp; this is the old HTTP client based on libcurl. It can be built using curl-impersonate; see README.md in the bonus/ directory for details.

•   libfetch-http: based on FreeBSD libfetch. It is mostly a proof of concept, as FreeBSD libfetch HTTP support is very limited; in particular, it does not support arbitrary HTTP headers, so e.g. cookies will not work.

  SFTP
The SFTP adapter wraps libssh2. It works for me, but YMMV.

A slight usability issue is that if an IdentityFile declaration is found in your ssh config, it will prompt for the identity file password, but there is no way to tell whether it is really asking for that (or just regular password auth). Also, settings covered by the Match field are ignored.

The adapter does not have a way to register new known hosts, so you have to first connect to new hosts with the regular sftp command before opening them in Chawan.

  Gemini
Currently, the Gemini adapter does not support sites that require private key authentication. Otherwise, it should work OK.

gmi2html is its companion program to convert the text/gemini file format to HTML.

  FTP
Chawan supports FTP passive mode browsing and downloads.

Directory listings return the text/x-dirlist content type, which is parsed by dirlist2html (and also used by the file: handler). This assumes UNIX output style, and will probably break horribly on receiving anything else.

  Shell-based adapters
Following protocols are simple enough to have adapters implemented as shell scripts. As such, they are good starting points for understanding Chawan’s protocol adapter system.

To open TCP connections in a portable manner, these scripts use a very limited nc clone installed in $CHA_LIBEXEC_DIR.

  Gopher
Support for the Gopher protocol is implemented as a shell script, using the nc tool in the libexec directory (a very limited netcat clone). Gopher directories are returned with the text/gopher type, and gopher2html takes care of converting this to HTML.

Gopher selector types are converted to MIME types when possible; however, this is very limited, as most of them (like s sound, or I image) cannot be unambiguously converted without some other sniffing method. Chawan will fall back to extension-based detection in these cases, and in the worst case may end up with application/octet-stream.

  Finger
Finger is supported through the finger shell script, using the same nc clone as Gopher. It is probably the simplest protocol of all.

The URL scheme is a simplified imitation of the one accepted by Lynx.

  Spartan
Spartan is a protocol similar to Gemini, but without TLS. It is supported through the spartan shell script, and like Finger, it uses Chawan’s nc to make requests.

Spartan has the very strange property of extending gemtext with a protocol-specific line type. This is implemented as a sed filter for gemtext outputs in the CGI script (in other words, no modification to gmi2html was done to support this).

  Local schemes: file:, man:
While these are not necessarily protocols, they are implemented similarly to the protocols listed above (and thus can also be replaced, if the user wishes; see below).

file: loads a file from the local filesystem. In case of directories, it shows the directory listing using dirlist2html like FTP.

man:, man-k: and man-l: are wrappers around the commands man, man -k and man -l. These look up man pages using /usr/bin/man and turn on-page references into links. A wrapper command mancha also exists; this has an interface similar to man. (This used to be based on w3mman2html.cgi, but it has been rewritten as a standalone Nim program.)

  Internal schemes: cgi-bin:, stream:, cache:, data:, about:
Five internal protocols exist: cgi-bin:, stream:, cache:, data: and about:. These are the basic building blocks for the implementation of every protocol mentioned above; for this reason, these can not be replaced, and are implemented in the main browser binary.

cgi-bin: executes a local CGI script. This scheme is used for the actual implementation of the non-internal protocols mentioned above. Local CGI scripts can also be used to implement wrappers of other programs inside Chawan (e.g. dictionaries).

stream: is used for streams returned by external programs. It differs from cgi-bin: in that it does not cooperate with the external process, and that the loader does not keep track of where the stream originally comes from. Therefore it is suitable for reading in the output of mailcap entries, or for turning stdin into a URL.

It is not possible to reload stream: URLs. To support rewinding and “view source”, the output of stream:’s is stored in a cache file until the buffer is discarded.

cache: is not something an end user would normally see; it’s used for rewinding or re-interpreting streams already downloaded.

Caching works differently than in most other browsers; files are deterministically loaded from the cache upon certain actions, and from the network upon others, but neither is used as a fallback to the other.

data: decodes a data URL as defined in RFC 2397. This used to be a CGI module, but has been moved back into the loader process because these URLs can get so long that they no longer fit into the environment.

about: is inside the loader to allow for an implementation of the download list panel. It should be turned into a CGI module once the loader gets RPC capabilities.

The following about pages are available: about:chawan, about:blank, about:license, about:downloads.

  Custom protocols
The cha binary itself does not know much about the protocols listed above; instead, it loads these through a combination of local CGI, urimethodmap, and if conversion to HTML or plain text is necessary, mailcap (using x-htmloutput, x-ansioutput and copiousoutput).

urimethodmap can also be used to override default handlers for the protocols listed above. This is similar to how w3m allows you to override the default directory listing display, but much more powerful; this way, any library or program that can retrieve and output text through a certain protocol can be combined with Chawan.

For example, consider the urimethodmap definition of finger:

        finger:		cgi-bin:finger

This commands Chawan to load the finger CGI script, setting the $MAPPED_URI_* variables to the target URL’s parts in the process.

Then, finger uses these passed parts to construct an appropriate curl command that will retrieve the specified finger: URL; it prints the header `Content-Type: text/plain' to the output, then an empty line, then the body of the retrieved resource. If an error is encountered, it prints a Cha-Control header with an error code and a specific error message instead.

  Adding a new protocol
Here we will add a protocol called “cowsay”, so that the URL cowsay:text prints the output of cowsay text after a second of waiting.

Note: following assumes you put your config.toml in ~/.chawan. If you are using XDG base directories (i.e. your config.toml is in ~/.config/chawan), substitute ~/.chawan/cgi-bin with ~/.config/chawan/cgi-bin.

mkdir -p ~/.chawan/cgi-bin, and create a CGI script in ~/.chawan/cgi-bin/cowsay.cgi:

        #!/bin/sh
        # Signal to the browser that the connection has succeeded.  After this,
        # Chawan will now "Downloading" instead of "Connecting".
        printf 'Cha-Control: Connected\n'
        sleep 1 # simulate a delay
        # Status is a special header that signals the equivalent HTTP status code.
        printf 'Status: 200\n' # HTTP OK
        # ControlDone is only useful if you want to send remotely received headers
        # (i.e. in an HTTP adapter).  With ControlDone sent, subsequent Cha-Control
        # headers are not interpreted specially.
        printf 'Cha-Control: ControlDone\n'
        # As in HTTP, send an empty line before the body.
        printf '\n'
        # Print the body.  We take the path passed to the URL, which urimethodmap
        # sets as MAPPED_URI_PATH.  This is URI-encoded, so we also run the urldec
        # utility on it.
        printf '%s\n' "$MAPPED_URI_PATH" | "$CHA_LIBEXEC_DIR"/urldec | cowsay

Don’t forget to set the executable bit, e.g.

        chmod +x ~/.config/chawan/cgi-bin/cowsay.cgi

Finally, create a “.urimethodmap” file in your $HOME directory, with the following content:

        cowsay:		/cgi-bin/cowsay.cgi

Now try cha cowsay:Hello,%20world.. If you did everything correctly, it should wait one second, then print a cow saying “Hello, world.”.

  See also
cha(1), cha-cgi(5), cha-urimethodmap(5), cha-mailcap(5)