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.TL
A Selected, Annotated Bibliography for Computer Music
.AU
F. Richard Moore
.AI
Computer Audio Research Laboratory
Center for Music Experiment, Q-037
University of California, San Diego
La Jolla, California  92093
.AB
This bibliography cites and briefly describes references taken from the
literature of computer music and related fields.
It is by no means complete, and is intended to act only as a guide
for the newcomer to computer music.
Many of the references can be found in two recently published books:
\f2Digital Audio Signal Processing: An Anthology\f1, John Strawn, ed.,
William Kaufmann, Inc. (1985), and
\f2Foundations of Computer Music\f1, Curtis Roads and John Strawn, eds.,
MIT Press (1985).
These anthologies bring together many articles that have been published
over the past decade or so in a book form of unprecedented convenience
in the field of computer music.
Most of the articles in the anthologies come from \f2Computer Music 
Journal\f1\(emstill the best single source for information about computer music.
Annotations are provided for certain of the references\(emin other cases
merely the title should suffice.
.AE
.RT
.bp 1
.NH 1
Background
.PP
The following references provide general background information in
computer music,
mathematics,
digital signal processing,
computer programming,
and
psychoacoustics.
.NH 2
General
.PP

.KS
.[
%A D. G. Loy
%T The Composer Seduced into Programming
%P 184-198
%J Perspectives of New Music
%V 19
%N 1-2
%D Fall-Winter 1980, Spring-Summer 1981
.]
.Ap
A general account of the likely effect of computers on the nature of musicians.
.Ae
.KE

.KS
.[
%A M. V. Mathews
%A F. R. Moore
%A J.-C. Risset
%T Computers and Future Music
%P 263-268
%J Science
%V 183
%D 25 Jan 1974
.]
.Ap
A general account of the likely effect of computers on the nature of music.
.Ae
.KE

.KS
.[
%A M. V. Mathews
with the collaboration of
J. E. Miller,
F. R. Moore,
J.-C. Risset,
and
J. R. Pierce
%T The Technology of Computer Music
%I MIT Press
%D 1969
.]
.Ap
This book includes the original published description of the MUSIC\ V
program: a general introduction to digital audio, a tutorial section
with many examples of MUSIC\ V use, and the MUSIC\ V manual.
.Ae
.KE

.KS
.[
%A F. R. Moore
%T The Futures of Music
%P 212-226
%J Perspectives of New Music
%V 19
%N 1-2
%D Fall-Winter 1980, Spring-Summer 1981
.]
.Ap
This article discusses the effect on musical possibilities of
rapidly changing integrated circuit technology.
.Ae
.KE

.KS
.[
%A F. R. Moore
%T The Computer Audio Research Laboratory at UCSD
%J Computer Music Journal
%V 6
%N 1
%P 18-29
%D Spring 1982
.]
.Ap
This articles describes the overall design of the CARL system as it was
originally conceived.
.Ae
.KE

.KS
.[
%A F. R. Moore
%T The Computer Music Journal, 1977\(mi1982\(ema Review
%J Yale Journal of Music Theory
%P 127-135
%V 27.1
%D Spring 1983
.]
.Ap
A critical review of the early days of the \f1Computer Music Journal\f2.
.Ae
.KE

.NH 2
Mathematics
.PP

.KS
.[
%A R. C. Fisher
%A A. D. Ziebur
%T Integrated Algebra, Trigonometry, and Analytic Geometry
%I Prentice-Hall, Inc.
%D 1982
.]
.Ap
A good general math review book written by expert textbook authors.
.Ae
.KE

.KS
.[
%A F. R. Moore
%T An Introduction to the Mathematics of Digital Signal Processing,
Part I: Algebra, Trigonometry, and the Most Beautiful Formula in Mathematics
%B Digital Audio Signal Processing: An Anthology
%E J. Strawn
%I William Kaufmann, Inc.
(Computer Music Book Series)
%D 1985
.]
.Ap
The simplest possible set of background math for digital audio signal
processing written especially for musical readers.
.Ae
.KE

.KS
.[
%A M. R. Spiegel
%T Mathematical Handbook
%I Schaum's Outline Series in Mathematics
%I McGraw-Hill Book Company
%D 1968
.]
.Ap
This is not a textbook but a general handbook of formulas and
relations taken from many subfields of mathematics.
.Ae
.KE

.NH 2
Psychoacoustics
.PP
The following references provide background material on psychoacoutics
relevant to music.

.KS
.[
%A J. R. Pierce
%T The Science of Musical Sound
%I Scientific American Books, Inc.
(distributed by W. H. Freeman and Company)
%D 1983
.]
.Ap
Not a textbook but written in the style of a gala \f1Scientific American\f2
article, this book provides an authoritative and comprehensive survey of
recent findings in psychoacoustics, many of which are relevant to music.
.Ae
.KE

.KS
.[
%A J. G. Roederer
%T Introduction to the Physics and Psychophysics of Music
%I Springer-Verlag
%D 1975
.]
.Ap
A good general reference for musical psychoacoustics.
.Ae
.KE

.NH 2
Programming
.PP

.KS
.[
%A B. W. Kernighan
%A D. M. Ritchie
%T The C Programming Language
%I Prentice-Hall, Inc.
%D 1978
.]
.Ap
The ``bible'' for C programmers, this book is intended for readers who already
know how to program and wish to learn the C language.
.Ae
.KE

.KS
.[
%A H. McGilton
%A R. Morgan
%T Introducing the UNIX System
%I McGraw-Hill
%D 1983
.]
.Ap
This book describes the Berkeley-enhanced UNIX operating system (the one
used at CARL) including the file system, commands, inter-user communication,
text manipulation (including ed, ex, vi, awk, and sed), and document
formatting.
.Ae
.KE

.KS
.[
%A B. W. Kernighan
%A R. Pike
%T The UNIX Programming Environment
%I Prentice-Hall, Inc.
%D 1984
.]
.Ap
This book describes the Bell Laboratories version of UNIX, without
Berkeley enhancements such as vi and the cshell.
.Ae
.KE

.KS
.[
%A D. A. Knuth
%T The Art of Computer Programming,
Volume 1: Fundamental Algorithms
%I Addison-Wesley
%D 1968
.]
.Ap
An indispensible guide to basic programming methodology regardless of
the particular language in which these ideas are expressed.
.Ae
.KE

.KS
.[
%A F. R. Moore
%T Programming in C with a Bit of UNIX
%I Prentice-Hall, Inc.
%D 1985
.]
.Ap
An introduction to programming for the beginner who wishes to become
computer literate without becoming a computer scientist.
.Ae
.KE

.NH 2
Digital Signal Processing
.PP

.KS
.[
%A F. R. Moore
%T An Introduction to the Mathematics of Digital Signal Processing,
Part II: Sampling, Transforms, and Digital Filtering
%B Digital Audio Signal Processing: An Anthology
%E J. Strawn
%I William Kaufmann, Inc.
(Computer Music Book Series)
%D 1985
.]
.Ap
A basic introduction to the ideas of digital audio processing written
especially for musicians.
.Ae
.KE

.KS
.[
%A J. A. Moorer
%T Signal Processing Aspects of Computer Music: A Survey
%B Digital Audio Signal Processing: An Anthology
%E J. Strawn
%I William Kaufmann, Inc.
(Computer Music Book Series)
%D 1985
.]
.Ap
An excellent survey of the basic signal processing techniques used in computer
music as of its original publication date (1977).
.Ae
.KE

.KS
.[
%A L. R. Rabiner
%A R. W. Schafer
%T Digital Processing of Speech Signals
%I Prentice-Hall, Inc.
%D 1978
.]
.Ap
A comprehensive treatment of the application of digital signal processing
techniques to the analysis and synthesis of speech.
.Ae
.KE

.KS
.[
%A L. R. Rabiner
%A B. Gold
%T Theory and Application of Digital Signal Processing
%I Prentice-Hall, Inc.
%D 1975
.]
.Ap
The ``bible'' of digital signal processing for many engineers, this excellent
textbook provides a thorough treatment of all fundamentals of digital
signal processing independent of their application.
.Ae
.KE

.KS
.[
%A J. O. Smith
%T An Introduction to Digital Filter Theory
%B Digital Audio Signal Processing: An Anthology
%E J. Strawn
%I William Kaufmann, Inc.
(Computer Music Book Series)
%D 1985
.]
.Ap
A basic introduction to the ideas of digital filtering written expressly for
musicians.
.Ae
.KE

.NH 1
Digital Sound Synthesis Techniques
.PP
The following references provide basic information on sound synthesis
techniques used in computer music.
.NH 2
General
.PP

.KS
.[
%A R. Cann
%T An Analysis/Synthesis Tutorial
%B Foundations of Computer Music
%E C. Roads and J. Strawn
%I MIT Press
%D 1985
.]
.KE

.NH 2
Linear Synthesis Techniques
.PP

.KS
.[
%A J. W. Gordon
%A J. Strawn
%T An Introduction to the Phase Vocoder
%B Digital Audio Signal Processing: An Anthology
%E J. Strawn
%I William Kaufmann, Inc.
(Computer Music Book Series)
%D 1985
.]
.Ap
A good general explanation of the operation of the phase vocoder.
.Ae
.KE

.KS
.[
%A L.  Hiller
%A P.  Ruiz
%T Synthesizing Musical Sounds by Solving the Wave Equation
for Vibrating Objects, I & II
%J Journal of the Audio Engineering Society
%V 19
%P 462-470, 542-551
%D 1971
.]
.Ap
One of the few early attempts to synthesize sounds via physical modeling
techniques.
.Ae
.KE

.KS
.[
%A C. Roads
%T Granular Synthesis of Sound
%B Foundations of Computer Music
%E C. Roads and J. Strawn
%I MIT Press
%D 1985
.]
.Ap
Granular synthesis involves the concatenation and combination of very short
sonic ``granules'' in an as-yet-to-be-thoroughly-explored way.
.Ae
.KE

.KS
.[
%A T. L. Petersen
%T Spiral Synthesis
%B Digital Audio Signal Processing: An Anthology
%E J. Strawn
%I William Kaufmann, Inc.
(Computer Music Book Series)
%D 1985
.]
.Ap
A novel synthesis method based on projections of spirals in the complex
number domain onto real axes.
.Ae
.KE

.NH 2
Nonlinear Synthesis Techniques
.PP

.KS
.[
%A J. Beauchamp
%T Brass-Tone Synthesis by Spectrum Evolution Matching with Nonlinear Functions
%B Foundations of Computer Music
%E C. Roads and J. Strawn
%I MIT Press
%D 1985
.]
.Ap
A novel use of nonlinear mapping functions to achieve control over the
brightness of a timbre applied to brass tone synthesis.
.Ae
.KE

.KS
.[
%A D. Morrill
%T Trumpet Algorithms for Computer Composition
%B Foundations of Computer Music
%E C. Roads and J. Strawn
%I MIT Press
%D 1985
.]
.Ap
A description of the FM-based methods discovered by Morrill to synthesize
realistic trumpet-like sonorities.
.Ae
.KE

.KS
.[
%A C. Roads
%T A Tutorial on Nonlinear Distortion of Waveshaping Synthesis
%B Foundations of Computer Music
%E C. Roads and J. Strawn
%I MIT Press
%D 1985
.]
.Ap
A tutorial paper describing the use of sums of Chebychev polynomial
functions to provide nonlinear mappings between sinusoids and
arbitrary target spectra.
.Ae
.KE

.NH 3
Frequency Modulation
.PP

.KS
.[
%A J. M. Chowning
%T The Synthesis of Complex Audio Spectra by Means of Frequency Modulation
%B Foundations of Computer Music
%E C. Roads and J. Strawn
%I MIT Press
%D 1985
.]
.Ap
The classic paper that introduced the basic ideas of frequency modulation
as a surprisingly rich method for synthesizing musical sounds.
.Ae
.KE

.KS
.[
%A M. LeBrun
%T A Derivation of the Spectrum of FM with a Complex Modulating Wave
%B Foundations of Computer Music
%E C. Roads and J. Strawn
%I MIT Press
%D 1985
.]
.KE

.KS
.[
%A B. Schottstaedt
%T The Simulation of Natural Instrument Tones Using Frequency Modulation
with a Complex Modulating Wave
%B Foundations of Computer Music
%E C. Roads and J. Strawn
%I MIT Press
%D 1985
.]
.KE

.KS
.[
%A B. Truax
%T Organizational Techniques for c:m Ratios in Frequency Modulation
%B Foundations of Computer Music
%E C. Roads and J. Strawn
%I MIT Press
%D 1985
.]
.KE

.NH 2
Spatial Sound Processing
.PP

.KS
.[
%A J. M. Chowning
%T The Simulation of Moving Sound Sources
%J Journal of the Audio Engineering Society
%V 19
%N 1
%D Jan 1971
.]
.Ap
Another classic paper on the spatialization of sounds in illusory acoustic
space.
.Ae
.KE

.KS
.[
%A F. R. Moore
%T A General Model for Spatial Processing of Sounds
%J Computer Music Journal
%P 6-15
%V 7
%N 3
%D Fall 1983
.]
.Ap
A full explication of the physical models and concepts upon which the
cmusic space unit generator is based.
.Ae
.KE

.KS
.[
%A J. A. Moorer
%T About This Reverberation Business
%B Foundations of Computer Music
%E C. Roads and J. Strawn
%I MIT Press
%D 1985
.]
.Ap
A good general treatment of digital reverberation and its relation to the
physics of concert halls and perception.
.Ae
.KE

.NH 1
Synthesizers
.PP
The following references provide background material on
techniques used in digital music synthesizers.

.KS
.[
%A H. Alles
%T A Portable Digital Sound-Synthesis System
%B Foundations of Computer Music
%E C. Roads and J. Strawn
%I MIT Press
%D 1985
.]
.Ap
The introduction to a series of papers on the world's first all-digital,
standalone, programmable music synthesis system.
.Ae
.KE

.KS
.[
%A H. Alles
%A G. diGiugno
%T The 4B: A One-Card 64-Channel Digital Synthesizer
%B Foundations of Computer Music
%E C. Roads and J. Strawn
%I MIT Press
%D 1985
.]
.Ap
Description of a precursor to the synthesis engine module that forms the
heart of the IRCAM 4X machine.
.Ae
.KE

.KS
.[
%A H. Alles
%T A 256-Channel Performance-Input Device
%B Foundations of Computer Music
%E C. Roads and J. Strawn
%I MIT Press
%D 1985
.]
.KE

.KS
.[
%A F. R. Moore
%T Table Lookup Noise for Sinusoidal Digital Oscillators
%B Foundations of Computer Music
%E C. Roads and J. Strawn
%I MIT Press
%D 1985
.]
.Ap
This paper explores the distortion tradeoffs in table length and width for
table lookup digital oscillators of the truncating, rounding, and
interpolating types.
.Ae
.KE

.KS
.[
%A F. R. Moore
%T The FRMbox: A Modular Digital Music Synthesizer
%B Computer Music Book Series
%E J. Strawn
%I William Kaufmann, Inc.
%D forthcoming in 1985
.]
.KE

.KS
.[
%A J. Snell
%T Design of a Digital Oscillator That Will Generate up to 256 Low-Distortion
Sine Waves in Real Time
%B Foundations of Computer Music
%E C. Roads and J. Strawn
%I MIT Press
%D 1985
.]
.KE

.NH 1
Software Methodology
.PP
The following references provide background material on software techniques
used in computer music.

.KS
.[
%A C. Abbott
%T Automated Microprogramming for Digital Synthesizers
%B Foundations of Computer Music
%E C. Roads and J. Strawn
%I MIT Press
%D 1985
.]
.KE

.KS
.[
%A C. Abbott
%T A Software Approach to Interactive Processing of Musical Sound
%B Foundations of Computer Music
%E C. Roads and J. Strawn
%I MIT Press
%D 1985
.]
.KE

.KS
.[
%A J. Chadabe
%A R. Meyers
%T An Introduction to the PLAY Program
%B Foundations of Computer Music
%E C. Roads and J. Strawn
%I MIT Press
%D 1985
.]
.Ap
Description of the author's software for realtime interactive computer-aided
composition.
.Ae
.KE

.KS
.[
%A M. V. Mathews
%A F. R. Moore
%T GROOVE\(emA Program to Compose, Store, and Edit Functions of Time
%P 715-721
%J Communications of the ACM
%V 13
%N 12
%D Dec. 1970
.]
.Ap
The only published account of the GROOVE system which provided
general realtime control of analog sound synthesis equipment.
.Ae
.KE

.KS
.[
%A F. R. Moore
%T Musical Signal Processing in a UNIX Environment
%P 89-111
%B Proceedings of the International Music and Technology Conference
%I University of Melbourne, Australia
%D Aug. 1981
.]
.Ap
A basic description of the ways in which UNIX pipe mechanisms may be
used to interlink signal processing programs.
.Ae
.KE

.KS
.[
%A F. R. Moore
%T Computer-Controlled Analog Synthesizers
%R Bell Laboratories Computing Science Technical Report
%N 10
%D May 1973
.]
.Ap
A general description of the problems involved in computer control of
music synthesizers.
.Ae
.KE

.KS
.[
%A J. Myhill
%T Controlled Indeterminacy: A First Step Toward a Semistochastic Music Language
%B Foundations of Computer Music
%E C. Roads and J. Strawn
%I MIT Press
%D 1985
.]
.KE

.KS
.[
%A C. Roads
%T Grammars as Representations for Music
%B Foundations of Computer Music
%E C. Roads and J. Strawn
%I MIT Press
%D 1985
.]
.KE

.NH 1
Musical Acoustics and Psychoacoustics
.PP
The following references provide background material on psychoacoustics
as applied to computer music.

.KS
.[
%A S. McAdams
%A A. Bregman
%T Hearing Musical Streams
%B Foundations of Computer Music
%E C. Roads and J. Strawn
%I MIT Press
%D 1985
.]
.KE

.KS
.[
%A J.-C. Risset 
%A D. Wessel
%T Exploration of Timbre by Analysis and Synthesis
%B The Psychology of Music
%E D. Deutsch
%I Academic Press
%P 26-58
%D 1982
.]
.KE

.KS
.[
%A D. Wessel
%T Timbre Space as a Musical Control Structure
%B Foundations of Computer Music
%E C. Roads and J. Strawn
%I MIT Press
%D 1985
.]
.KE

