#region License
// Copyright (c) 2007 James Newton-King
//
// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person
// obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation
// files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without
// restriction, including without limitation the rights to use,
// copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
// copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
// Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following
// conditions:
//
// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
// included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
//
// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
// EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES
// OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
// NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT
// HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY,
// WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
// FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR
// OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
#endregion

using System;
using System.Collections;
#if !(NET35 || NET20 || SILVERLIGHT || WINDOWS_PHONE || PORTABLE)
using System.Collections.Concurrent;
#endif
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel;
#if !(NET35 || NET20 || WINDOWS_PHONE || PORTABLE)
using System.Dynamic;
#endif
using System.Globalization;
using System.Reflection;
using System.Runtime.Serialization;
#if !(NETFX_CORE || PORTABLE)
using System.Security.Permissions;
#endif
using System.Xml.Serialization;
using Newtonsoft.Json.Converters;
using Newtonsoft.Json.Utilities;
using Newtonsoft.Json.Linq;
using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
#if NETFX_CORE || PORTABLE
using ICustomAttributeProvider = Newtonsoft.Json.Utilities.CustomAttributeProvider;
#endif
#if NET20
using Newtonsoft.Json.Utilities.LinqBridge;
#else
using System.Linq;
#endif

namespace Newtonsoft.Json.Serialization
{
  internal struct ResolverContractKey : IEquatable<ResolverContractKey>
  {
    private readonly Type _resolverType;
    private readonly Type _contractType;

    public ResolverContractKey(Type resolverType, Type contractType)
    {
      _resolverType = resolverType;
      _contractType = contractType;
    }

    public override int GetHashCode()
    {
      return _resolverType.GetHashCode() ^ _contractType.GetHashCode();
    }

    public override bool Equals(object obj)
    {
      if (!(obj is ResolverContractKey))
        return false;

      return Equals((ResolverContractKey)obj);
    }

    public bool Equals(ResolverContractKey other)
    {
      return (_resolverType == other._resolverType && _contractType == other._contractType);
    }
  }

  /// <summary>
  /// Used by <see cref="JsonSerializer"/> to resolves a <see cref="JsonContract"/> for a given <see cref="Type"/>.
  /// </summary>
  public class DefaultContractResolver : IContractResolver
  {
    private static readonly IContractResolver _instance = new DefaultContractResolver(true);
    internal static IContractResolver Instance
    {
        get { return _instance; }
    }
    private static readonly IList<JsonConverter> BuiltInConverters = new List<JsonConverter>
      {
#if !(SILVERLIGHT || NET20 || NETFX_CORE || PORTABLE)
        new EntityKeyMemberConverter(),
#endif
#if !(NET35 || NET20 || WINDOWS_PHONE || PORTABLE)
        new ExpandoObjectConverter(),
#endif
#if (!(SILVERLIGHT || PORTABLE) || WINDOWS_PHONE)
        new XmlNodeConverter(),
#endif
#if !(SILVERLIGHT || NETFX_CORE || PORTABLE)
        new BinaryConverter(),
        new DataSetConverter(),
        new DataTableConverter(),
#endif
        new KeyValuePairConverter(),
        new BsonObjectIdConverter()
      };

    private static Dictionary<ResolverContractKey, JsonContract> _sharedContractCache;
    private static readonly object _typeContractCacheLock = new object();

    private Dictionary<ResolverContractKey, JsonContract> _instanceContractCache;
    private readonly bool _sharedCache;

    /// <summary>
    /// Gets a value indicating whether members are being get and set using dynamic code generation.
    /// This value is determined by the runtime permissions available.
    /// </summary>
    /// <value>
    /// 	<c>true</c> if using dynamic code generation; otherwise, <c>false</c>.
    /// </value>
    public bool DynamicCodeGeneration
    {
      get { return JsonTypeReflector.DynamicCodeGeneration; }
    }

#if !NETFX_CORE
    /// <summary>
    /// Gets or sets the default members search flags.
    /// </summary>
    /// <value>The default members search flags.</value>
    public BindingFlags DefaultMembersSearchFlags { get; set; }
#else
    private BindingFlags DefaultMembersSearchFlags = BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.Public;
#endif

    /// <summary>
    /// Gets or sets a value indicating whether compiler generated members should be serialized.
    /// </summary>
    /// <value>
    /// 	<c>true</c> if serialized compiler generated members; otherwise, <c>false</c>.
    /// </value>
    public bool SerializeCompilerGeneratedMembers { get; set; }

#if !(SILVERLIGHT || NETFX_CORE || PORTABLE)
    /// <summary>
    /// Gets or sets a value indicating whether to ignore the <see cref="ISerializable"/> interface when serializing and deserializing types.
    /// </summary>
    /// <value>
    /// 	<c>true</c> if the <see cref="ISerializable"/> interface will be ignored when serializing and deserializing types; otherwise, <c>false</c>.
    /// </value>
    public bool IgnoreSerializableInterface { get; set; }

    /// <summary>
    /// Gets or sets a value indicating whether to ignore the <see cref="SerializableAttribute"/> attribute when serializing and deserializing types.
    /// </summary>
    /// <value>
    /// 	<c>true</c> if the <see cref="SerializableAttribute"/> attribute will be ignored when serializing and deserializing types; otherwise, <c>false</c>.
    /// </value>
    public bool IgnoreSerializableAttribute { get; set; }
#endif

    /// <summary>
    /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="DefaultContractResolver"/> class.
    /// </summary>
    public DefaultContractResolver()
      : this(false)
    {
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="DefaultContractResolver"/> class.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="shareCache">
    /// If set to <c>true</c> the <see cref="DefaultContractResolver"/> will use a cached shared with other resolvers of the same type.
    /// Sharing the cache will significantly performance because expensive reflection will only happen once but could cause unexpected
    /// behavior if different instances of the resolver are suppose to produce different results. When set to false it is highly
    /// recommended to reuse <see cref="DefaultContractResolver"/> instances with the <see cref="JsonSerializer"/>.
    /// </param>
    public DefaultContractResolver(bool shareCache)
    {
#if !NETFX_CORE
      DefaultMembersSearchFlags = BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.Instance;
#endif
#if !(SILVERLIGHT || NETFX_CORE || PORTABLE)
      IgnoreSerializableAttribute = true;
#endif

      _sharedCache = shareCache;
    }

    private Dictionary<ResolverContractKey, JsonContract> GetCache()
    {
      if (_sharedCache)
        return _sharedContractCache;
      else
        return _instanceContractCache;
    }

    private void UpdateCache(Dictionary<ResolverContractKey, JsonContract> cache)
    {
      if (_sharedCache)
        _sharedContractCache = cache;
      else
        _instanceContractCache = cache;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Resolves the contract for a given type.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="type">The type to resolve a contract for.</param>
    /// <returns>The contract for a given type.</returns>
    public virtual JsonContract ResolveContract(Type type)
    {
      if (type == null)
        throw new ArgumentNullException("type");

      JsonContract contract;
      ResolverContractKey key = new ResolverContractKey(GetType(), type);
      Dictionary<ResolverContractKey, JsonContract> cache = GetCache();
      if (cache == null || !cache.TryGetValue(key, out contract))
      {
        contract = CreateContract(type);

        // avoid the possibility of modifying the cache dictionary while another thread is accessing it
        lock (_typeContractCacheLock)
        {
          cache = GetCache();
          Dictionary<ResolverContractKey, JsonContract> updatedCache =
            (cache != null)
              ? new Dictionary<ResolverContractKey, JsonContract>(cache)
              : new Dictionary<ResolverContractKey, JsonContract>();
          updatedCache[key] = contract;

          UpdateCache(updatedCache);
        }
      }

      return contract;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Gets the serializable members for the type.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="objectType">The type to get serializable members for.</param>
    /// <returns>The serializable members for the type.</returns>
    protected virtual List<MemberInfo> GetSerializableMembers(Type objectType)
    {
      bool ignoreSerializableAttribute;
#if !(SILVERLIGHT || NETFX_CORE || PORTABLE)
      ignoreSerializableAttribute = IgnoreSerializableAttribute;
#else
      ignoreSerializableAttribute = true;
#endif

      MemberSerialization memberSerialization = JsonTypeReflector.GetObjectMemberSerialization(objectType, ignoreSerializableAttribute);

      List<MemberInfo> allMembers = ReflectionUtils.GetFieldsAndProperties(objectType, BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.Static)
        .Where(m => !ReflectionUtils.IsIndexedProperty(m)).ToList();

      List<MemberInfo> serializableMembers = new List<MemberInfo>();
      
      if (memberSerialization != MemberSerialization.Fields)
      {
#if !PocketPC && !NET20
        DataContractAttribute dataContractAttribute = JsonTypeReflector.GetDataContractAttribute(objectType);
#endif

        List<MemberInfo> defaultMembers = ReflectionUtils.GetFieldsAndProperties(objectType, DefaultMembersSearchFlags)
         .Where(m => !ReflectionUtils.IsIndexedProperty(m)).ToList();
        
        foreach (MemberInfo member in allMembers)
        {
          // exclude members that are compiler generated if set
          if (SerializeCompilerGeneratedMembers || !member.IsDefined(typeof (CompilerGeneratedAttribute), true))
          {
            if (defaultMembers.Contains(member))
            {
              // add all members that are found by default member search
              serializableMembers.Add(member);
            }
            else
            {
              // add members that are explicitly marked with JsonProperty/DataMember attribute
              // or are a field if serializing just fields
              if (JsonTypeReflector.GetAttribute<JsonPropertyAttribute>(member.GetCustomAttributeProvider()) != null)
                serializableMembers.Add(member);
#if !PocketPC && !NET20
              else if (dataContractAttribute != null && JsonTypeReflector.GetAttribute<DataMemberAttribute>(member.GetCustomAttributeProvider()) != null)
                serializableMembers.Add(member);
#endif
              else if (memberSerialization == MemberSerialization.Fields && member.MemberType() == MemberTypes.Field)
                serializableMembers.Add(member);
            }
          }
        }

#if !PocketPC && !SILVERLIGHT && !NET20
        Type match;
        // don't include EntityKey on entities objects... this is a bit hacky
        if (objectType.AssignableToTypeName("System.Data.Objects.DataClasses.EntityObject", out match))
          serializableMembers = serializableMembers.Where(ShouldSerializeEntityMember).ToList();
#endif
      }
      else
      {
        // serialize all fields
        foreach (MemberInfo member in allMembers)
        {
          if (member.MemberType() == MemberTypes.Field)
            serializableMembers.Add(member);
        }
      }

      return serializableMembers;
    }

#if !PocketPC && !SILVERLIGHT && !NET20
    private bool ShouldSerializeEntityMember(MemberInfo memberInfo)
    {
      PropertyInfo propertyInfo = memberInfo as PropertyInfo;
      if (propertyInfo != null)
      {
        if (propertyInfo.PropertyType.IsGenericType() && propertyInfo.PropertyType.GetGenericTypeDefinition().FullName == "System.Data.Objects.DataClasses.EntityReference`1")
          return false;
      }

      return true;
    }
#endif

    /// <summary>
    /// Creates a <see cref="JsonObjectContract"/> for the given type.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="objectType">Type of the object.</param>
    /// <returns>A <see cref="JsonObjectContract"/> for the given type.</returns>
    protected virtual JsonObjectContract CreateObjectContract(Type objectType)
    {
      JsonObjectContract contract = new JsonObjectContract(objectType);
      InitializeContract(contract);

      bool ignoreSerializableAttribute;
#if !(SILVERLIGHT || NETFX_CORE || PORTABLE)
      ignoreSerializableAttribute = IgnoreSerializableAttribute;
#else
      ignoreSerializableAttribute = true;
#endif

      contract.MemberSerialization = JsonTypeReflector.GetObjectMemberSerialization(contract.NonNullableUnderlyingType, ignoreSerializableAttribute);
      contract.Properties.AddRange(CreateProperties(contract.NonNullableUnderlyingType, contract.MemberSerialization));

      JsonObjectAttribute attribute = JsonTypeReflector.GetJsonObjectAttribute(contract.NonNullableUnderlyingType);
      if (attribute != null)
        contract.ItemRequired = attribute._itemRequired;

      // check if a JsonConstructorAttribute has been defined and use that
      if (contract.NonNullableUnderlyingType.GetConstructors(BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.NonPublic).Any(c => c.IsDefined(typeof(JsonConstructorAttribute), true)))
      {
        ConstructorInfo constructor = GetAttributeConstructor(contract.NonNullableUnderlyingType);
        if (constructor != null)
        {
          contract.OverrideConstructor = constructor;
          contract.ConstructorParameters.AddRange(CreateConstructorParameters(constructor, contract.Properties));
        }
      }
      else if (contract.MemberSerialization == MemberSerialization.Fields)
      {
#if !(SILVERLIGHT || NETFX_CORE || PORTABLE)
        // mimic DataContractSerializer behaviour when populating fields by overriding default creator to create an uninitialized object
        // note that this is only possible when the application is fully trusted so fall back to using the default constructor (if available) in partial trust
        if (JsonTypeReflector.FullyTrusted)
          contract.DefaultCreator = contract.GetUninitializedObject;
#endif
      }
      else if (contract.DefaultCreator == null || contract.DefaultCreatorNonPublic)
      {
        ConstructorInfo constructor = GetParametrizedConstructor(contract.NonNullableUnderlyingType);
        if (constructor != null)
        {
          contract.ParametrizedConstructor = constructor;
          contract.ConstructorParameters.AddRange(CreateConstructorParameters(constructor, contract.Properties));
        }
      }
      return contract;
    }

    private ConstructorInfo GetAttributeConstructor(Type objectType)
    {
      IList<ConstructorInfo> markedConstructors = objectType.GetConstructors(BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.NonPublic).Where(c => c.IsDefined(typeof(JsonConstructorAttribute), true)).ToList();

      if (markedConstructors.Count > 1)
        throw new JsonException("Multiple constructors with the JsonConstructorAttribute.");
      else if (markedConstructors.Count == 1)
        return markedConstructors[0];

      return null;
    }

    private ConstructorInfo GetParametrizedConstructor(Type objectType)
    {
      IList<ConstructorInfo> constructors = objectType.GetConstructors(BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.Instance).ToList();

      if (constructors.Count == 1)
        return constructors[0];
      else
        return null;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Creates the constructor parameters.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="constructor">The constructor to create properties for.</param>
    /// <param name="memberProperties">The type's member properties.</param>
    /// <returns>Properties for the given <see cref="ConstructorInfo"/>.</returns>
    protected virtual IList<JsonProperty> CreateConstructorParameters(ConstructorInfo constructor, JsonPropertyCollection memberProperties)
    {
      var constructorParameters = constructor.GetParameters();

      JsonPropertyCollection parameterCollection = new JsonPropertyCollection(constructor.DeclaringType);

      foreach (ParameterInfo parameterInfo in constructorParameters)
      {
        JsonProperty matchingMemberProperty = memberProperties.GetClosestMatchProperty(parameterInfo.Name);
        // type must match as well as name
        if (matchingMemberProperty != null && matchingMemberProperty.PropertyType != parameterInfo.ParameterType)
          matchingMemberProperty = null;

        JsonProperty property = CreatePropertyFromConstructorParameter(matchingMemberProperty, parameterInfo);

        if (property != null)
        {
          parameterCollection.AddProperty(property);
        }
      }

      return parameterCollection;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Creates a <see cref="JsonProperty"/> for the given <see cref="ParameterInfo"/>.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="matchingMemberProperty">The matching member property.</param>
    /// <param name="parameterInfo">The constructor parameter.</param>
    /// <returns>A created <see cref="JsonProperty"/> for the given <see cref="ParameterInfo"/>.</returns>
    protected virtual JsonProperty CreatePropertyFromConstructorParameter(JsonProperty matchingMemberProperty, ParameterInfo parameterInfo)
    {
      JsonProperty property = new JsonProperty();
      property.PropertyType = parameterInfo.ParameterType;

      bool allowNonPublicAccess;
      SetPropertySettingsFromAttributes(property, parameterInfo.GetCustomAttributeProvider(), parameterInfo.Name, parameterInfo.Member.DeclaringType, MemberSerialization.OptOut, out allowNonPublicAccess);

      property.Readable = false;
      property.Writable = true;

      // "inherit" values from matching member property if unset on parameter
      if (matchingMemberProperty != null)
      {
        property.PropertyName = (property.PropertyName != parameterInfo.Name) ? property.PropertyName : matchingMemberProperty.PropertyName;
        property.Converter = property.Converter ?? matchingMemberProperty.Converter;
        property.MemberConverter = property.MemberConverter ?? matchingMemberProperty.MemberConverter;
        property.DefaultValue = property.DefaultValue ?? matchingMemberProperty.DefaultValue;
        property._required = property._required ?? matchingMemberProperty._required;
        property.IsReference = property.IsReference ?? matchingMemberProperty.IsReference;
        property.NullValueHandling = property.NullValueHandling ?? matchingMemberProperty.NullValueHandling;
        property.DefaultValueHandling = property.DefaultValueHandling ?? matchingMemberProperty.DefaultValueHandling;
        property.ReferenceLoopHandling = property.ReferenceLoopHandling ?? matchingMemberProperty.ReferenceLoopHandling;
        property.ObjectCreationHandling = property.ObjectCreationHandling ?? matchingMemberProperty.ObjectCreationHandling;
        property.TypeNameHandling = property.TypeNameHandling ?? matchingMemberProperty.TypeNameHandling;
      }

      return property;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Resolves the default <see cref="JsonConverter" /> for the contract.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="objectType">Type of the object.</param>
    /// <returns>The contract's default <see cref="JsonConverter" />.</returns>
    protected virtual JsonConverter ResolveContractConverter(Type objectType)
    {
      return JsonTypeReflector.GetJsonConverter(objectType.GetCustomAttributeProvider(), objectType);
    }

    private Func<object> GetDefaultCreator(Type createdType)
    {
      return JsonTypeReflector.ReflectionDelegateFactory.CreateDefaultConstructor<object>(createdType);
    }

#if !PocketPC && !NET20
    [System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis.SuppressMessage("Microsoft.Portability", "CA1903:UseOnlyApiFromTargetedFramework", MessageId = "System.Runtime.Serialization.DataContractAttribute.#get_IsReference()")]
#endif
    private void InitializeContract(JsonContract contract)
    {
      JsonContainerAttribute containerAttribute = JsonTypeReflector.GetJsonContainerAttribute(contract.NonNullableUnderlyingType);
      if (containerAttribute != null)
      {
        contract.IsReference = containerAttribute._isReference;
      }
#if !PocketPC && !NET20
      else
      {
        DataContractAttribute dataContractAttribute = JsonTypeReflector.GetDataContractAttribute(contract.NonNullableUnderlyingType);
        // doesn't have a null value
        if (dataContractAttribute != null && dataContractAttribute.IsReference)
          contract.IsReference = true;
      }
#endif

      contract.Converter = ResolveContractConverter(contract.NonNullableUnderlyingType);

      // then see whether object is compadible with any of the built in converters
      contract.InternalConverter = JsonSerializer.GetMatchingConverter(BuiltInConverters, contract.NonNullableUnderlyingType);

      if (ReflectionUtils.HasDefaultConstructor(contract.CreatedType, true)
        || contract.CreatedType.IsValueType())
      {
        contract.DefaultCreator = GetDefaultCreator(contract.CreatedType);

        contract.DefaultCreatorNonPublic = (!contract.CreatedType.IsValueType() &&
                                            ReflectionUtils.GetDefaultConstructor(contract.CreatedType) == null);
      }

      ResolveCallbackMethods(contract, contract.NonNullableUnderlyingType);
    }

    private void ResolveCallbackMethods(JsonContract contract, Type t)
    {
      if (t.BaseType() != null)
        ResolveCallbackMethods(contract, t.BaseType());

      MethodInfo onSerializing;
      MethodInfo onSerialized;
      MethodInfo onDeserializing;
      MethodInfo onDeserialized;
      MethodInfo onError;

      GetCallbackMethodsForType(t, out onSerializing, out onSerialized, out onDeserializing, out onDeserialized, out onError);

      if (onSerializing != null)
      {
#if NETFX_CORE
        if (!t.IsGenericType() || (t.GetGenericTypeDefinition() != typeof(ConcurrentDictionary<,>)))
          contract.OnSerializing = onSerializing;
#else
        contract.OnSerializing = onSerializing;
#endif
      }

      if (onSerialized != null)
        contract.OnSerialized = onSerialized;

      if (onDeserializing != null)
        contract.OnDeserializing = onDeserializing;

      if (onDeserialized != null)
      {
        // ConcurrentDictionary throws an error here so don't use its OnDeserialized - http://json.codeplex.com/discussions/257093
#if !(NET35 || NET20 || SILVERLIGHT || WINDOWS_PHONE || PORTABLE)
        if (!t.IsGenericType() || (t.GetGenericTypeDefinition() != typeof(ConcurrentDictionary<,>)))
          contract.OnDeserialized = onDeserialized;
#else
        contract.OnDeserialized = onDeserialized;
#endif
      }

      if (onError != null)
        contract.OnError = onError;
    }

    private void GetCallbackMethodsForType(Type type, out MethodInfo onSerializing, out MethodInfo onSerialized, out MethodInfo onDeserializing, out MethodInfo onDeserialized, out MethodInfo onError)
    {
      onSerializing = null;
      onSerialized = null;
      onDeserializing = null;
      onDeserialized = null;
      onError = null;

      foreach (MethodInfo method in type.GetMethods(BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.DeclaredOnly))
      {
        // compact framework errors when getting parameters for a generic method
        // lame, but generic methods should not be callbacks anyway
        if (method.ContainsGenericParameters)
          continue;

        Type prevAttributeType = null;
        ParameterInfo[] parameters = method.GetParameters();

        if (IsValidCallback(method, parameters, typeof(OnSerializingAttribute), onSerializing, ref prevAttributeType))
        {
          onSerializing = method;
        }
        if (IsValidCallback(method, parameters, typeof(OnSerializedAttribute), onSerialized, ref prevAttributeType))
        {
          onSerialized = method;
        }
        if (IsValidCallback(method, parameters, typeof(OnDeserializingAttribute), onDeserializing, ref prevAttributeType))
        {
          onDeserializing = method;
        }
        if (IsValidCallback(method, parameters, typeof(OnDeserializedAttribute), onDeserialized, ref prevAttributeType))
        {
          onDeserialized = method;
        }
        if (IsValidCallback(method, parameters, typeof(OnErrorAttribute), onError, ref prevAttributeType))
        {
          onError = method;
        }
      }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Creates a <see cref="JsonDictionaryContract"/> for the given type.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="objectType">Type of the object.</param>
    /// <returns>A <see cref="JsonDictionaryContract"/> for the given type.</returns>
    protected virtual JsonDictionaryContract CreateDictionaryContract(Type objectType)
    {
      JsonDictionaryContract contract = new JsonDictionaryContract(objectType);
      InitializeContract(contract);

      contract.PropertyNameResolver = ResolvePropertyName;

      return contract;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Creates a <see cref="JsonArrayContract"/> for the given type.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="objectType">Type of the object.</param>
    /// <returns>A <see cref="JsonArrayContract"/> for the given type.</returns>
    protected virtual JsonArrayContract CreateArrayContract(Type objectType)
    {
      JsonArrayContract contract = new JsonArrayContract(objectType);
      InitializeContract(contract);

      return contract;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Creates a <see cref="JsonPrimitiveContract"/> for the given type.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="objectType">Type of the object.</param>
    /// <returns>A <see cref="JsonPrimitiveContract"/> for the given type.</returns>
    protected virtual JsonPrimitiveContract CreatePrimitiveContract(Type objectType)
    {
      JsonPrimitiveContract contract = new JsonPrimitiveContract(objectType);
      InitializeContract(contract);

      return contract;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Creates a <see cref="JsonLinqContract"/> for the given type.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="objectType">Type of the object.</param>
    /// <returns>A <see cref="JsonLinqContract"/> for the given type.</returns>
    protected virtual JsonLinqContract CreateLinqContract(Type objectType)
    {
      JsonLinqContract contract = new JsonLinqContract(objectType);
      InitializeContract(contract);

      return contract;
    }

#if !(SILVERLIGHT || NETFX_CORE || PORTABLE)
    /// <summary>
    /// Creates a <see cref="JsonISerializableContract"/> for the given type.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="objectType">Type of the object.</param>
    /// <returns>A <see cref="JsonISerializableContract"/> for the given type.</returns>
    protected virtual JsonISerializableContract CreateISerializableContract(Type objectType)
    {
      JsonISerializableContract contract = new JsonISerializableContract(objectType);
      InitializeContract(contract);

      ConstructorInfo constructorInfo = contract.NonNullableUnderlyingType.GetConstructor(BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Instance, null, new[] { typeof(SerializationInfo), typeof(StreamingContext) }, null);
      if (constructorInfo != null)
      {
        MethodCall<object, object> methodCall = JsonTypeReflector.ReflectionDelegateFactory.CreateMethodCall<object>(constructorInfo);

        contract.ISerializableCreator = (args => methodCall(null, args));
      }

      return contract;
    }
#endif

#if !(NET35 || NET20 || WINDOWS_PHONE || PORTABLE)
    /// <summary>
    /// Creates a <see cref="JsonDynamicContract"/> for the given type.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="objectType">Type of the object.</param>
    /// <returns>A <see cref="JsonDynamicContract"/> for the given type.</returns>
    protected virtual JsonDynamicContract CreateDynamicContract(Type objectType)
    {
      JsonDynamicContract contract = new JsonDynamicContract(objectType);
      InitializeContract(contract);

      contract.PropertyNameResolver = ResolvePropertyName;
      contract.Properties.AddRange(CreateProperties(objectType, MemberSerialization.OptOut));

      return contract;
    }
#endif

    /// <summary>
    /// Creates a <see cref="JsonStringContract"/> for the given type.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="objectType">Type of the object.</param>
    /// <returns>A <see cref="JsonStringContract"/> for the given type.</returns>
    protected virtual JsonStringContract CreateStringContract(Type objectType)
    {
      JsonStringContract contract = new JsonStringContract(objectType);
      InitializeContract(contract);

      return contract;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Determines which contract type is created for the given type.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="objectType">Type of the object.</param>
    /// <returns>A <see cref="JsonContract"/> for the given type.</returns>
    protected virtual JsonContract CreateContract(Type objectType)
    {
      Type t = ReflectionUtils.EnsureNotNullableType(objectType);

      if (JsonConvert.IsJsonPrimitiveType(t))
        return CreatePrimitiveContract(objectType);

      if (JsonTypeReflector.GetJsonObjectAttribute(t) != null)
        return CreateObjectContract(objectType);

      if (JsonTypeReflector.GetJsonArrayAttribute(t) != null)
        return CreateArrayContract(objectType);

      if (JsonTypeReflector.GetJsonDictionaryAttribute(t) != null)
        return CreateDictionaryContract(objectType);

      if (t == typeof(JToken) || t.IsSubclassOf(typeof(JToken)))
        return CreateLinqContract(objectType);

      if (CollectionUtils.IsDictionaryType(t))
        return CreateDictionaryContract(objectType);

      if (typeof(IEnumerable).IsAssignableFrom(t))
        return CreateArrayContract(objectType);

      if (CanConvertToString(t))
        return CreateStringContract(objectType);

#if !(SILVERLIGHT || NETFX_CORE || PORTABLE)
      if (!IgnoreSerializableInterface && typeof(ISerializable).IsAssignableFrom(t))
        return CreateISerializableContract(objectType);
#endif

#if !(NET35 || NET20 || WINDOWS_PHONE || PORTABLE)
      if (typeof(IDynamicMetaObjectProvider).IsAssignableFrom(t))
        return CreateDynamicContract(objectType);
#endif

      return CreateObjectContract(objectType);
    }

    internal static bool CanConvertToString(Type type)
    {
#if !(NETFX_CORE || PORTABLE)
      TypeConverter converter = ConvertUtils.GetConverter(type);

      // use the objectType's TypeConverter if it has one and can convert to a string
      if (converter != null
#if !SILVERLIGHT
 && !(converter is ComponentConverter)
 && !(converter is ReferenceConverter)
#endif
 && converter.GetType() != typeof(TypeConverter))
      {
        if (converter.CanConvertTo(typeof(string)))
          return true;
      }
#endif

      if (type == typeof(Type) || type.IsSubclassOf(typeof(Type)))
        return true;

#if SILVERLIGHT || PocketPC
      if (type == typeof(Guid) || type == typeof(Uri) || type == typeof(TimeSpan))
        return true;
#endif

      return false;
    }

    private static bool IsValidCallback(MethodInfo method, ParameterInfo[] parameters, Type attributeType, MethodInfo currentCallback, ref Type prevAttributeType)
    {
      if (!method.IsDefined(attributeType, false))
        return false;

      if (currentCallback != null)
        throw new JsonException("Invalid attribute. Both '{0}' and '{1}' in type '{2}' have '{3}'.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, method, currentCallback, GetClrTypeFullName(method.DeclaringType), attributeType));

      if (prevAttributeType != null)
        throw new JsonException("Invalid Callback. Method '{3}' in type '{2}' has both '{0}' and '{1}'.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, prevAttributeType, attributeType, GetClrTypeFullName(method.DeclaringType), method));

      if (method.IsVirtual)
        throw new JsonException("Virtual Method '{0}' of type '{1}' cannot be marked with '{2}' attribute.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, method, GetClrTypeFullName(method.DeclaringType), attributeType));

      if (method.ReturnType != typeof(void))
        throw new JsonException("Serialization Callback '{1}' in type '{0}' must return void.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, GetClrTypeFullName(method.DeclaringType), method));

      if (attributeType == typeof(OnErrorAttribute))
      {
        if (parameters == null || parameters.Length != 2 || parameters[0].ParameterType != typeof(StreamingContext) || parameters[1].ParameterType != typeof(ErrorContext))
          throw new JsonException("Serialization Error Callback '{1}' in type '{0}' must have two parameters of type '{2}' and '{3}'.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, GetClrTypeFullName(method.DeclaringType), method, typeof(StreamingContext), typeof(ErrorContext)));
      }
      else
      {
        if (parameters == null || parameters.Length != 1 || parameters[0].ParameterType != typeof(StreamingContext))
          throw new JsonException("Serialization Callback '{1}' in type '{0}' must have a single parameter of type '{2}'.".FormatWith(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, GetClrTypeFullName(method.DeclaringType), method, typeof(StreamingContext)));
      }

      prevAttributeType = attributeType;

      return true;
    }

    internal static string GetClrTypeFullName(Type type)
    {
      if (type.IsGenericTypeDefinition() || !type.ContainsGenericParameters())
        return type.FullName;

      return string.Format(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, "{0}.{1}", new object[] { type.Namespace, type.Name });
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Creates properties for the given <see cref="JsonContract"/>.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="type">The type to create properties for.</param>
    /// /// <param name="memberSerialization">The member serialization mode for the type.</param>
    /// <returns>Properties for the given <see cref="JsonContract"/>.</returns>
    protected virtual IList<JsonProperty> CreateProperties(Type type, MemberSerialization memberSerialization)
    {
      List<MemberInfo> members = GetSerializableMembers(type);
      if (members == null)
        throw new JsonSerializationException("Null collection of seralizable members returned.");

      JsonPropertyCollection properties = new JsonPropertyCollection(type);

      foreach (MemberInfo member in members)
      {
        JsonProperty property = CreateProperty(member, memberSerialization);

        if (property != null)
          properties.AddProperty(property);
      }

      IList<JsonProperty> orderedProperties = properties.OrderBy(p => p.Order ?? -1).ToList();
      return orderedProperties;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Creates the <see cref="IValueProvider"/> used by the serializer to get and set values from a member.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="member">The member.</param>
    /// <returns>The <see cref="IValueProvider"/> used by the serializer to get and set values from a member.</returns>
    protected virtual IValueProvider CreateMemberValueProvider(MemberInfo member)
    {
      // warning - this method use to cause errors with Intellitrace. Retest in VS Ultimate after changes
      IValueProvider valueProvider;

#if !(SILVERLIGHT || PORTABLE || NETFX_CORE)
      if (DynamicCodeGeneration)
        valueProvider = new DynamicValueProvider(member);
      else
        valueProvider = new ReflectionValueProvider(member);
#else
      valueProvider = new ReflectionValueProvider(member);
#endif

      return valueProvider;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Creates a <see cref="JsonProperty"/> for the given <see cref="MemberInfo"/>.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="memberSerialization">The member's parent <see cref="MemberSerialization"/>.</param>
    /// <param name="member">The member to create a <see cref="JsonProperty"/> for.</param>
    /// <returns>A created <see cref="JsonProperty"/> for the given <see cref="MemberInfo"/>.</returns>
    protected virtual JsonProperty CreateProperty(MemberInfo member, MemberSerialization memberSerialization)
    {
      JsonProperty property = new JsonProperty();
      property.PropertyType = ReflectionUtils.GetMemberUnderlyingType(member);
      property.DeclaringType = member.DeclaringType;
      property.ValueProvider = CreateMemberValueProvider(member);

      bool allowNonPublicAccess;
      SetPropertySettingsFromAttributes(property, member.GetCustomAttributeProvider(), member.Name, member.DeclaringType, memberSerialization, out allowNonPublicAccess);

      if (memberSerialization != MemberSerialization.Fields)
      {
        property.Readable = ReflectionUtils.CanReadMemberValue(member, allowNonPublicAccess);
        property.Writable = ReflectionUtils.CanSetMemberValue(member, allowNonPublicAccess, property.HasMemberAttribute);
      }
      else
      {
        // write to readonly fields
        property.Readable = true;
        property.Writable = true;
      }
      property.ShouldSerialize = CreateShouldSerializeTest(member);

      SetIsSpecifiedActions(property, member, allowNonPublicAccess);

      return property;
    }

    private void SetPropertySettingsFromAttributes(JsonProperty property, ICustomAttributeProvider attributeProvider, string name, Type declaringType, MemberSerialization memberSerialization, out bool allowNonPublicAccess)
    {
#if !PocketPC && !NET20
      DataContractAttribute dataContractAttribute = JsonTypeReflector.GetDataContractAttribute(declaringType);

      MemberInfo memberInfo = null;
#if !(NETFX_CORE || PORTABLE)
      memberInfo = attributeProvider as MemberInfo;
#else
      memberInfo = attributeProvider.UnderlyingObject as MemberInfo;
#endif

      DataMemberAttribute dataMemberAttribute;
      if (dataContractAttribute != null && memberInfo != null)
        dataMemberAttribute = JsonTypeReflector.GetDataMemberAttribute((MemberInfo) memberInfo);
      else
        dataMemberAttribute = null;
#endif

      JsonPropertyAttribute propertyAttribute = JsonTypeReflector.GetAttribute<JsonPropertyAttribute>(attributeProvider);
      if (propertyAttribute != null)
        property.HasMemberAttribute = true;

      string mappedName;
      if (propertyAttribute != null && propertyAttribute.PropertyName != null)
        mappedName = propertyAttribute.PropertyName;
#if !PocketPC && !NET20
      else if (dataMemberAttribute != null && dataMemberAttribute.Name != null)
        mappedName = dataMemberAttribute.Name;
#endif
      else
        mappedName = name;

      property.PropertyName = ResolvePropertyName(mappedName);
      property.UnderlyingName = name;

      bool hasMemberAttribute = false;
      if (propertyAttribute != null)
      {
        property._required = propertyAttribute._required;
        property.Order = propertyAttribute._order;
        hasMemberAttribute = true;
      }
#if !PocketPC && !NET20
      else if (dataMemberAttribute != null)
      {
        property._required = (dataMemberAttribute.IsRequired) ? Required.AllowNull : Required.Default;
        property.Order = (dataMemberAttribute.Order != -1) ? (int?) dataMemberAttribute.Order : null;
        hasMemberAttribute = true;
      }
#endif

      bool hasJsonIgnoreAttribute =
        JsonTypeReflector.GetAttribute<JsonIgnoreAttribute>(attributeProvider) != null
#if !(SILVERLIGHT || NETFX_CORE || PORTABLE)
        || JsonTypeReflector.GetAttribute<NonSerializedAttribute>(attributeProvider) != null
#endif
        ;

      if (memberSerialization != MemberSerialization.OptIn)
      {
       bool hasIgnoreDataMemberAttribute = false;
        
#if !(NET20 || NET35)
        hasIgnoreDataMemberAttribute = (JsonTypeReflector.GetAttribute<IgnoreDataMemberAttribute>(attributeProvider) != null);
#endif

        // ignored if it has JsonIgnore or NonSerialized or IgnoreDataMember attributes
        property.Ignored = (hasJsonIgnoreAttribute || hasIgnoreDataMemberAttribute);
      }
      else
      {
        // ignored if it has JsonIgnore/NonSerialized or does not have DataMember or JsonProperty attributes
        property.Ignored = (hasJsonIgnoreAttribute || !hasMemberAttribute);
      }

      // resolve converter for property
      // the class type might have a converter but the property converter takes presidence
      property.Converter = JsonTypeReflector.GetJsonConverter(attributeProvider, property.PropertyType);
      property.MemberConverter = JsonTypeReflector.GetJsonConverter(attributeProvider, property.PropertyType);

      DefaultValueAttribute defaultValueAttribute = JsonTypeReflector.GetAttribute<DefaultValueAttribute>(attributeProvider);
      property.DefaultValue = (defaultValueAttribute != null) ? defaultValueAttribute.Value : null;

      property.NullValueHandling = (propertyAttribute != null) ? propertyAttribute._nullValueHandling : null;
      property.DefaultValueHandling = (propertyAttribute != null) ? propertyAttribute._defaultValueHandling : null;
      property.ReferenceLoopHandling = (propertyAttribute != null) ? propertyAttribute._referenceLoopHandling : null;
      property.ObjectCreationHandling = (propertyAttribute != null) ? propertyAttribute._objectCreationHandling : null;
      property.TypeNameHandling = (propertyAttribute != null) ? propertyAttribute._typeNameHandling : null;
      property.IsReference = (propertyAttribute != null) ? propertyAttribute._isReference : null;

      property.ItemIsReference = (propertyAttribute != null) ? propertyAttribute._itemIsReference : null;
      property.ItemConverter =
        (propertyAttribute != null && propertyAttribute.ItemConverterType != null)
          ? JsonConverterAttribute.CreateJsonConverterInstance(propertyAttribute.ItemConverterType)
          : null;
      property.ItemReferenceLoopHandling = (propertyAttribute != null) ? propertyAttribute._itemReferenceLoopHandling : null;
      property.ItemTypeNameHandling = (propertyAttribute != null) ? propertyAttribute._itemTypeNameHandling : null;

      allowNonPublicAccess = false;
      if ((DefaultMembersSearchFlags & BindingFlags.NonPublic) == BindingFlags.NonPublic)
        allowNonPublicAccess = true;
      if (propertyAttribute != null)
        allowNonPublicAccess = true;
      if (memberSerialization == MemberSerialization.Fields)
        allowNonPublicAccess = true;

#if !PocketPC && !NET20
      if (dataMemberAttribute != null)
      {
        allowNonPublicAccess = true;
        property.HasMemberAttribute = true;
      }
#endif
    }

    private Predicate<object> CreateShouldSerializeTest(MemberInfo member)
    {
      MethodInfo shouldSerializeMethod = member.DeclaringType.GetMethod(JsonTypeReflector.ShouldSerializePrefix + member.Name, ReflectionUtils.EmptyTypes);

      if (shouldSerializeMethod == null || shouldSerializeMethod.ReturnType != typeof(bool))
        return null;

      MethodCall<object, object> shouldSerializeCall =
        JsonTypeReflector.ReflectionDelegateFactory.CreateMethodCall<object>(shouldSerializeMethod);

      return o => (bool)shouldSerializeCall(o);
    }

    private void SetIsSpecifiedActions(JsonProperty property, MemberInfo member, bool allowNonPublicAccess)
    {
      MemberInfo specifiedMember = member.DeclaringType.GetProperty(member.Name + JsonTypeReflector.SpecifiedPostfix);
      if (specifiedMember == null)
        specifiedMember = member.DeclaringType.GetField(member.Name + JsonTypeReflector.SpecifiedPostfix);

      if (specifiedMember == null || ReflectionUtils.GetMemberUnderlyingType(specifiedMember) != typeof(bool))
      {
        return;
      }

      Func<object, object> specifiedPropertyGet = JsonTypeReflector.ReflectionDelegateFactory.CreateGet<object>(specifiedMember);

      property.GetIsSpecified = o => (bool)specifiedPropertyGet(o);

      if (ReflectionUtils.CanSetMemberValue(specifiedMember, allowNonPublicAccess, false))
        property.SetIsSpecified = JsonTypeReflector.ReflectionDelegateFactory.CreateSet<object>(specifiedMember);
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Resolves the name of the property.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="propertyName">Name of the property.</param>
    /// <returns>Name of the property.</returns>
    protected internal virtual string ResolvePropertyName(string propertyName)
    {
      return propertyName;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Gets the resolved name of the property.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="propertyName">Name of the property.</param>
    /// <returns>Name of the property.</returns>
    public string GetResolvedPropertyName(string propertyName)
    {
      // this is a new method rather than changing the visibility of ResolvePropertyName to avoid
      // a breaking change for anyone who has overidden the method
      return ResolvePropertyName(propertyName);
    }
  }
}