NAME
    BusyBox - The Swiss Army Knife of Embedded Linux

SYNTAX
     BusyBox <function> [arguments...]  # or

     <function> [arguments...]          # if symlinked

DESCRIPTION
    BusyBox combines tiny versions of many common UNIX utilities
    into a single small executable. It provides minimalist
    replacements for most of the utilities you usually find in
    fileutils, shellutils, findutils, textutils, grep, gzip, tar,
    etc. BusyBox provides a fairly complete POSIX environment for
    any small or embedded system. The utilities in BusyBox generally
    have fewer options than their full-featured GNU cousins;
    however, the options that are included provide the expected
    functionality and behave very much like their GNU counterparts.

    BusyBox has been written with size-optimization and limited
    resources in mind. It is also extremely modular so you can
    easily include or exclude commands (or features) at compile
    time. This makes it easy to customize your embedded systems. To
    create a working system, just add a kernel, a shell (such as
    ash), and an editor (such as elvis-tiny or ae).

USAGE
    When you create a link to BusyBox for the function you wish to
    use, when BusyBox is called using that link it will behave as if
    the command itself has been invoked.

    For example, entering

            ln -s ./BusyBox ls
            ./ls

    will cause BusyBox to behave as 'ls' (if the 'ls' command has
    been compiled into BusyBox).

    You can also invoke BusyBox by issuing the command as an
    argument on the command line. For example, entering

            ./BusyBox ls

    will also cause BusyBox to behave as 'ls'.

COMMON OPTIONS
    Most BusyBox commands support the --help option to provide a
    terse runtime description of their behavior.

COMMANDS
    Currently defined functions include:

    ar, basename, cat, chgrp, chmod, chown, chroot, chvt, clear, cp,
    cut, date, dc, dd, deallocvt, df, dirname, dmesg, du, dumpkmap,
    dutmp, echo, false, fbset, fdflush, find, free, freeramdisk,
    fsck.minix, grep, gunzip, gzip, halt, head, hostid, hostname,
    id, init, insmod, kill, killall, length, ln, loadacm, loadfont,
    loadkmap, logger, logname, ls, lsmod, makedevs, mkdir, mkfifo,
    mkfs.minix, mknod, mkswap, mktemp, more, mount, mt, mv, nc,
    nslookup, ping, poweroff, printf, ps, pwd, reboot, rm, rmdir,
    rmmod, sed, setkeycodes, sh, sleep, sort, swapoff, swapon, sync,
    syslogd, tail, tar, tee, telnet, test, touch, tr, true, tty,
    umount, uname, uniq, update, uptime, usleep, uudecode, uuencode,
    wc, which, whoami, yes, zcat, [

    -------------------------------

    ar  Usage: ar [optxvV] archive [filenames]

        Extract or list files from an ar archive.

        Options:

                o               preserve original dates
                p               extract to stdout
                t               list
                x               extract
                v               verbosely list files processed

        -------------------------------

    basename
        Usage: basename FILE [SUFFIX]

        Strips directory path and suffixes from FILE. If specified,
        also removes any trailing SUFFIX.

        Example:

                $ basename /usr/local/bin/foo
                foo
                $ basename /usr/local/bin/
                bin
                $ basename /foo/bar.txt .txt
                bar

        -------------------------------

    cat Usage: cat [FILE ...]

        Concatenates FILE(s) and prints them to the standard output.

        Example:

                $ cat /proc/uptime
                110716.72 17.67

        -------------------------------

    chgrp
        Usage: chgrp [OPTION]... GROUP FILE...

        Change the group membership of each FILE to GROUP.

        Options:

                -R      change files and directories recursively

        Example:

                $ ls -l /tmp/foo
                -r--r--r--    1 andersen andersen        0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
                $ chgrp root /tmp/foo
                $ ls -l /tmp/foo
                -r--r--r--    1 andersen root            0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo

        -------------------------------

    chmod
        Usage: chmod [-R] MODE[,MODE]... FILE...

        Changes file access permissions for the specified FILE(s)
        (or directories). Each MODE is defined by combining the
        letters for WHO has access to the file, an OPERATOR for
        selecting how the permissions should be changed, and a
        PERMISSION for FILE(s) (or directories).

        WHO may be chosen from

                u       User who owns the file
                g       Users in the file's Group
                o       Other users not in the file's group
                a       All users

        OPERATOR may be chosen from

                +       Add a permission
                -       Remove a permission
                =       Assign a permission

        PERMISSION may be chosen from

                r       Read
                w       Write
                x       Execute (or access for directories)
                s       Set user (or group) ID bit
                t       Sticky bit (for directories prevents removing files by non-owners)

        Alternately, permissions can be set numerically where the
        first three numbers are calculated by adding the octal
        values, such as

                4       Read
                2       Write
                1       Execute

        An optional fourth digit can also be used to specify

                4       Set user ID
                2       Set group ID
                1       Sticky bit

        Options:

                -R      Change files and directories recursively.

        Example:

                $ ls -l /tmp/foo
                -rw-rw-r--    1 root     root            0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
                $ chmod u+x /tmp/foo
                $ ls -l /tmp/foo
                -rwxrw-r--    1 root     root            0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo*
                $ chmod 444 /tmp/foo
                $ ls -l /tmp/foo
                -r--r--r--    1 root     root            0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo

        -------------------------------

    chown
        Usage: chown [OPTION]... OWNER[<.|:>[GROUP] FILE...

        Changes the owner and/or group of each FILE to OWNER and/or
        GROUP.

        Options:

                -R      Changes files and directories recursively

        Example:

                $ ls -l /tmp/foo
                -r--r--r--    1 andersen andersen        0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
                $ chown root /tmp/foo
                $ ls -l /tmp/foo
                -r--r--r--    1 root     andersen        0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
                $ chown root.root /tmp/foo
                ls -l /tmp/foo
                -r--r--r--    1 root     root            0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo

        -------------------------------

    chroot
        Usage: chroot NEWROOT [COMMAND...]

        Run COMMAND with root directory set to NEWROOT.

        Example:

                $ ls -l /bin/ls
                lrwxrwxrwx    1 root     root          12 Apr 13 00:46 /bin/ls -> /BusyBox
                $ mount /dev/hdc1 /mnt -t minix
                $ chroot /mnt
                $ ls -l /bin/ls
                -rwxr-xr-x    1 root     root        40816 Feb  5 07:45 /bin/ls*

        -------------------------------

    chvt
        Usage: chvt N

        Changes the foreground virtual terminal to /dev/ttyN

        -------------------------------

    clear
        Clears the screen.

        -------------------------------

    cp  Usage: cp [OPTION]... SOURCE DEST

           or: cp [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY

        Copies SOURCE to DEST, or multiple SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY.

        Options:

                -a      Same as -dpR
                -d      Preserves links
                -p      Preserves file attributes if possible
                -R      Copies directories recursively

        -------------------------------

    cut Usage: cut [OPTION]... [FILE]...

        Prints selected fields from each input FILE to standard
        output.

        Options:

                        -b LIST Output only bytes from LIST
                        -c LIST Output only characters from LIST
                        -d CHAR Use CHAR instead of tab as the field delimiter
                        -s      Only output Lines if the include DELIM
                        -f N    Print only these fields
                        -n      Ignored

        Example:

                $ echo "Hello world" | cut -f 1 -d ' '
                Hello
                $ echo "Hello world" | cut -f 2 -d ' '
                world

        -------------------------------

    date
        Usage: date [OPTION]... [+FORMAT]

          or:  date [OPTION] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]]

        Displays the current time in the given FORMAT, or sets the
        system date.

        Options:

                -R      Outputs RFC-822 compliant date string
                -s      Sets time described by STRING
                -u      Prints or sets Coordinated Universal Time

        Example:

                $ date
                Wed Apr 12 18:52:41 MDT 2000

        -------------------------------

    dc  Usage: dc expression ...

        This is a Tiny RPN calculator that understands the following
        operations: +, -, /, *, and, or, not, eor. If no arguments
        are given, dc will process input from STDIN.

        The behaviour of BusyBox/dc deviates (just a little ;-) from
        GNU/dc, but this will be remedied in the future.

        Example:

                $ dc 2 2 +
                4
                $ dc 8 8 \* 2 2 + /
                16
                $ dc 0 1 and
                0
                $ dc 0 1 or
                1
                $ echo 72 9 div 8 mul | dc
                64

        -------------------------------

    dd  Usage: dd [if=name] [of=name] [bs=n] [count=n] [skip=n] [seek=n]

        Copy a file, converting and formatting according to options

                if=FILE read from FILE instead of stdin
                of=FILE write to FILE instead of stdout
                bs=n    read and write n bytes at a time
                count=n copy only n input blocks
                skip=n  skip n input blocks
                seek=n  skip n output blocks

        Numbers may be suffixed by w (x2), k (x1024), b (x512), or M
        (x1024^2)

        Example:

                $ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/ram1 bs=1M count=4
                4+0 records in
                4+0 records out

        -------------------------------

    deallocvt
        Usage: deallocvt N

        Deallocates unused virtual terminal /dev/ttyN

        -------------------------------

    df  Usage: df [filesystem ...]

        Prints the filesystem space used and space available.

        Example:

                $ df
                Filesystem           1k-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on
                /dev/sda3              8690864   8553540    137324  98% /
                /dev/sda1                64216     36364     27852  57% /boot
                $ df /dev/sda3
                Filesystem           1k-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on
                /dev/sda3              8690864   8553540    137324  98% /

        -------------------------------

    dirname
        Usage: dirname NAME

        Strip non-directory suffix from file name

        Example:

                $ dirname /tmp/foo
                /tmp
                $ dirname /tmp/foo/
                /tmp

        -------------------------------

    dmesg
        Usage: dmesg [-c] [-n level] [-s bufsize]

        Print or controls the kernel ring buffer.

        -------------------------------

    du  Usage: du [OPTION]... [FILE]...

        Summarize disk space used for each FILE and/or directory.
        Disk space is printed in units of 1k (i.e. 1024 bytes).

        Options:

                -l      count sizes many times if hard linked
                -s      display only a total for each argument

        Example:

                $ ./BusyBox du
                16      ./CVS
                12      ./kernel-patches/CVS
                80      ./kernel-patches
                12      ./tests/CVS
                36      ./tests
                12      ./scripts/CVS
                16      ./scripts
                12      ./docs/CVS
                104     ./docs
                2417    .

        -------------------------------

    dumpkmap
        Usage: dumpkmap

        Prints out a binary keyboard translation table to standard
        input.

        -------------------------------

    dutmp
        Usage: dutmp [FILE]

        Dump utmp file format (pipe delimited) from FILE or stdin to
        stdout.

        Example:

                $ dutmp /var/run/utmp
                8|7||si|||0|0|0|955637625|760097|0
                2|0|~|~~|reboot||0|0|0|955637625|782235|0
                1|20020|~|~~|runlevel||0|0|0|955637625|800089|0
                8|125||l4|||0|0|0|955637629|998367|0
                6|245|tty1|1|LOGIN||0|0|0|955637630|998974|0
                6|246|tty2|2|LOGIN||0|0|0|955637630|999498|0
                7|336|pts/0|vt00andersen|andersen|:0.0|0|0|0|955637763|0|0

        -------------------------------

    echo
        Usage: echo [-neE] [ARG ...]

        Prints the specified ARGs to stdout

        Options:

                -n      suppress trailing newline
                -e      interpret backslash-escaped characters (i.e. \t=tab etc)
                -E      disable interpretation of backslash-escaped characters

        Example:

                $ echo "Erik is cool"
                Erik is cool
                $  echo -e "Erik\nis\ncool"
                Erik
                is
                cool
                $ echo "Erik\nis\ncool"
                Erik\nis\ncool

        -------------------------------

    false
        Returns an exit code of FALSE (1)

        Example:

                $ false
                $ echo $?
                1

        -------------------------------

    fbset
        Usage: fbset [options] [mode]

        Show and modify frame buffer device settings

        Options:

                -h
                -fb
                -db
                -a
                -i
                -g
                -t
                -accel
                -hsync
                -vsync
                -laced
                -double

        Example:

                $ fbset
                mode "1024x768-76"
                                # D: 78.653 MHz, H: 59.949 kHz, V: 75.694 Hz
                                geometry 1024 768 1024 768 16
                                timings 12714 128 32 16 4 128 4
                                accel false
                                rgba 5/11,6/5,5/0,0/0
                endmode

        -------------------------------

    fdflush
        Usage: fdflush device

        Force floppy disk drive to detect disk change

        -------------------------------

    find
        Usage: find [PATH...] [EXPRESSION]

        Search for files in a directory hierarchy. The default PATH
        is the current directory; default EXPRESSION is '-print'

        EXPRESSION may consist of:

                -follow                 Dereference symbolic links.
                -name PATTERN   File name (leading directories removed) matches PATTERN.
                -print                  print the full file name followed by a newline to stdout.

        Example:

                $ find / -name /etc/passwd
                /etc/passwd

        -------------------------------

    free
        Usage: free

        Displays the amount of free and used system memory.

        Example:

                $ free
                                          total         used         free       shared      buffers
                  Mem:       257628       248724         8904        59644        93124
                 Swap:       128516         8404       120112
                Total:       386144       257128       129016

        -------------------------------

    freeramdisk
        Usage: freeramdisk DEVICE

        Frees all memory used by the specified ramdisk.

        Example:

                $ freeramdisk /dev/ram2

        -------------------------------

    fsck.minix
        Usage: fsck.minix [-larvsmf] /dev/name

        Performs a consistency check for MINIX filesystems.

        Options:

                -l      Lists all filenames
                -r      Perform interactive repairs
                -a      Perform automatic repairs
                -v      verbose
                -s      Outputs super-block information
                -m      Activates MINIX-like "mode not cleared" warnings
                -f      Force file system check.

        -------------------------------

    grep
        Usage: grep [OPTIONS]... PATTERN [FILE]...

        Search for PATTERN in each FILE or standard input.

        Options:

                -h      suppress the prefixing filename on output
                -i      ignore case distinctions
                -n      print line number with output lines
                -q      be quiet. Returns 0 if result was found, 1 otherwise
                -v      select non-matching lines

        This version of grep matches full regular expressions.

        Example:

                $ grep root /etc/passwd
                root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
                $ grep ^[rR]oo. /etc/passwd
                root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash

        -------------------------------

    gunzip
        Usage: gunzip [OPTION]... FILE

        Uncompress FILE (or standard input if FILE is '-').

        Options:

                -c      Write output to standard output
                -t      Test compressed file integrity

        Example:

                $ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
                -rw-rw-r--    1 andersen andersen   557009 Apr 11 10:55 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar.gz
                $ gunzip /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar.gz
                $ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
                -rw-rw-r--    1 andersen andersen  1761280 Apr 14 17:47 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar

        -------------------------------

    gzip
        Usage: gzip [OPTION]... FILE

        Compress FILE with maximum compression. When FILE is '-',
        reads standard input. Implies -c.

        Options:

                -c      Write output to standard output instead of FILE.gz

        Example:

                $ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
                -rw-rw-r--    1 andersen andersen  1761280 Apr 14 17:47 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar
                $ gzip /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar
                $ ls -la /tmp/BusyBox*
                -rw-rw-r--    1 andersen andersen   554058 Apr 14 17:49 /tmp/BusyBox-0.43.tar.gz

        -------------------------------

    halt
        Usage: halt

        This command halts the system.

        -------------------------------

    head
        Usage: head [OPTION] [FILE]...

        Print first 10 lines of each FILE to standard output. With
        more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the
        file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard
        input.

        Options:

                -n NUM          Print first NUM lines instead of first 10

        Example:

                $ head -n 2 /etc/passwd
                root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
                daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/bin/sh

        -------------------------------

    hostid
        Usage: hostid

        Prints out a unique 32-bit identifier for the current
        machine. The 32-bit identifier is intended to be unique
        among all UNIX systems in existence.

        -------------------------------

    hostname
        Usage: hostname [OPTION] {hostname | -F file}

        Get or set the hostname or DNS domain name. If a hostname is
        given (or a file with the -F parameter), the host name will
        be set.

        Options:

                -s              Short
                -i              Addresses for the hostname
                -d              DNS domain name
                -F FILE         Use the contents of FILE to specify the hostname

        Example:

                $ hostname
                slag 

        -------------------------------

    id  Print information for USERNAME or the current user

        Options:

                -g      prints only the group ID
                -u      prints only the user ID
                -r      prints the real user ID instead of the effective ID (with -ug)

        Example:

                $ id
                uid=1000(andersen) gid=1000(andersen)

        -------------------------------

    init
        Usage: init

        Init is the parent of all processes.

        This version of init is designed to be run only by the
        kernel.

        BusyBox init doesn't support multiple runlevels. The
        runlevels field of the /etc/inittab file is completely
        ignored by BusyBox init. If you want runlevels, use
        sysvinit.

        BusyBox init works just fine without an inittab. If no
        inittab is found, it has the following default behavior:

                ::sysinit:/etc/init.d/rcS
                ::askfirst:/bin/sh

        if it detects that /dev/console is _not_ a serial console,
        it will also run:

                tty2::askfirst:/bin/sh

        If you choose to use an /etc/inittab file, the inittab entry
        format is as follows:

                <id>:<runlevels>:<action>:<process>

                <id>: 

                        WARNING: This field has a non-traditional meaning for BusyBox init!
                        The id field is used by BusyBox init to specify the controlling tty for
                        the specified process to run on.  The contents of this field are
                        appended to "/dev/" and used as-is.  There is no need for this field to
                        be unique, although if it isn't you may have strange results.  If this
                        field is left blank, it is completely ignored.  Also note that if
                        BusyBox detects that a serial console is in use, then all entries
                        containing non-empty id fields will _not_ be run.  BusyBox init does
                        nothing with utmp.  We don't need no stinkin' utmp.

                <runlevels>: 

                        The runlevels field is completely ignored.

                <action>: 

                        Valid actions include: sysinit, respawn, askfirst, wait, 
                        once, and ctrlaltdel.

                        askfirst acts just like respawn, but before running the specified
                        process it displays the line "Please press Enter to activate this
                        console." and then waits for the user to press enter before starting
                        the specified process.

                        Unrecognized actions (like initdefault) will cause init to emit
                        an error message, and then go along with its business.

                <process>: 

                        Specifies the process to be executed and it's command line.

        Example /etc/inittab file:

                # This is run first except when booting in single-user mode.
                #
                ::sysinit:/etc/init.d/rcS

                # /bin/sh invocations on selected ttys
                #
                # Start an "askfirst" shell on the console (whatever that may be)
                ::askfirst:/bin/sh
                # Start an "askfirst" shell on /dev/tty2
                tty2::askfirst:/bin/sh

                # /sbin/getty invocations for selected ttys
                #
                tty4::respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty4
                tty5::respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty5

                # Example of how to put a getty on a serial line (for a terminal)
                #
                #ttyS0::respawn:/sbin/getty -L ttyS0 9600 vt100
                #ttyS1::respawn:/sbin/getty -L ttyS1 9600 vt100
                #
                # Example how to put a getty on a modem line.
                #ttyS2::respawn:/sbin/getty -x0 -s 57600 ttyS2

                # Stuff to do before rebooting
                ::ctrlaltdel:/bin/umount -a -r > /dev/null 2>&1
                ::ctrlaltdel:/sbin/swapoff -a > /dev/null 2>&1

        -------------------------------

    insmod
        Usage: insmod [OPTION]... MODULE [symbol=value]...

        Loads the specified kernel modules into the kernel.

        Options:

                        -f      Force module to load into the wrong kernel version.
                        -k      Make module autoclean-able.
                        -v      verbose output
                        -x      do not export externs

        -------------------------------

    kill
        Usage: kill [-signal] process-id [process-id ...]

        Send a signal (default is SIGTERM) to the specified
        process(es).

        Options:

                -l      List all signal names and numbers.

        Example:

                $ ps | grep apache
                252 root     root     S [apache]
                263 www-data www-data S [apache]
                264 www-data www-data S [apache]
                265 www-data www-data S [apache]
                266 www-data www-data S [apache]
                267 www-data www-data S [apache]
                $ kill 252

        -------------------------------

    killall
        Usage: killall [-signal] process-name [process-name ...]

        Send a signal (default is SIGTERM) to the specified
        process(es).

        Options:

                -l      List all signal names and numbers.

        Example:

                $ killall apache

        -------------------------------

    length
        Usage: length STRING

        Prints out the length of the specified STRING.

        Example:

                $ length "Hello"
                5

        -------------------------------

    ln  Usage: ln [OPTION] TARGET... LINK_NAME|DIRECTORY

        Create a link named LINK_NAME or DIRECTORY to the specified
        TARGET You may use '--' to indicate that all following
        arguments are non-options.

        Options:

                -s      make symbolic links instead of hard links
                -f      remove existing destination files

        Example:

            $ ln -s BusyBox /tmp/ls
            $ ls -l /tmp/ls
            lrwxrwxrwx    1 root     root            7 Apr 12 18:39 ls -> BusyBox*

        -------------------------------

    loadacm
        Usage: loadacm

        Loads an acm from standard input.

        Example:

                $ loadacm < /etc/i18n/acmname

        -------------------------------

    loadfont
        Usage: loadfont

        Loads a console font from standard input.

        Example:

                $ loadfont < /etc/i18n/fontname

        -------------------------------

    loadkmap
        Usage: loadkmap

        Loads a binary keyboard translation table from standard
        input.

        Example:

                $ loadkmap < /etc/i18n/lang-keymap

        -------------------------------

    logger
        Usage: logger [OPTION]... [MESSAGE]

        Write MESSAGE to the system log. If MESSAGE is '-', log
        stdin.

        Options:

                -s      Log to stderr as well as the system log.
                -t      Log using the specified tag (defaults to user name).
                -p      Enter the message with the specified priority.
                        This may be numerical or a ``facility.level'' pair.

        Example:

                        $ logger "hello"

        -------------------------------

    logname
        Usage: logname

        Print the name of the current user.

        Example:

                $ logname
                root

        -------------------------------

    ls  Usage: ls [-1acdelnpuxACFR] [filenames...]

        Options:

                -a      do not hide entries starting with .
                -c      with  -l:  show ctime (the time of last
                        modification of file status information)
                -d      list directory entries instead of contents
                -e      list both full date and full time
                -l      use a long listing format
                -n      list numeric UIDs and GIDs instead of names
                -p      append indicator (one of /=@|) to entries
                -u      with -l: show access time (the time of last
                        access of the file)
                -x      list entries by lines instead of by columns
                -A      do not list implied . and ..
                -C      list entries by columns
                -F      append indicator (one of */=@|) to entries
                -R  list subdirectories recursively

        -------------------------------

    lsmod
        Usage: lsmod

        Shows a list of all currently loaded kernel modules.

        -------------------------------

    makedevs
        Usage: makedevs NAME TYPE MAJOR MINOR FIRST LAST [s]

        Creates a range of block or character special files

        TYPEs include:

                b:      Make a block (buffered) device.
                c or u: Make a character (un-buffered) device.
                p:      Make a named pipe. MAJOR and MINOR are ignored for named pipes.

        FIRST specifies the number appended to NAME to create the
        first device. LAST specifies the number of the last item
        that should be created. If 's' is the last argument, the
        base device is created as well.

        Example:

                $ makedevs /dev/ttyS c 4 66 2 63
                [creates ttyS2-ttyS63]
                $ makedevs /dev/hda b 3 0 0 8 s
                [creates hda,hda1-hda8]

        -------------------------------

    md5sum
        Usage: md5sum [OPTION] [file ...]

        Print or check MD5 checksums.

        Options:

                -b       read files in binary mode
                -c       check MD5 sums against given list
                -t       read files in text mode (default)
                -g       read a string

        The following two options are useful only when verifying
        checksums:

                -s       don't output anything, status code shows success
                -w       warn about improperly formated MD5 checksum lines

        Example:

                $ md5sum busybox
                6fd11e98b98a58f64ff3398d7b324003  busybox
                $ md5sum -c -
                6fd11e98b98a58f64ff3398d7b324003  busybox
                busybox: OK
                ^D

        -------------------------------

    mkdir
        Usage: mkdir [OPTION] DIRECTORY...

        Create the DIRECTORY(ies), if they do not already exist

        Options:

                -m      set permission mode (as in chmod), not rwxrwxrwx - umask
                -p      no error if directory exists, make parent directories as needed

        Example:

                $ mkdir /tmp/foo
                $ mkdir /tmp/foo
                /tmp/foo: File exists
                $ mkdir /tmp/foo/bar/baz
                /tmp/foo/bar/baz: No such file or directory
                $ mkdir -p /tmp/foo/bar/baz

        -------------------------------

    mkfifo
        Usage: mkfifo [OPTIONS] name

        Creates a named pipe (identical to 'mknod name p')

        Options:

                -m      create the pipe using the specified mode (default a=rw)

        -------------------------------

    mkfs.minix
        Usage: mkfs.minix [-c | -l filename] [-nXX] [-iXX] /dev/name
        [blocks]

        Make a MINIX filesystem.

        Options:

                -c              Check the device for bad blocks
                -n [14|30]      Specify the maximum length of filenames
                -i              Specify the number of inodes for the filesystem
                -l FILENAME     Read the bad blocks list from FILENAME
                -v              Make a Minix version 2 filesystem

        -------------------------------

    mknod
        Usage: mknod [OPTIONS] NAME TYPE MAJOR MINOR

        Create a special file (block, character, or pipe).

        Options:

                -m      create the special file using the specified mode (default a=rw)

        TYPEs include: b: Make a block (buffered) device. c or u:
        Make a character (un-buffered) device. p: Make a named pipe.
        MAJOR and MINOR are ignored for named pipes.

        Example:

                $ mknod /dev/fd0 b 2 0 
                $ mknod -m 644 /tmp/pipe p

        -------------------------------

    mkswap
        Usage: mkswap [-c] [-v0|-v1] device [block-count]

        Prepare a disk partition to be used as a swap partition.

        Options:

                -c              Check for read-ability.
                -v0             Make version 0 swap [max 128 Megs].
                -v1             Make version 1 swap [big!] (default for kernels > 2.1.117).
                block-count     Number of block to use (default is entire partition).

        -------------------------------

    mktemp
        Usage: mktemp [-q] TEMPLATE

        Creates a temporary file with its name based on TEMPLATE.
        TEMPLATE is any name with six `Xs' (i.e. /tmp/temp.XXXXXX).

        Example:

                $ mktemp /tmp/temp.XXXXXX
                /tmp/temp.mWiLjM
                $ ls -la /tmp/temp.mWiLjM
                -rw-------    1 andersen andersen        0 Apr 25 17:10 /tmp/temp.mWiLjM

        -------------------------------

    more
        Usage: more [file ...]

        More is a filter for paging through text one screenful at a
        time.

        Example:

                $ dmesg | more

        -------------------------------

    mount
        Usage: mount [flags] mount [flags] device directory [-o
        options,more-options]

        Flags:

                -a:             Mount all file systems in fstab.
                -o option:      One of many filesystem options, listed below.
                -r:             Mount the filesystem read-only.
                -t fs-type:     Specify the filesystem type.
                -w:             Mount for reading and writing (default).

        Options for use with the "-o" flag:

                async/sync:     Writes are asynchronous / synchronous.
                atime/noatime:  Enable / disable updates to inode access times.
                dev/nodev:      Allow use of special device files / disallow them.
                exec/noexec:    Allow use of executable files / disallow them.
                loop:           Mounts a file via loop device.
                suid/nosuid:    Allow set-user-id-root programs / disallow them.
                remount:        Re-mount a currently-mounted filesystem, changing its flags.
                ro/rw:          Mount for read-only / read-write.
                There are EVEN MORE flags that are specific to each filesystem.
                You'll have to see the written documentation for those.

        Example:

                $ mount
                /dev/hda3 on / type minix (rw)
                proc on /proc type proc (rw)
                devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw)
                $ mount /dev/fd0 /mnt -t msdos -o ro
                $ mount /tmp/diskimage /opt -t ext2 -o loop

        -------------------------------

    mt  Usage: mt [-f device] opcode value

        Control magnetic tape drive operation

        -------------------------------

    mv  Usage: mv SOURCE DEST

           or: mv SOURCE... DIRECTORY

        Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY.

        Example:

                $ mv /tmp/foo /bin/bar

        -------------------------------

    nc  Usage: nc [IP] [port]

        Netcat opens a pipe to IP:port

        Example:

                $ nc foobar.somedomain.com 25
                220 foobar ESMTP Exim 3.12 #1 Sat, 15 Apr 2000 00:03:02 -0600
                help
                214-Commands supported:
                214-    HELO EHLO MAIL RCPT DATA AUTH
                214     NOOP QUIT RSET HELP
                quit
                221 foobar closing connection

        -------------------------------

    nslookup
        Usage: nslookup [HOST]

        Queries the nameserver for the IP address of the given HOST

        Example:

                $ nslookup localhost
                Server:     default
                Address:    default

                Name:       debian
                Address:    127.0.0.1

        -------------------------------

    ping
        Usage: ping [OPTION]... host

        Send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packets to network hosts.

        Options:

                -c COUNT        Send only COUNT pings.
                -s SIZE         Send SIZE data bytes in packets (default=56).
                -q              Quiet mode, only displays output at start
                                and when finished.
        Example:

                $ ping localhost
                PING slag (127.0.0.1): 56 data bytes
                64 bytes from 127.0.0.1: icmp_seq=0 ttl=255 time=20.1 ms

                --- debian ping statistics ---
                1 packets transmitted, 1 packets received, 0% packet loss
                round-trip min/avg/max = 20.1/20.1/20.1 ms

        -------------------------------

    poweroff
        Shuts down the system, and requests that the kernel turn off
        power upon halting.

        -------------------------------

    printf
        Usage: printf format [argument...]

        Formats and prints the given data in a manner similar to the
        C printf command.

        Example:

                $ printf "Val=%d\n" 5
                Val=5

        -------------------------------

    ps  Usage: ps

        Report process status

        This version of ps accepts no options.

        Example:

                $ ps
          PID  Uid      Gid State Command
            1 root     root     S init
            2 root     root     S [kflushd]
            3 root     root     S [kupdate]
            4 root     root     S [kpiod]
            5 root     root     S [kswapd]
          742 andersen andersen S [bash]
          743 andersen andersen S -bash
          745 root     root     S [getty]
         2990 andersen andersen R ps

        -------------------------------

    pwd Prints the full filename of the current working directory.

        Example:

                $ pwd
                /root

        -------------------------------

    reboot
        Instructs the kernel to reboot the system.

        -------------------------------

    rm  Usage: rm [OPTION]... FILE...

        Remove (unlink) the FILE(s). You may use '--' to indicate
        that all following arguments are non-options.

        Options:

                -f              remove existing destinations, never prompt
                -r or -R        remove the contents of directories recursively

        Example:

                $ rm -rf /tmp/foo

        -------------------------------

    rmdir
        Usage: rmdir [OPTION]... DIRECTORY...

        Remove the DIRECTORY(ies), if they are empty.

        Example:

                # rmdir /tmp/foo

        -------------------------------

    rmmod
        Usage: rmmod [OPTION]... [MODULE]...

        Unloads the specified kernel modules from the kernel.

        Options:

                -a      Try to remove all unused kernel modules.

        Example:

                $ rmmod tulip

        -------------------------------

    sed Usage: sed [-n] -e script [file...]

        Allowed sed scripts come in the following form:

                'ADDR [!] COMMAND'

                where address ADDR can be:
                  NUMBER    Match specified line number
                  $         Match last line
                  /REGEXP/  Match specified regexp
                  (! inverts the meaning of the match)

                and COMMAND can be:
                  s/regexp/replacement/[igp]
                         which attempt to match regexp against the pattern space
                         and if successful replaces the matched portion with replacement.

                  aTEXT
                         which appends TEXT after the pattern space

        Options:

                -e      add the script to the commands to be executed
                -n      suppress automatic printing of pattern space

        This version of sed matches full regular expressions.

        Example:

                $ echo "foo" | sed -e 's/f[a-zA-Z]o/bar/g'
                bar

        -------------------------------

    setkeycodes
        Usage: setkeycodes SCANCODE KEYCODE ...

        Set entries into the kernel's scancode-to-keycode map,
        allowing unusual keyboards to generate usable keycodes.

        SCANCODE may be either xx or e0xx (hexadecimal), and KEYCODE
        is given in decimal

        Example:

                # setkeycodes e030 127

        -------------------------------

    sh  Usage: sh

        lash -- the BusyBox LAme SHell (command interpreter)

        This command does not yet have proper documentation.

        Use lash just as you would use any other shell. It properly
        handles pipes, redirects, job control, can be used as the
        shell for scripts (#!/bin/sh), and has a sufficient set of
        builtins to do what is needed. It does not (yet) support
        Bourne Shell syntax. If you need things like "if-then-else",
        "while", and such, use ash or bash. If you just need a very
        simple and extremely small shell, this will do the job.

        -------------------------------

    sleep
        Usage: sleep N

        Pause for N seconds.

        Example:

                $ sleep 2
                [2 second delay results]

        -------------------------------

    sort
        Usage: sort [-n] [-r] [FILE]...

        Sorts lines of text in the specified files

        Example:

                $ echo -e "e\nf\nb\nd\nc\na" | sort
                a
                b
                c
                d
                e
                f

        -------------------------------

    swapoff
        Usage: swapoff [OPTION] [device]

        Stop swapping virtual memory pages on the given device.

        Options:

                -a      Stop swapping on all swap devices

        -------------------------------

    swapon
        Usage: swapon [OPTION] [device]

        Start swapping virtual memory pages on the given device.

        Options:

                -a      Start swapping on all swap devices

        -------------------------------

    sync
        Usage: sync

        Write all buffered filesystem blocks to disk.

        -------------------------------

    syslogd
        Usage: syslogd [OPTION]...

        Linux system and kernel (provides klogd) logging utility.
        Note that this version of syslogd/klogd ignores
        /etc/syslog.conf.

        Options:

                -m NUM          Interval between MARK lines (default=20min, 0=off)
                -n              Run as a foreground process
                -K              Do not start up the klogd process
                -O FILE         Use an alternate log file (default=/var/log/messages)

        -------------------------------

    tail
        Usage: tail [OPTION] [FILE]...

        Print last 10 lines of each FILE to standard output. With
        more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the
        file name. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard
        input.

        Options:

                -n NUM          Print last NUM lines instead of first 10
                -f              Output data as the file grows.  This version
                                of 'tail -f' supports only one file at a time.

        Example:

                $ tail -n 1 /etc/resolv.conf
                nameserver 10.0.0.1

        -------------------------------

    tar Usage: tar -[cxtvO] [--exclude File] [-f tarFile] [FILE] ...

        Create, extract, or list files from a tar file. Note that
        this version of tar treats hard links as separate files.

        Main operation mode:

                c               create
                x               extract
                t               list

        File selection:

                f               name of tarfile or "-" for stdin
                O               extract to stdout
                --exclude       file to exclude

        Informative output:

                v               verbosely list files processed

        Example:

                $ zcat /tmp/tarball.tar.gz | tar -xf -
                $ tar -cf /tmp/tarball.tar /usr/local

        -------------------------------

    tee Usage: tee [OPTION]... [FILE]...

        Copy standard input to each FILE, and also to standard
        output.

        Options:

                -a      append to the given FILEs, do not overwrite

        Example:

                $ echo "Hello" | tee /tmp/foo
                $ cat /tmp/foo
                Hello

        -------------------------------

    telnet
        Usage: telnet host [port]

        Telnet is used to establish interactive communication with
        another computer over a network using the TELNET protocol.

        -------------------------------

    test, [
        Usage: test EXPRESSION or [ EXPRESSION ]

        Checks file types and compares values returning an exit code
        determined by the value of EXPRESSION.

        Example:

                $ test 1 -eq 2
                $ echo $?
                1
                $ test 1 -eq 1
                $ echo $?
                0
                $ [ -d /etc ]
                $ echo $?
                0
                $ [ -d /junk ]
                $ echo $?
                1

        -------------------------------

    touch
        Usage: touch [-c] file [file ...]

        Update the last-modified date on (or create) the selected
        file[s].

        Example:

                $ ls -l /tmp/foo
                /bin/ls: /tmp/foo: No such file or directory
                $ touch /tmp/foo
                $ ls -l /tmp/foo
                -rw-rw-r--    1 andersen andersen        0 Apr 15 01:11 /tmp/foo

        -------------------------------

    tr  Usage: tr [-cds] STRING1 [STRING2]

        Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters from standard
        input, writing to standard output.

        Options:

                -c      take complement of STRING1
                -d      delete input characters coded STRING1
                -s      squeeze multiple output characters of STRING2 into one character

        Example:

                $ echo "gdkkn vnqkc" | tr [a-y] [b-z]
                hello world

        -------------------------------

    true
        Returns an exit code of TRUE (0)

        Example:

                $ true
                $ echo $?
                0

        -------------------------------

    tty Usage: tty

        Print the file name of the terminal connected to standard
        input.

        Options:

                -s      print nothing, only return an exit status

        Example:

                $ tty
                /dev/tty2

        -------------------------------

    umount
        Usage: umount [flags] filesystem|directory

        Flags:

                        -a:     Unmount all file systems
                        -r:     Try to remount devices as read-only if mount is busy
                        -f:     Force filesystem umount (i.e. unreachable NFS server)
                        -l:     Do not free loop device (if a loop device has been used)

        Example:

                $ umount /dev/hdc1 

        -------------------------------

    uname
        Usage: uname [OPTION]...

        Print certain system information. With no OPTION, same as -
        s.

        Options:

                -a      print all information
                -m      the machine (hardware) type
                -n      print the machine's network node hostname
                -r      print the operating system release
                -s      print the operating system name
                -p      print the host processor type
                -v      print the operating system version

        Example:

                $ uname -a
                Linux debian 2.2.15pre13 #5 Tue Mar 14 16:03:50 MST 2000 i686 unknown

        -------------------------------

    uniq
        Usage: uniq [OPTION]... [INPUT [OUTPUT]]

        Discard all but one of successive identical lines from INPUT
        (or standard input), writing to OUTPUT (or standard output).

        Example:

                $ echo -e "a\na\nb\nc\nc\na" | sort | uniq
                a
                b
                c

        -------------------------------

    update
        Usage: update [options]

        Periodically flushes filesystem buffers.

        Options:

                -S      force use of sync(2) instead of flushing
                -s SECS call sync this often (default 30)
                -f SECS flush some buffers this often (default 5)

        -------------------------------

    uptime
        Usage: uptime

        Tells how long the system has been running since boot.

        Example:

                $ uptime
                  1:55pm  up  2:30, load average: 0.09, 0.04, 0.00

        -------------------------------

    usleep
        Usage: usleep N

        Pauses for N microseconds.

        Example:

                $ usleep 1000000
                [pauses for 1 second]

        -------------------------------

    uuencode
        Usage: uuencode [OPTION] [INFILE] REMOTEFILE

        Uuencode a file.

        Options:

                -m      use base64 encoding as of RFC1521

        Example:

                $ uuencode busybox busybox
                begin 755 busybox
                M?T5,1@$!`0````````````(``P`!````L+@$"#0```!0N@,``````#0`(``&
                .....
                $ uudecode busybox busybox > busybox.uu
                $

        -------------------------------

    uudecode
        Usage: uudecode [OPTION] [FILE]

        Uudecode a uuencoded file

        Options:

                -o FILE  direct output to FILE

        Example:

                $ uudecode -o busybox busybox.uu
                $ ls -l busybox
                -rwxr-xr-x   1 ams      ams        245264 Jun  7 21:35 busybox

        -------------------------------

    wc  Usage: wc [OPTION]... [FILE]...

        Print line, word, and byte counts for each FILE, and a total
        line if more than one FILE is specified. With no FILE, read
        standard input.

        Options:

                -c      print the byte counts
                -l      print the newline counts
                -L      print the length of the longest line
                -w      print the word counts

        Example:

                $ wc /etc/passwd
                     31      46    1365 /etc/passwd

        -------------------------------

    which
        Usage: which [COMMAND ...]

        Locates a COMMAND.

        Example:

                $ which login
                /bin/login

        -------------------------------

    whoami
        Usage: whoami

        Prints the user name associated with the current effective
        user id.

        Example:

                $ whoami
                andersen

        -------------------------------

    yes Usage: yes [OPTION]... [STRING]...

        Repeatedly outputs a line with all specified STRING(s), or
        `y'.

        -------------------------------

    zcat
        This is essentially an alias for invoking "gunzip -c", where
        it decompresses the file in question and send the output to
        stdout.

        -------------------------------

LIBC NSS
    GNU Libc uses the Name Service Switch (NSS) to configure the
    behavior of the C library for the local environment, and to
    configure how it reads system data, such as passwords and group
    information. BusyBox has made it Policy that it will never use
    NSS, and will never use and libc calls that make use of NSS.
    This allows you to run an embedded system without the need for
    installing an /etc/nsswitch.conf file and without and
    /lib/libnss_* libraries installed.

    If you are using a system that is using a remote LDAP server for
    authentication via GNU libc NSS, and you want to use BusyBox,
    then you will need to adjust the BusyBox source. Chances are
    though, that if you have enough space to install of that stuff
    on your system, then you probably want the full GNU utilities.

SEE ALSO
    textutils(1), shellutils(1), etc...

MAINTAINER
    Erik Andersen <andersee@debian.org> <andersen@lineo.com>

AUTHORS
    The following people have contributed code to BusyBox whether
    they know it or not.

    Erik Andersen <andersee@debian.org>

    John Beppu <beppu@lineo.com>

    Brian Candler <B.Candler@pobox.com>

    Randolph Chung <tausq@debian.org>

    Dave Cinege <dcinege@psychosis.com>

    Karl M. Hegbloom <karlheg@debian.org>

    John Lombardo <john@deltanet.com>

    Glenn McGrath <bug1@netconnect.com.au>

    Bruce Perens <bruce@perens.com>

    Pavel Roskin <proski@gnu.org>

    Linus Torvalds <torvalds@transmeta.com>

    Charles P. Wright <cpwright@villagenet.com>

    Enrique Zanardi <ezanardi@ull.es>

