.. _glossary-o:

=============================
Memory Management Glossary: O
=============================

.. include:: alphabet.txt

.. glossary::

    object

        .. aka:: *cell*.

        In :term:`memory management`, we use the term *object* or
        *cell* to mean a contiguous :term:`block` of :term:`memory
        (2)` forming a single logical structure.

        Objects are the units of :term:`allocation <allocate>`,
        :term:`deallocation <free (1)>`, etc. No connection to an
        object-oriented system is implied.

        .. mps:specific::

            The MPS documentation generally reserves the term *object*
            for :term:`formatted objects`. For
            units of allocation in general, it uses the term
            :term:`block`.

    object format

        .. mps:specific::

            A data structure provided by the :term:`client program`
            which describes the format of :term:`objects <formatted
            object>` allocated in a :term:`pool`. The MPS uses the
            :term:`format methods` to find
            :term:`references` in an object, replace an
            object with :term:`padding`, replace an object with a
            :term:`forwarding marker`, and other essential
            :term:`garbage collection` tasks. See :ref:`topic-format`.

    object pointer

        In the :term:`C` programming language, a :term:`pointer` to an
        :term:`object`, as distinct from a :term:`function pointer`.
        The C programming language guarantees that you can cast any
        object pointer to ``void *`` and back without losing
        information.

        .. opposite:: :term:`function pointer`.

    off-white

        .. aka:: *ecru*.

        In a :term:`treadmill` :term:`garbage collector`, the
        :term:`color` off-white is used to describe :term:`objects`
        which are :term:`free (3)`. :ref:`Baker (1992c) <BAKER92C>`
        used the term *ecru*.

        .. opposite:: :term:`black`, :term:`gray`, :term:`white`.

        .. seealso:: :term:`color`, :term:`treadmill`.

    old space
    oldspace

        .. see:: :term:`fromspace`.

    one-bit reference count

        The one-bit :term:`reference count <reference counting>` is a
        heuristic mechanism that lets a program test, at low cost,
        whether an :term:`object` is :term:`dead`.

        The one-bit reference count is a special case of the
        :term:`limited-field reference count`. A single bit in an
        object, called the MRB (Multiple Reference Bit), is cleared
        when the object is :term:`allocated`. Whenever another
        :term:`reference` to the object is created, the bit is set.
        Thus, MRB=0 indicates that there is exactly one reference to
        the object, and MRB=1 indicates that there may be more than
        one reference to the object.

        The MRB can be stored in the reference rather than in the
        object; doing so reduces the number of memory accesses due to
        MRB checking and setting. When a reference is copied, the
        copy's MRB is set. If the MRB in the old reference is 0, it
        also needs to be set. Setting the MRB in the old reference
        requires that the program knows the location the old reference
        came from, and that it can prove that location has not since
        been overwritten with other data.

        The one-bit reference count is used by a compiler to augment
        an object lifetime analysis. When compile-time analysis
        predicts that a particular object may be dead (typically
        because the variable that references the object is dead), the
        compiler can generate code that will check the object's MRB at
        run-time. If the MRB is 0, then the object is dead.

        Using a one-bit reference count does have a cost: the MRB uses
        space that could sometimes be put to other use, and the MRB
        must be set every time the number of references to the object
        increases. The one-bit reference count is cheaper than other
        kinds of reference counting, however, since the space cost is
        only one bit and the reference count is not adjusted when
        references are destroyed.

        .. historical::

            The one-bit reference count was suggested by
            :ref:`Friedman & Wise (1977) <FW77>`. Storing the MRB in
            the reference was suggested by :ref:`Stoye, Clarke, and
            Norman (1984) <SCN84>`.

        .. bibref:: :ref:`Jones et al. (2012) <JONES12>`.

    opaque type

        .. mps:specific::

            In the MPS interface, an *opaque type* is a pointer to an
            incomplete structure type. The client programs must not
            rely on the details of its implementation. For example,
            the type :c:type:`mps_arena_t` is an alias for ``struct
            mps_arena_s *``, but the implementation of ``struct
            mps_arena_s`` is not public. See :ref:`topic-interface`.

        .. opposite:: :term:`transparent type`.

    out parameter

        A function parameter that points to a location for the caller
        to receive data from the function.

        .. opposite:: :term:`in parameter`.

        .. mps:specific::

            Out parameters are given names ending with ``_o``. See
            :ref:`topic-interface`.

    out-of-band header

        In some :term:`memory managers`, each :term:`allocated`
        :term:`block` has additional information (such as the size of
        the block or a :term:`tag`) stored in a separate block; this
        is called *an out-of-band header*.

        .. opposite:: :term:`in-band header`.

    overcommit

        In some circumstances, although a range of :term:`virtual
        addresses` has been :term:`mapped` as far as the user program
        is concerned, the :term:`physical storage` might not be
        allocated until it is accessed. This is called
        *overcommitting*.

        Overcommitting shares :term:`swap space` resources more
        flexibly, especially when crude :term:`suballocators` are
        involved, but it can lead to an out-of-resource error during a
        :term:`memory (2)` access; few environments deal with this
        situation gracefully.

        Unix systems such as IRIX and AIX can do this on :term:`sbrk`
        and :term:`mmap` calls.

    overwriting error

        .. aka:: *bounds error*.

        An overwriting or bounds error occurs when the programmer
        intends his program to write to a particular :term:`block` of
        :term:`memory (1)`, but a program error causes the program to
        write outside the bounds of that block.

        .. seealso:: :term:`fencepost`.
