/* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
 * Copyright by The HDF Group.                                               *
 * All rights reserved.                                                      *
 *                                                                           *
 * This file is part of HDF5.  The full HDF5 copyright notice, including     *
 * terms governing use, modification, and redistribution, is contained in    *
 * the COPYING file, which can be found at the root of the source code       *
 * distribution tree, or in https://www.hdfgroup.org/licenses.               *
 * If you do not have access to either file, you may request a copy from     *
 * help@hdfgroup.org.                                                        *
 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * */

#include "hdf5.h"

#include <errno.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

#ifdef H5_HAVE_UNISTD_H
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#endif

#ifdef H5_HAVE_SYS_STAT_H
#include <sys/stat.h>
#endif

#include "sio_perf.h"

/* Macro definitions */

/* sizes of various items. these sizes won't change during program execution */
#define ELMT_H5_TYPE H5T_NATIVE_UCHAR

#define GOTOERROR(errcode)                                                                                   \
    do {                                                                                                     \
        ret_code = errcode;                                                                                  \
        goto done;                                                                                           \
    } while (0)
#define ERRMSG(mesg)                                                                                         \
    do {                                                                                                     \
        fprintf(stderr, "*** Assertion failed (%s) at line %4d in %s\n", mesg, (int)__LINE__, __FILE__);     \
    } while (0)

/* verify: if val is false (0), print mesg. */
#define VRFY(val, mesg)                                                                                      \
    do {                                                                                                     \
        if (!(val)) {                                                                                        \
            ERRMSG(mesg);                                                                                    \
            GOTOERROR(FAIL);                                                                                 \
        }                                                                                                    \
    } while (0)

/* POSIX I/O macros */
#define POSIXCREATE(fn)     HDopen(fn, O_CREAT | O_TRUNC | O_RDWR, 0600)
#define POSIXOPEN(fn, F)    HDopen(fn, F, 0600)
#define POSIXCLOSE(F)       HDclose(F)
#define POSIXSEEK(F, L)     HDlseek(F, L, SEEK_SET)
#define POSIXWRITE(F, B, S) HDwrite(F, B, S)
#define POSIXREAD(F, B, S)  HDread(F, B, S)

enum { SIO_CREATE = 1, SIO_WRITE = 2, SIO_READ = 4 };

/* Global variables */
static int clean_file_g = -1; /*whether to cleanup temporary test     */
/*files. -1 is not defined;             */
/*0 is no cleanup; 1 is do cleanup      */

/* the different types of file descriptors we can expect */
typedef union {
    int   posixfd; /* POSIX file handle*/
    hid_t h5fd;    /* HDF5 file        */
} file_descr;

/* local functions */
static char  *sio_create_filename(iotype iot, const char *base_name, char *fullname, size_t size,
                                  parameters *param);
static herr_t do_write(results *res, file_descr *fd, parameters *parms, void *buffer);
static herr_t do_read(results *res, file_descr *fd, parameters *parms, void *buffer);
static herr_t dset_write(int local_dim, file_descr *fd, parameters *parms, void *buffer);
static herr_t posix_buffer_write(int local_dim, file_descr *fd, parameters *parms, void *buffer);
static herr_t dset_read(int localrank, file_descr *fd, parameters *parms, void *buffer, const char *buffer2);
static herr_t posix_buffer_read(int local_dim, file_descr *fd, parameters *parms, void *buffer);
static herr_t do_fopen(parameters *param, char *fname, file_descr *fd /*out*/, int flags);
hid_t         set_vfd(parameters *param);
static herr_t do_fclose(iotype iot, file_descr *fd);
static void   do_cleanupfile(iotype iot, char *fname);

/* global variables */
static HDoff_t offset[MAX_DIMS];                 /* dataset size in bytes     */
static size_t  buf_offset[MAX_DIMS];             /* dataset size in bytes     */
static int     order[MAX_DIMS];                  /* dimension access order */
static size_t  linear_buf_size;                  /* linear buffer size     */
static int     cont_dim;                         /* lowest dimension for contiguous POSIX
                                                    access */
static size_t         cont_size;                 /* size of contiguous POSIX access */
static hid_t          fapl;                      /* file access list */
static unsigned char *buf_p;                     /* buffer pointer */
static const char    *multi_letters = "msbrglo"; /* string for multi driver */

/* HDF5 global variables */
static hsize_t  h5count[MAX_DIMS];                 /*selection count               */
static hssize_t h5offset[MAX_DIMS];                /* Selection offset within dataspace */
static hid_t    h5dset_space_id = H5I_INVALID_HID; /*dataset space ID              */
static hid_t    h5mem_space_id  = H5I_INVALID_HID; /*memory dataspace ID           */
static hid_t    h5ds_id         = H5I_INVALID_HID; /*dataset handle                */
static hid_t    h5dcpl          = H5I_INVALID_HID; /* Dataset creation property list */
static hid_t    h5dxpl          = H5I_INVALID_HID; /* Dataset transfer property list */

/*
 * Function:        do_sio
 * Purpose:         SIO Engine where IO are executed.
 * Return:          results
 */
void
do_sio(parameters param, results *res)
{
    char      *buffer = NULL;      /*data buffer pointer           */
    size_t     buf_size[MAX_DIMS]; /* general buffer size in bytes     */
    file_descr fd;                 /* file handles */
    iotype     iot;                /* API type */
    char       base_name[256];     /* test file base name */
    /* return codes */
    herr_t ret_code = 0; /* return code */

    char *fname = NULL;
    int   i;

    /* HDF5 variables */
    herr_t hrc; /* HDF5 return code */

    /* IO type */
    iot = param.io_type;

    /* MUST initialize fd early since we check its file IDs in cleanup code */
    switch (iot) {
        case POSIXIO:
            fd.posixfd  = -1;
            res->timers = io_time_new(SYS_CLOCK);
            break;
        case HDF5:
            fd.h5fd     = -1;
            res->timers = io_time_new(SYS_CLOCK);
            break;
        default:
            /* unknown request */
            fprintf(stderr, "Unknown IO type request (%d)\n", (int)iot);
            GOTOERROR(FAIL);
    }

    if (NULL == (fname = calloc(FILENAME_MAX, sizeof(char))))
        GOTOERROR(FAIL);

    linear_buf_size = 1;

    for (i = 0; i < param.rank; i++) {
        buf_size[i] = param.buf_size[i];
        order[i]    = param.order[i];
        linear_buf_size *= buf_size[i];
        buf_offset[i] = 0;
        offset[i]     = 0;

        /* Validate transfer buffer size */
        if (param.buf_size[i] <= 0) {
            fprintf(stderr, "Transfer buffer size[%d] (%zu) must be > 0\n", i, buf_size[i]);
            GOTOERROR(FAIL);
        }

        if ((param.dset_size[i] % param.buf_size[i]) != 0) {
            fprintf(stderr,
                    "Dataset size[%d] (%lld) must be a multiple of the "
                    "transfer buffer size[%d] (%zu)\n",
                    param.rank, (long long)param.dset_size[i], param.rank, param.buf_size[i]);
            GOTOERROR(FAIL);
        }
    }

    /* Allocate transfer buffer */
    if ((buffer = (char *)malloc(linear_buf_size)) == NULL) {
        fprintf(stderr, "malloc for transfer buffer size (%zu) failed\n", linear_buf_size);
        GOTOERROR(FAIL);
    }

    if (sio_debug_level >= 4)

        /* output all of the times for all iterations */
        fprintf(output, "Timer details:\n");

    /*
     * Write performance measurement
     */
    /* Open file for write */

    strcpy(base_name, "#sio_tmp");
    sio_create_filename(iot, base_name, fname, FILENAME_MAX, &param);

    if (sio_debug_level > 0)
        fprintf(output, "data filename=%s\n", fname);

    io_time_set(res->timers, HDF5_GROSS_WRITE_FIXED_DIMS, TSTART);
    hrc = do_fopen(&param, fname, &fd, SIO_CREATE | SIO_WRITE);
    VRFY((hrc == SUCCESS), "do_fopen failed");

    io_time_set(res->timers, HDF5_FINE_WRITE_FIXED_DIMS, TSTART);
    hrc = do_write(res, &fd, &param, buffer);
    io_time_set(res->timers, HDF5_FINE_WRITE_FIXED_DIMS, TSTOP);
    VRFY((hrc == SUCCESS), "do_write failed");

    /* Close file for write */
    hrc = do_fclose(iot, &fd);
    io_time_set(res->timers, HDF5_GROSS_WRITE_FIXED_DIMS, TSTOP);
    VRFY((hrc == SUCCESS), "do_fclose failed");

    if (!param.h5_write_only) {
        /*
         * Read performance measurement
         */

        /* Open file for read */
        io_time_set(res->timers, HDF5_GROSS_READ_FIXED_DIMS, TSTART);
        hrc = do_fopen(&param, fname, &fd, SIO_READ);
        VRFY((hrc == SUCCESS), "do_fopen failed");

        io_time_set(res->timers, HDF5_FINE_READ_FIXED_DIMS, TSTART);
        hrc = do_read(res, &fd, &param, buffer);
        io_time_set(res->timers, HDF5_FINE_READ_FIXED_DIMS, TSTOP);
        VRFY((hrc == SUCCESS), "do_read failed");

        /* Close file for read */
        hrc = do_fclose(iot, &fd);

        io_time_set(res->timers, HDF5_GROSS_READ_FIXED_DIMS, TSTOP);
        VRFY((hrc == SUCCESS), "do_fclose failed");
    }

    do_cleanupfile(iot, fname);

done:
    /* clean up */
    /* release HDF5 objects */

    /* close any opened files */
    /* no remove(fname) because that should have happened normally. */
    switch (iot) {
        case POSIXIO:
            if (fd.posixfd != -1)
                hrc = do_fclose(iot, &fd);
            break;
        case HDF5:
            if (fd.h5fd != -1)
                hrc = do_fclose(iot, &fd);
            break;
        default:
            /* unknown request */
            assert(0 && "Unknown IO type");
            break;
    }

    /* release generic resources */
    free(buffer);
    free(fname);

    res->ret_code = ret_code;
}

/*
 * Function:    sio_create_filename
 * Purpose:     Create a new filename to write to. Determine the correct
 *              suffix to append to the filename by the type of I/O we're
 *              doing. Also, place in the /tmp/{$USER,$LOGIN} directory if
 *              USER or LOGIN are specified in the environment.
 * Return:      Pointer to filename or NULL
 */
static char *
sio_create_filename(iotype iot, const char *base_name, char *fullname, size_t size, parameters *param)
{
    const char *prefix, *suffix = "";
    char       *ptr, last       = '\0';
    size_t      i, j;
    vfdtype     vfd;
    vfd = param->vfd;

    if (!base_name || !fullname || size < 1)
        return NULL;

    memset(fullname, 0, size);

    switch (iot) {
        case POSIXIO:
            suffix = ".posix";
            break;
        case HDF5:
            suffix = ".h5";
            if (vfd == family)
                suffix = "%05d.h5";
            else if (vfd == multi)
                suffix = NULL;
            break;
        default:
            /* unknown request */
            fprintf(stderr, "Unknown IO type request (%d)\n", (int)iot);
            assert(0 && "Unknown IO type");
            break;
    }

    /* First use the environment variable and then try the constant */
    prefix = getenv("HDF5_PREFIX");

#ifdef HDF5_PREFIX
    if (!prefix)
        prefix = HDF5_PREFIX;
#endif /* HDF5_PREFIX */

    /* Prepend the prefix value to the base name */
    if (prefix && *prefix) {
        /* If the prefix specifies the HDF5_PREFIX directory, then
         * default to using the "/tmp/$USER" or "/tmp/$LOGIN"
         * directory instead. */
        char *user, *login, *subdir;

        user   = getenv("USER");
        login  = getenv("LOGIN");
        subdir = (user ? user : login);

        if (subdir) {
            for (i = 0; i < size - 1 && prefix[i]; i++)
                fullname[i] = prefix[i];

            fullname[i++] = '/';

            for (j = 0; i < size && subdir[j]; i++, j++)
                fullname[i] = subdir[j];
        }
        else {
            /* We didn't append the prefix yet */
            strncpy(fullname, prefix, size);
            fullname[size - 1] = '\0';
        }

        if ((strlen(fullname) + strlen(base_name) + 1) < size) {
            /* Append the base_name with a slash first. Multiple slashes are
             * handled below. */
            h5_stat_t buf;

            memset(&buf, 0, sizeof(h5_stat_t));
            if (HDstat(fullname, &buf) < 0)
                /* The directory doesn't exist just yet */
                if (HDmkdir(fullname, 0755) < 0 && errno != EEXIST) {
                    /* We couldn't make the "/tmp/${USER,LOGIN}" subdirectory.
                     * Default to PREFIX's original prefix value. */
                    strcpy(fullname, prefix);
                }

            strcat(fullname, "/");
            strcat(fullname, base_name);
        }
        else {
            /* Buffer is too small */
            return NULL;
        }
    }
    else if (strlen(base_name) >= size) {
        /* Buffer is too small */
        return NULL;
    }
    else {
        strcpy(fullname, base_name);
    }

    /* Append a suffix */
    if (suffix) {
        if (strlen(fullname) + strlen(suffix) >= size)
            return NULL;

        strcat(fullname, suffix);
    }

    /* Remove any double slashes in the filename */
    for (ptr = fullname, i = j = 0; ptr && (i < size); i++, ptr++) {
        if (*ptr != '/' || last != '/')
            fullname[j++] = *ptr;

        last = *ptr;
    }

    return fullname;
}

/*
 * Function:        do_write
 * Purpose:         Write the required amount of data to the file.
 * Return:          SUCCESS or FAIL
 */
static herr_t
do_write(results *res, file_descr *fd, parameters *parms, void *buffer)
{
    int    ret_code = SUCCESS;
    char   dname[64];
    int    i;
    size_t u;
    /* HDF5 variables */
    herr_t  hrc;                /*HDF5 return code              */
    hsize_t h5dims[MAX_DIMS];   /*dataset dim sizes             */
    hsize_t h5chunk[MAX_DIMS];  /*dataset dim sizes             */
    hsize_t h5block[MAX_DIMS];  /*dataspace selection           */
    hsize_t h5stride[MAX_DIMS]; /*selection stride              */
    hsize_t h5start[MAX_DIMS];  /*selection start               */
    hsize_t h5maxdims[MAX_DIMS];
    int     rank; /*rank of dataset */

    /* Prepare buffer for verifying data */
    /*    if (parms->verify)
                memset(buffer,1,linear_buf_size); */

    buf_p = (unsigned char *)buffer;

    for (u = 0; u < linear_buf_size; u++)
        buf_p[u] = u % 128;

    rank = parms->rank;

    for (i = 0; i < rank; i++)
        h5offset[i] = offset[i] = 0;

    /* I/O Access specific setup */
    switch (parms->io_type) {
        case POSIXIO:

            /* determine lowest dimension for contiguous POSIX access */
            cont_dim = rank;

            for (i = rank - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
                if (parms->buf_size[i] == parms->dset_size[i])
                    cont_dim = i;
                else
                    break;
            }

            /* determine size of the contiguous POSIX access */
            cont_size = (!cont_dim) ? 1 : parms->buf_size[cont_dim - 1];
            for (i = cont_dim; i < rank; i++)
                cont_size *= parms->buf_size[i];

            break;

        case HDF5: /* HDF5 setup */

            for (i = 0; i < rank; i++) {
                h5dims[i]    = parms->dset_size[i];
                h5start[i]   = 0;
                h5stride[i]  = 1;
                h5block[i]   = 1;
                h5count[i]   = parms->buf_size[i];
                h5chunk[i]   = parms->chk_size[i];
                h5maxdims[i] = H5S_UNLIMITED;
            }

            if (parms->h5_use_chunks && parms->h5_extendable) {
                h5dset_space_id = H5Screate_simple(rank, h5count, h5maxdims);
                VRFY((h5dset_space_id >= 0), "H5Screate_simple");
            }
            else {
                h5dset_space_id = H5Screate_simple(rank, h5dims, NULL);
                VRFY((h5dset_space_id >= 0), "H5Screate_simple");
            }

            hrc = H5Sselect_hyperslab(h5dset_space_id, H5S_SELECT_SET, h5start, h5stride, h5count, h5block);
            VRFY((hrc >= 0), "H5Sselect_hyperslab");

            /* Create the memory dataspace that corresponds to the xfer buffer */
            h5mem_space_id = H5Screate_simple(rank, h5count, NULL);
            VRFY((h5mem_space_id >= 0), "H5Screate_simple");

            /* Create the dataset transfer property list */
            h5dxpl = H5Pcreate(H5P_DATASET_XFER);
            if (h5dxpl < 0) {
                fprintf(stderr, "HDF5 Property List Create failed\n");
                GOTOERROR(FAIL);
            }

            break;

        default:
            fprintf(stderr, "Unknown IO type request (%d)\n", (int)parms->io_type);
            GOTOERROR(FAIL);
            break;
    } /* end switch */

    /* create dataset */
    switch (parms->io_type) {
        case POSIXIO:
            break;

        case HDF5:
            h5dcpl = H5Pcreate(H5P_DATASET_CREATE);

            if (h5dcpl < 0) {
                fprintf(stderr, "HDF5 Property List Create failed\n");
                GOTOERROR(FAIL);
            }

            if (parms->h5_use_chunks) {
                /* Set the chunk size to be the same as the buffer size */
                hrc = H5Pset_chunk(h5dcpl, rank, h5chunk);
                if (hrc < 0) {
                    fprintf(stderr, "HDF5 Property List Set failed\n");
                    GOTOERROR(FAIL);
                } /* end if */
            }     /* end if */

            snprintf(dname, sizeof(dname), "Dataset_%ld", (unsigned long)parms->num_bytes);
            h5ds_id =
                H5Dcreate2(fd->h5fd, dname, ELMT_H5_TYPE, h5dset_space_id, H5P_DEFAULT, h5dcpl, H5P_DEFAULT);

            if (h5ds_id < 0) {
                fprintf(stderr, "HDF5 Dataset Create failed\n");
                GOTOERROR(FAIL);
            }

            hrc = H5Pclose(h5dcpl);
            /* verifying the close of the dcpl */
            if (hrc < 0) {
                fprintf(stderr, "HDF5 Property List Close failed\n");
                GOTOERROR(FAIL);
            }
            break;

        default:
            /* unknown request */
            fprintf(stderr, "Unknown IO type request (%d)\n", (int)parms->io_type);
            GOTOERROR(FAIL);
            break;
    }

    /* Start "raw data" write timer */
    io_time_set(res->timers, HDF5_RAW_WRITE_FIXED_DIMS, TSTART);

    /* Perform write */
    hrc = dset_write(rank - 1, fd, parms, buffer);

    if (hrc < 0) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Error in dataset write\n");
        GOTOERROR(FAIL);
    }

    /* Stop "raw data" write timer */
    io_time_set(res->timers, HDF5_RAW_WRITE_FIXED_DIMS, TSTOP);

    /* Calculate write time */

    /* Close dataset. Only HDF5 needs to do an explicit close. */
    if (parms->io_type == HDF5) {
        hrc = H5Dclose(h5ds_id);

        if (hrc < 0) {
            fprintf(stderr, "HDF5 Dataset Close failed\n");
            GOTOERROR(FAIL);
        }

        h5ds_id = H5I_INVALID_HID;
    } /* end if */

done:

    /* release HDF5 objects */
    if (h5dset_space_id != -1) {
        hrc = H5Sclose(h5dset_space_id);
        if (hrc < 0) {
            fprintf(stderr, "HDF5 Dataset Space Close failed\n");
            ret_code = FAIL;
        }
        else {
            h5dset_space_id = H5I_INVALID_HID;
        }
    }

    if (h5mem_space_id != -1) {
        hrc = H5Sclose(h5mem_space_id);
        if (hrc < 0) {
            fprintf(stderr, "HDF5 Memory Space Close failed\n");
            ret_code = FAIL;
        }
        else {
            h5mem_space_id = H5I_INVALID_HID;
        }
    }

    if (h5dxpl != -1) {
        hrc = H5Pclose(h5dxpl);
        if (hrc < 0) {
            fprintf(stderr, "HDF5 Dataset Transfer Property List Close failed\n");
            ret_code = FAIL;
        }
        else {
            h5dxpl = H5I_INVALID_HID;
        }
    }

    return ret_code;
}

/*
 * Function:        dset_write
 * Purpose:         Write buffer into the dataset.
 * Return:          SUCCESS or FAIL
 */
static herr_t
dset_write(int local_dim, file_descr *fd, parameters *parms, void *buffer)
{
    int     cur_dim  = order[local_dim] - 1;
    int     ret_code = SUCCESS;
    int     k;
    hsize_t dims[MAX_DIMS], maxdims[MAX_DIMS];
    hsize_t i;
    int     j;
    herr_t  hrc;

    /* iterates according to the dimensions in order array */
    for (i = 0; i < parms->dset_size[cur_dim]; i += parms->buf_size[cur_dim]) {

        h5offset[cur_dim] = (hssize_t)i;
        offset[cur_dim]   = (HDoff_t)i;

        if (local_dim > 0) {

            dset_write(local_dim - 1, fd, parms, buffer);
        }
        else {

            switch (parms->io_type) {

                case POSIXIO:
                    /* initialize POSIX offset in the buffer */
                    for (j = 0; j < parms->rank; j++)
                        buf_offset[j] = 0;
                    buf_p = (unsigned char *)buffer;
                    /* write POSIX buffer */
                    posix_buffer_write(0, fd, parms, buffer);
                    break;

                case HDF5:
                    /* if dimensions are extendable, extend them as needed during access */
                    if (parms->h5_use_chunks && parms->h5_extendable) {

                        hrc = H5Sget_simple_extent_dims(h5dset_space_id, dims, maxdims);
                        VRFY((hrc >= 0), "H5Sget_simple_extent_dims");

                        for (k = 0; k < parms->rank; k++) {

                            assert(h5offset[k] >= 0);
                            if (dims[k] <= (hsize_t)h5offset[k]) {
                                dims[k] = dims[k] + h5count[k];
                                hrc     = H5Sset_extent_simple(h5dset_space_id, parms->rank, dims, maxdims);
                                VRFY((hrc >= 0), "H5Sset_extent_simple");
                                hrc = H5Dset_extent(h5ds_id, dims);
                                VRFY((hrc >= 0), "H5Dextend");
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    /* applies offset */
                    hrc = H5Soffset_simple(h5dset_space_id, h5offset);
                    VRFY((hrc >= 0), "H5Soffset_simple");

                    /* Write the buffer out */
                    hrc = H5Sget_simple_extent_dims(h5dset_space_id, dims, maxdims);
                    hrc = H5Dwrite(h5ds_id, ELMT_H5_TYPE, h5mem_space_id, h5dset_space_id, h5dxpl, buffer);
                    VRFY((hrc >= 0), "H5Dwrite");

                    break;

                default:
                    /* unknown request */
                    fprintf(stderr, "Unknown IO type request (%d)\n", (int)parms->io_type);
                    assert(0 && "Unknown IO type");
                    break;
            } /* switch (parms->io_type) */
        }
    }
done:
    return ret_code;
}

/*
 * Function:        posix_buffer_write
 * Purpose:         Write buffer into the POSIX file considering contiguity.
 * Return:          SUCCESS or FAIL
 */

static herr_t
posix_buffer_write(int local_dim, file_descr *fd, parameters *parms, void *buffer)
{
    int ret_code = SUCCESS;

    /* if dimension is not contiguous, call recursively */
    if (local_dim < parms->rank - 1 && local_dim != cont_dim) {
        size_t u;

        for (u = 0; u < parms->buf_size[local_dim]; u++) {
            buf_offset[local_dim] = u;
            posix_buffer_write(local_dim + 1, fd, parms, buffer);

            /* if next dimension is cont_dim, it will fill out the buffer
               traversing the entire dimension local_dim without the need
               of performing iteration */
            if (local_dim + 1 == cont_dim)
                break;
        }
        /* otherwise, perform contiguous POSIX access */
    }
    else {
        HDoff_t d_offset;
        HDoff_t linear_dset_offset = 0;
        int     i, j, rc;

        buf_offset[local_dim] = 0;

        /* determine offset in the buffer */
        for (i = 0; i < parms->rank; i++) {
            d_offset = 1;

            for (j = i + 1; j < parms->rank; j++)
                d_offset *= (HDoff_t)parms->dset_size[j];

            linear_dset_offset += (offset[i] + (HDoff_t)buf_offset[i]) * d_offset;
        }

        /* only care if seek returns error */
        rc = POSIXSEEK(fd->posixfd, linear_dset_offset) < 0 ? -1 : 0;
        VRFY((rc == 0), "POSIXSEEK");
        /* check if all bytes are written */
        rc = ((ssize_t)cont_size == POSIXWRITE(fd->posixfd, buf_p, cont_size));
        VRFY((rc != 0), "POSIXWRITE");

        /* Advance location in buffer */
        buf_p += cont_size;
    }

done:
    return ret_code;
}

/*
 * Function:        do_read
 * Purpose:         Read the required amount of data to the file.
 * Return:          SUCCESS or FAIL
 */
static herr_t
do_read(results *res, file_descr *fd, parameters *parms, void *buffer)
{
    char  *buffer2  = NULL; /* Buffer for data verification */
    int    ret_code = SUCCESS;
    char   dname[64];
    int    i;
    size_t u;
    /* HDF5 variables */
    herr_t  hrc;                /*HDF5 return code              */
    hsize_t h5dims[MAX_DIMS];   /*dataset dim sizes             */
    hsize_t h5block[MAX_DIMS];  /*dataspace selection           */
    hsize_t h5stride[MAX_DIMS]; /*selection stride              */
    hsize_t h5start[MAX_DIMS];  /*selection start               */
    int     rank;

    /* Allocate data verification buffer */
    if (NULL == (buffer2 = (char *)malloc(linear_buf_size))) {
        fprintf(stderr, "malloc for data verification buffer size (%zu) failed\n", linear_buf_size);
        GOTOERROR(FAIL);
    } /* end if */

    /* Prepare buffer for verifying data */
    for (u = 0; u < linear_buf_size; u++)
        buffer2[u] = (char)(u % 128);

    rank = parms->rank;
    for (i = 0; i < rank; i++)
        h5offset[i] = offset[i] = 0;

    /* I/O Access specific setup */
    switch (parms->io_type) {
        case POSIXIO:
            cont_dim = rank;

            for (i = rank - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
                if (parms->buf_size[i] == parms->dset_size[i])
                    cont_dim = i;
                else
                    break;
            }
            cont_size = (!cont_dim) ? 1 : parms->buf_size[cont_dim - 1];
            for (i = cont_dim; i < rank; i++)
                cont_size *= parms->buf_size[i];

            break;

        case HDF5: /* HDF5 setup */
            for (i = 0; i < rank; i++) {
                h5dims[i]   = parms->dset_size[i];
                h5start[i]  = 0;
                h5stride[i] = 1;
                h5block[i]  = 1;
                h5count[i]  = parms->buf_size[i];
            }

            h5dset_space_id = H5Screate_simple(rank, h5dims, NULL);
            VRFY((h5dset_space_id >= 0), "H5Screate_simple");

            hrc = H5Sselect_hyperslab(h5dset_space_id, H5S_SELECT_SET, h5start, h5stride, h5count, h5block);
            VRFY((hrc >= 0), "H5Sselect_hyperslab");

            /* Create the memory dataspace that corresponds to the xfer buffer */
            h5mem_space_id = H5Screate_simple(rank, h5count, NULL);
            VRFY((h5mem_space_id >= 0), "H5Screate_simple");

            /* Create the dataset transfer property list */
            h5dxpl = H5Pcreate(H5P_DATASET_XFER);
            if (h5dxpl < 0) {
                fprintf(stderr, "HDF5 Property List Create failed\n");
                GOTOERROR(FAIL);
            }
            break;

        default:
            /* unknown request */
            fprintf(stderr, "Unknown IO type request (%d)\n", (int)parms->io_type);
            GOTOERROR(FAIL);
            break;
    } /* end switch */

    /* create dataset */
    switch (parms->io_type) {
        case POSIXIO:
            break;

        case HDF5:
            snprintf(dname, sizeof(dname), "Dataset_%ld", (long)parms->num_bytes);
            h5ds_id = H5Dopen2(fd->h5fd, dname, H5P_DEFAULT);
            if (h5ds_id < 0) {
                fprintf(stderr, "HDF5 Dataset open failed\n");
                GOTOERROR(FAIL);
            }
            break;

        default:
            /* unknown request */
            fprintf(stderr, "Unknown IO type request (%d)\n", (int)parms->io_type);
            GOTOERROR(FAIL);
            break;
    } /* end switch */

    /* Start "raw data" read timer */
    io_time_set(res->timers, HDF5_RAW_READ_FIXED_DIMS, TSTART);
    hrc = dset_read(rank - 1, fd, parms, buffer, buffer2);

    if (hrc < 0) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Error in dataset read\n");
        GOTOERROR(FAIL);
    }

    /* Stop "raw data" read timer */
    io_time_set(res->timers, HDF5_RAW_READ_FIXED_DIMS, TSTOP);

    /* Calculate read time */

    /* Close dataset. Only HDF5 needs to do an explicit close. */
    if (parms->io_type == HDF5) {
        hrc = H5Dclose(h5ds_id);

        if (hrc < 0) {
            fprintf(stderr, "HDF5 Dataset Close failed\n");
            GOTOERROR(FAIL);
        }

        h5ds_id = H5I_INVALID_HID;
    } /* end if */

done:

    /* release HDF5 objects */
    if (h5dset_space_id != -1) {
        hrc = H5Sclose(h5dset_space_id);
        if (hrc < 0) {
            fprintf(stderr, "HDF5 Dataset Space Close failed\n");
            ret_code = FAIL;
        }
        else {
            h5dset_space_id = H5I_INVALID_HID;
        }
    }

    if (h5mem_space_id != -1) {
        hrc = H5Sclose(h5mem_space_id);
        if (hrc < 0) {
            fprintf(stderr, "HDF5 Memory Space Close failed\n");
            ret_code = FAIL;
        }
        else {
            h5mem_space_id = H5I_INVALID_HID;
        }
    }

    if (h5dxpl != -1) {
        hrc = H5Pclose(h5dxpl);
        if (hrc < 0) {
            fprintf(stderr, "HDF5 Dataset Transfer Property List Close failed\n");
            ret_code = FAIL;
        }
        else {
            h5dxpl = H5I_INVALID_HID;
        }
    }

    /* release generic resources */
    if (buffer2)
        free(buffer2);

    return ret_code;
}

/*
 * Function:        dset_read
 * Purpose:         Read buffer into the dataset.
 * Return:          SUCCESS or FAIL
 */

static herr_t
dset_read(int local_dim, file_descr *fd, parameters *parms, void *buffer, const char *buffer2)
{
    int     cur_dim = order[local_dim] - 1;
    hsize_t i;
    int     j;
    herr_t  hrc;
    int     ret_code = SUCCESS;

    /* iterate on the current dimension */
    for (i = 0; i < parms->dset_size[cur_dim]; i += parms->buf_size[cur_dim]) {

        h5offset[cur_dim] = (hssize_t)i;
        offset[cur_dim]   = (HDoff_t)i;

        /* if traverse in order array is incomplete, recurse */
        if (local_dim > 0) {

            ret_code = dset_read(local_dim - 1, fd, parms, buffer, buffer2);

            /* otherwise, write buffer into dataset */
        }
        else {

            switch (parms->io_type) {

                case POSIXIO:
                    for (j = 0; j < parms->rank; j++) {
                        buf_offset[j] = 0;
                    }
                    buf_p = (unsigned char *)buffer;
                    posix_buffer_read(0, fd, parms, buffer);
                    break;

                case HDF5:
                    hrc = H5Soffset_simple(h5dset_space_id, h5offset);
                    VRFY((hrc >= 0), "H5Soffset_simple");
                    /* Read the buffer out */
                    hrc = H5Dread(h5ds_id, ELMT_H5_TYPE, h5mem_space_id, h5dset_space_id, h5dxpl, buffer);
                    VRFY((hrc >= 0), "H5Dread");
                    break;

                default:
                    /* unknown request */
                    fprintf(stderr, "Unknown IO type request (%d)\n", (int)parms->io_type);
                    assert(0 && "Unknown IO type");
                    break;
            } /* switch (parms->io_type) */
        }
    }
done:
    return ret_code;
}

/*
 * Function:        posix_buffer_read
 * Purpose:         Read buffer into the POSIX file considering contiguity.
 * Return:          SUCCESS or FAIL
 */

static herr_t
posix_buffer_read(int local_dim, file_descr *fd, parameters *parms, void *buffer)
{
    int ret_code = SUCCESS;

    /* if local dimension is not contiguous, recurse */
    if (local_dim < parms->rank - 1 && local_dim != cont_dim) {
        size_t u;

        for (u = 0; u < parms->buf_size[local_dim]; u++) {
            buf_offset[local_dim] = u;
            ret_code              = posix_buffer_read(local_dim + 1, fd, parms, buffer);
            if (local_dim + 1 == cont_dim)
                break;
        }
        /* otherwise, perform contiguous POSIX access */
    }
    else {
        HDoff_t d_offset;
        HDoff_t linear_dset_offset = 0;
        int     i, j, rc;

        buf_offset[local_dim] = 0;
        /* determine offset in buffer */
        for (i = 0; i < parms->rank; i++) {
            d_offset = 1;

            for (j = i + 1; j < parms->rank; j++)
                d_offset *= (HDoff_t)parms->dset_size[j];

            linear_dset_offset += (offset[i] + (HDoff_t)buf_offset[i]) * d_offset;
        }

        /* only care if seek returns error */
        rc = POSIXSEEK(fd->posixfd, linear_dset_offset) < 0 ? -1 : 0;
        VRFY((rc == 0), "POSIXSEEK");
        /* check if all bytes are read */
        rc = ((ssize_t)cont_size == POSIXREAD(fd->posixfd, buf_p, cont_size));
        VRFY((rc != 0), "POSIXREAD");

        /* Advance location in buffer */
        buf_p += cont_size;
    }
done:
    return ret_code;
}

/*
 * Function:    do_fopen
 * Purpose:     Open the specified file.
 * Return:      SUCCESS or FAIL
 */
static herr_t
do_fopen(parameters *param, char *fname, file_descr *fd /*out*/, int flags)
{
    int   ret_code = SUCCESS;
    hid_t fcpl;

    switch (param->io_type) {
        case POSIXIO:
            if (flags & (SIO_CREATE | SIO_WRITE))
                fd->posixfd = POSIXCREATE(fname);
            else
                fd->posixfd = POSIXOPEN(fname, O_RDONLY);

            if (fd->posixfd < 0) {
                fprintf(stderr, "POSIX File Open failed(%s)\n", fname);
                GOTOERROR(FAIL);
            }

            break;

        case HDF5:

            fapl = set_vfd(param);

            if (fapl < 0) {
                fprintf(stderr, "HDF5 Property List Create failed\n");
                GOTOERROR(FAIL);
            }

            fcpl = H5Pcreate(H5P_FILE_CREATE);
            if (param->page_size) {
                H5Pset_file_space_strategy(fcpl, H5F_FSPACE_STRATEGY_PAGE, 0, (hsize_t)1);
                H5Pset_file_space_page_size(fcpl, param->page_size);
                if (param->page_buffer_size)
                    H5Pset_page_buffer_size(fapl, param->page_buffer_size, 0, 0);
            }

            /* create the parallel file */
            if (flags & (SIO_CREATE | SIO_WRITE)) {
                fd->h5fd = H5Fcreate(fname, H5F_ACC_TRUNC, fcpl, fapl);
            }
            else {
                fd->h5fd = H5Fopen(fname, H5F_ACC_RDONLY, fapl);
            }

            if (fd->h5fd < 0) {
                fprintf(stderr, "HDF5 File Create failed(%s)\n", fname);
                GOTOERROR(FAIL);
            }
            break;

        default:
            /* unknown request */
            fprintf(stderr, "Unknown IO type request (%d)\n", (int)param->io_type);
            GOTOERROR(FAIL);
            break;
    }

done:
    return ret_code;
}

/*
 * Function:    set_vfd
 * Purpose:     Sets file driver.
 * Return:      SUCCESS or FAIL
 */

hid_t
set_vfd(parameters *param)
{
    hid_t   my_fapl = H5I_INVALID_HID;
    vfdtype vfd;

    vfd = param->vfd;

    if ((my_fapl = H5Pcreate(H5P_FILE_ACCESS)) < 0)
        return -1;

    if (vfd == sec2) {
        /* Unix read() and write() system calls */
        if (H5Pset_fapl_sec2(my_fapl) < 0)
            return -1;
    }
    else if (vfd == stdio) {
        /* Standard C fread() and fwrite() system calls */
        if (H5Pset_fapl_stdio(my_fapl) < 0)
            return -1;
    }
    else if (vfd == core) {
        /* In-core temporary file with 1MB increment */
        if (H5Pset_fapl_core(my_fapl, (size_t)1024 * 1024, true) < 0)
            return -1;
    }
    else if (vfd == split) {
        /* Split meta data and raw data each using default driver */
        if (H5Pset_fapl_split(my_fapl, "-m.h5", H5P_DEFAULT, "-r.h5", H5P_DEFAULT) < 0)
            return -1;
    }
    else if (vfd == multi) {
        /* Multi-file driver, general case of the split driver */
        H5FD_mem_t  memb_map[H5FD_MEM_NTYPES];
        hid_t       memb_fapl[H5FD_MEM_NTYPES];
        const char *memb_name[H5FD_MEM_NTYPES];
        haddr_t     memb_addr[H5FD_MEM_NTYPES];
        H5FD_mem_t  mt;
        struct {
            char arr[H5FD_MEM_NTYPES][1024];
        } *sv = NULL;

        memset(memb_map, 0, sizeof memb_map);
        memset(memb_fapl, 0, sizeof memb_fapl);
        memset(memb_name, 0, sizeof memb_name);
        memset(memb_addr, 0, sizeof memb_addr);

        assert(strlen(multi_letters) == H5FD_MEM_NTYPES);

        if (NULL == (sv = calloc(1, sizeof(*sv))))
            return -1;
        for (mt = H5FD_MEM_DEFAULT; mt < H5FD_MEM_NTYPES; mt++) {
            memb_fapl[mt] = H5P_DEFAULT;
            snprintf(sv->arr[mt], 1024, "%%s-%c.h5", multi_letters[mt]);
            memb_name[mt] = sv->arr[mt];
            memb_addr[mt] = (haddr_t)MAX(mt - 1, 0) * (HADDR_MAX / 10);
        }

        if (H5Pset_fapl_multi(my_fapl, memb_map, memb_fapl, memb_name, memb_addr, false) < 0) {
            free(sv);
            return -1;
        }

        free(sv);
    }
    else if (vfd == family) {
        hsize_t fam_size = 1 * 1024 * 1024; /*100 MB*/

        /* Family of files, each 1MB and using the default driver */
        /* if ((val=strtok(NULL, " \t\n\r")))
            fam_size = (hsize_t)(strtod(val, NULL) * 1024*1024); */
        if (H5Pset_fapl_family(my_fapl, fam_size, H5P_DEFAULT) < 0)
            return -1;
    }
    else if (vfd == direct) {
#ifdef H5_HAVE_DIRECT
        /* Linux direct read() and write() system calls.  Set memory boundary, file block size,
         * and copy buffer size to the default values. */
        if (H5Pset_fapl_direct(my_fapl, 1024, 4096, 8 * 4096) < 0)
            return -1;
#endif
    }
    else {
        /* Unknown driver */
        return -1;
    }

    return my_fapl;
}

/*
 * Function:    do_fclose
 * Purpose:     Close the specified file descriptor.
 * Return:      SUCCESS or FAIL
 */
static herr_t
do_fclose(iotype iot, file_descr *fd /*out*/)
{
    herr_t ret_code = SUCCESS, hrc;
    int    rc       = 0;

    switch (iot) {
        case POSIXIO:
            rc = POSIXCLOSE(fd->posixfd);

            if (rc != 0) {
                fprintf(stderr, "POSIX File Close failed\n");
                GOTOERROR(FAIL);
            }

            fd->posixfd = -1;
            break;

        case HDF5:
            hrc = H5Fclose(fd->h5fd);

            if (hrc < 0) {
                fprintf(stderr, "HDF5 File Close failed\n");
                GOTOERROR(FAIL);
            }

            fd->h5fd = -1;
            break;

        default:
            /* unknown request */
            fprintf(stderr, "Unknown IO type request (%d)\n", (int)iot);
            GOTOERROR(FAIL);
            break;
    }

done:
    return ret_code;
}

/*
 * Function:    do_cleanupfile
 * Purpose:     Cleanup temporary file unless HDF5_NOCLEANUP is set.
 * Return:      void
 */
static void
do_cleanupfile(iotype iot, char *filename)
{
    char  *temp = NULL;
    size_t temp_sz;
    int    j;
    hid_t  driver;

    temp_sz = (4096 + sizeof("-?.h5")) * sizeof(char);
    if (NULL == (temp = calloc(1, temp_sz)))
        goto done;

    if (clean_file_g == -1)
        clean_file_g = (getenv(HDF5_NOCLEANUP) == NULL) ? 1 : 0;

    if (clean_file_g) {

        switch (iot) {
            case POSIXIO:
                HDremove(filename);
                break;

            case HDF5:
                driver = H5Pget_driver(fapl);

                if (driver == H5FD_FAMILY) {
                    for (j = 0; /*void*/; j++) {
                        H5_GCC_CLANG_DIAG_OFF("format-nonliteral")
                        snprintf(temp, temp_sz, filename, j);
                        H5_GCC_CLANG_DIAG_ON("format-nonliteral")

                        if (HDaccess(temp, F_OK) < 0)
                            break;

                        HDremove(temp);
                    }
                }
                else if (driver == H5FD_CORE) {
                    bool backing; /* Whether the core file has backing store */

                    H5Pget_fapl_core(fapl, NULL, &backing);

                    /* If the file was stored to disk with bacing store, remove it */
                    if (backing)
                        HDremove(filename);
                }
                else if (driver == H5FD_MULTI) {
                    H5FD_mem_t mt;
                    assert(strlen(multi_letters) == H5FD_MEM_NTYPES);

                    for (mt = H5FD_MEM_DEFAULT; mt < H5FD_MEM_NTYPES; mt++) {
                        snprintf(temp, temp_sz, "%s-%c.h5", filename, multi_letters[mt]);
                        HDremove(temp); /*don't care if it fails*/
                    }
                }
                else {
                    HDremove(filename);
                }
                H5Pclose(fapl);
                break;

            default:
                /* unknown request */
                fprintf(stderr, "Unknown IO type request (%d)\n", (int)iot);
                assert(0 && "Unknown IO type");
                break;
        }
    }

done:
    free(temp);
}
