\appendix

\chapter{Installation}
These installation instructions are meant to run the code developed within this thesis for development- and review-purposes.
For a comprehensive installation instruction follow the Taler documentation
\cite{taler-documentation}.

\begin{bfhNoteBox}
    These instructions are used and tested on Ubuntu 21.10.
\end{bfhNoteBox}

\section{Dependencies and Setup}
The following dependencies need to be installed for GNUnet and Taler Exchange:
\setupLinuxPrompt{student}
\begin{ubuntu}
sudo apt update
sudo apt install git curl build-essential gcc automake make \ texinfo autoconf uncrustify libtool pkgconf gettext gnutls-bin \ libcurl4-gnutls-dev libgcrypt20-dev libidn2-dev libjansson-dev \ libnss3-dev sqlite pipenv libltdl-dev libsodium-dev libpq-dev \ autopoint libunistring-dev libextractor-dev libpng-dev \ libpulse-dev libsqlite3-dev recutils python3-jinja2 sqlite yapf3 \ postgresql libpq-dev wget libmicrohttpd-dev
export LD\_LIBRARY\_PATH=/usr/local/lib
\end{ubuntu}

\begin{bfhBox}[BFH-MediumBlue]{Install in a container}
The installation can also be done in a docker or podman container with the ubuntu:21.10 image:
\setupLinuxPrompt{student}
\begin{ubuntu}
podman run -it --name talertest ubuntu:21.10
\end{ubuntu}
\end{bfhBox}

\section{Install GNUnet Core}
GNUnet core is both a dependency of the Taler exchange and where we implemented the Clause Blind Schnorr Signature Scheme.
\setupLinuxPrompt{student}
\begin{ubuntu}
git clone https://git.gnunet.org/gnunet.git
cd gnunet
./bootstrap
./configure --enable-benchmarks --prefix=/usr/local
make
make install
make check # Run optionally to verify installation and run tests
\end{ubuntu}

To run benchmarks run:
\setupLinuxPrompt{student}
\begin{ubuntu}
./src/util/perf_crypto_cs
./src/util/perf_crypto_rsa
\end{ubuntu}

\section{Install Taler Exchange}
\begin{bfhWarnBox}
Ensure that the current user has privileges in postgresql.
One possible way to do this is:\\
(where [user] has to be replaced with the name of the system user running the tests)
\setupLinuxPrompt{student}
\begin{ubuntu}
service postgresql start
sudo su
su - postgres
psql
CREATE ROLE [user] LOGIN SUPERUSER;
CREATE DATABASE [user] OWNER [user];
exit
\end{ubuntu}
\end{bfhWarnBox}

The Taler exchange can be installed as followed:
\setupLinuxPrompt{student}
\begin{ubuntu}
service postgresql start
createdb talercheck
git clone https://git.taler.net/exchange.git
cd exchange
./bootstrap
./configure --with-gnunet=/usr/local --prefix=/usr/local
./make
./make install
./make check # Run optionally to verify installation and run tests
\end{ubuntu}

To execute the security module benchmarks run:
\setupLinuxPrompt{student}
\begin{ubuntu}
cd src/util
./test_helper_cs
./test_helper_rsa
\end{ubuntu}

\chapter{Performance Measurements}
\label{chap:app-perf}

\section{AMD Ryzen 7 PRO 5850U (Notebook)}
Detailed comparison of each operation can be found in table \ref{tab:comp-sign-amd-ryzen-7}.
\begin{bfhBox}[BFH-MediumBlue]{Setup}
	CPU: 8-core AMD Ryzen 7 PRO 5850U \\
    Architecture: amd64 \\
    OS: Ubuntu 21.10 Linux 5.13.0-25-generic \#26-Ubuntu SMP Fri Jan 7 15:48:31 UTC 2022 x86\_64 x86\_64 x86\_64 GNU/Linux \\
    libsodium:amd64 version: 1.0.18-1build1 \\ 
    libgcrypt:amd64 version: 1.8.7-5ubuntu2 
\end{bfhBox}

\begin{table}[h]
    \centering
    \colorlet{BFH-table}{BFH-MediumBlue!10}
    \colorlet{BFH-tablehead}{BFH-MediumBlue!50}
    \setupBfhTabular
    \begin{tabular}{llr}
        \rowcolor{BFH-tablehead}
        \textbf{Signature Scheme} & \textbf{Operation} & \textbf{Speed} \\\hline
        CS & 10x key generation & 0.204 ms \\\hline
        RSA 1024 bit & 10x key generation & 126 ms \\\hline
        RSA 2048 bit & 10x key generation & 903 ms \\\hline
        RSA 3072 bit & 10x key generation & 2684 ms \\\hline
        RSA 4096 bit & 10x key generation & 10 000 ms \\\hline
        \hline
        CS & 10x r0, r1 derive and R1,R2 calculation & 0.444 ms \\\hline
        CS & 10x derivation of blinding secrets & 0.094 ms \\\hline
        CS & 10x blinding & 3.332 ms \\\hline
        RSA 1024 bit & 10x blinding & 1.282 ms \\\hline
        RSA 2048 bit & 10x blinding & 3.012 ms \\\hline
        RSA 3072 bit & 10x blinding & 5 ms \\\hline
        RSA 4096 bit & 10x blinding & 9 ms \\\hline
        \hline
        CS & 10x signing & 0.077 ms \\\hline
        RSA 1024 bit & 10x signing & 7 ms \\\hline
        RSA 2048 bit & 10x signing & 34 ms \\\hline
        RSA 3072 bit & 10x signing & 86 ms \\\hline
        RSA 4096 bit & 10x signing & 183 ms \\\hline
        \hline
        CS & 10x unblinding & 0.001 ms \\\hline
        RSA 1024 bit & 10x unblinding & 2.991 ms \\\hline
        RSA 2048 bit & 10x unblinding & 10 ms \\\hline
        RSA 3072 bit & 10x unblinding & 24 ms \\\hline
        RSA 4096 bit & 10x unblinding & 44 ms \\\hline
        \hline
        CS & 10x verifying & 1.358 ms \\\hline
        RSA 1024 bit & 10x verifying & 0.876 ms \\\hline
        RSA 2048 bit & 10x verifying & 1.836 ms \\\hline
        RSA 3072 bit & 10x verifying & 3.075 ms \\\hline
        RSA 4096 bit & 10x verifying & 5 ms \\\hline
    \end{tabular}
    \caption{Comparison on AMD Ryzen 7}
    \label{tab:comp-sign-amd-ryzen-7}
\end{table}

\section{Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-8565U}
Detailed comparison of each operation can be found in table \ref{tab:comp-sign-intel-i7}.
\begin{bfhBox}[BFH-MediumBlue]{Setup}
	CPU: 8-core  Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-8565U CPU @ 1.80GHz \\
    Architecture: amd64 \\
    OS: Ubuntu 21.10 Linux 5.13.0-25-generic \#26-Ubuntu SMP Fri Jan 7 15:48:31 UTC 2022 x86\_64 x86\_64 x86\_64 GNU/Linux \\
    libsodium:amd64 version: 1.0.18-1build1 \\ 
    libgcrypt:amd64 version: 1.8.7-5ubuntu2 
\end{bfhBox}

\begin{table}[ht]
    \centering
    \colorlet{BFH-table}{BFH-MediumBlue!10}
    \colorlet{BFH-tablehead}{BFH-MediumBlue!50}
    \setupBfhTabular
    \begin{tabular}{llr}
        \rowcolor{BFH-tablehead}
        \textbf{Signature Scheme} & \textbf{Operation} & \textbf{Speed} \\\hline
        CS & 10x key generation & 1.05 ms \\\hline
        RSA 1024 bit & 10x key generation & 189 ms \\\hline
        RSA 2048 bit & 10x key generation & 1555 ms \\\hline
        RSA 3072 bit & 10x key generation & 5000 ms \\\hline
        RSA 4096 bit & 10x key generation & 11 000 ms \\\hline
        \hline
        CS & 10x r0, r1 derive and R1,R2 calculation & 2.261 ms \\\hline
        CS & 10x derivation of blinding secrets & 0.521 ms \\\hline
        CS & 10x blinding & 13 ms \\\hline
        RSA 1024 bit & 10x blinding & 2.6 ms \\\hline
        RSA 2048 bit & 10x blinding & 4.12 ms \\\hline
        RSA 3072 bit & 10x blinding & 7 ms \\\hline
        RSA 4096 bit & 10x blinding & 11 ms \\\hline
        \hline
        CS & 10x signing & 0.405 ms \\\hline
        RSA 1024 bit & 10x signing & 9 ms \\\hline
        RSA 2048 bit & 10x signing & 44 ms \\\hline
        RSA 3072 bit & 10x signing & 108 ms \\\hline
        RSA 4096 bit & 10x signing & 216 ms \\\hline
        \hline
        CS & 10x unblinding & 0.005 ms \\\hline
        RSA 1024 bit & 10x unblinding & 3.353 ms \\\hline
        RSA 2048 bit & 10x unblinding & 12 ms \\\hline
        RSA 3072 bit & 10x unblinding & 27 ms \\\hline
        RSA 4096 bit & 10x unblinding & 47 ms \\\hline
        \hline
        CS & 10x verifying & 4.413 ms \\\hline
        RSA 1024 bit & 10x verifying & 1.202 ms \\\hline
        RSA 2048 bit & 10x verifying & 2.304 ms \\\hline
        RSA 3072 bit & 10x verifying & 4.094 ms \\\hline
        RSA 4096 bit & 10x verifying & 6 ms \\\hline
    \end{tabular}
    \caption{Comparison on Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-8565U}
    \label{tab:comp-sign-intel-i7}
\end{table}

\section{AMD Ryzen Threadripper 1950X 16-Core Processor}
Detailed comparison of each operation can be found in table \ref{tab:comp-sign-amd-threadripper}.
\begin{bfhBox}[BFH-MediumBlue]{Setup}
	CPU: AMD Ryzen Threadripper 1950X 16-Core Processor \\
    Architecture: amd64 \\
    OS: Linux 5.13.0-trunk-amd64 \#1 SMP Debian 5.13.12-1~exp1
    (2021-08-20) x86\_64 GNU/Linux \\
    libsodium:amd64 version: 1.9.4-5 \\ 
    libgcrypt:amd64 version: 1.0.18-1 
\end{bfhBox}

\begin{table}[ht]
    \centering
    \colorlet{BFH-table}{BFH-MediumBlue!10}
    \colorlet{BFH-tablehead}{BFH-MediumBlue!50}
    \setupBfhTabular
    \begin{tabular}{llr}
        \rowcolor{BFH-tablehead}
        \textbf{Signature Scheme} & \textbf{Operation} & \textbf{Speed} \\\hline
        CS & 10x key generation & 0.442 ms \\\hline
        RSA 1024 bit & 10x key generation & 145 ms \\\hline
        RSA 2048 bit & 10x key generation & 1167 ms \\\hline
        RSA 3072 bit & 10x key generation & 6000 ms \\\hline
        RSA 4096 bit & 10x key generation & 11 000 ms \\\hline
        \hline
        CS & 10x r0, r1 derive and R1,R2 calculation &  1.043 ms \\\hline
        CS & 10x derivation of blinding secrets & 0.242 ms \\\hline
        CS & 10x blinding & 7 ms \\\hline
        RSA 1024 bit & 10x blinding &  2.258 ms \\\hline
        RSA 2048 bit & 10x blinding &  4.744 ms \\\hline
        RSA 3072 bit & 10x blinding &  9 ms \\\hline
        RSA 4096 bit & 10x blinding &  14 ms \\\hline
        \hline
        CS & 10x signing &  0.270 ms \\\hline
        RSA 1024 bit & 10x signing &  10 ms \\\hline
        RSA 2048 bit & 10x signing &  47 ms \\\hline
        RSA 3072 bit & 10x signing &  119 ms \\\hline
        RSA 4096 bit & 10x signing &  248 ms \\\hline
        \hline
        CS & 10x unblinding & 0.003 ms \\\hline
        RSA 1024 bit & 10x unblinding &  4.086 ms \\\hline
        RSA 2048 bit & 10x unblinding &  14 ms \\\hline
        RSA 3072 bit & 10x unblinding &  34 ms \\\hline
        RSA 4096 bit & 10x unblinding &  60 ms \\\hline
        \hline
        CS & 10x verifying & 2.392 ms \\\hline
        RSA 1024 bit & 10x verifying &  1.137 ms \\\hline
        RSA 2048 bit & 10x verifying &  2.797 ms \\\hline
        RSA 3072 bit & 10x verifying &  5 ms \\\hline
        RSA 4096 bit & 10x verifying &  7 ms \\\hline
    \end{tabular}
    \caption{Comparison on AMD Ryzen Threadripper 1950X}
    \label{tab:comp-sign-amd-threadripper}
\end{table}

\section{Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5-2630}
Detailed comparison of each operation can be found in table \ref{tab:comp-sign-intel-xeon}.
\begin{bfhBox}[BFH-MediumBlue]{Setup}
	CPU: Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5-2630 0 @ 2.30GHz \\
    Architecture: amd64 \\
    OS:  Linux 5.10.0-8-amd64 \#1 SMP Debian 5.10.46-4 (2021-08-03) x86\_64\\
    libsodium:amd64 version:  1.0.18-1\\ 
    libgcrypt:amd64 version:  1.8.7-6
\end{bfhBox}

\begin{table}[ht]
    \centering
    \colorlet{BFH-table}{BFH-MediumBlue!10}
    \colorlet{BFH-tablehead}{BFH-MediumBlue!50}
    \setupBfhTabular
    \begin{tabular}{llr}
        \rowcolor{BFH-tablehead}
        \textbf{Signature Scheme} & \textbf{Operation} & \textbf{Speed} \\\hline
        CS & 10x key generation & 0.606 ms \\\hline
        RSA 1024 bit & 10x key generation & 329 ms \\\hline
        RSA 2048 bit & 10x key generation & 3210 ms \\\hline
        RSA 3072 bit & 10x key generation & 12 000 ms \\\hline
        RSA 4096 bit & 10x key generation & 40 000 ms \\\hline
        \hline
        CS & 10x r0, r1 derive and R1,R2 calculation &  1.527 ms \\\hline
        CS & 10x derivation of blinding secrets &  0.329 ms \\\hline
        CS & 10x blinding & 9 ms \\\hline
        RSA 1024 bit & 10x blinding &  4.026 ms \\\hline
        RSA 2048 bit & 10x blinding &  9 ms \\\hline
        RSA 3072 bit & 10x blinding &  18 ms \\\hline
        RSA 4096 bit & 10x blinding &  27 ms \\\hline
        \hline
        CS & 10x signing &  0.274 ms \\\hline
        RSA 1024 bit & 10x signing &  21 ms \\\hline
        RSA 2048 bit & 10x signing &  96 ms \\\hline
        RSA 3072 bit & 10x signing &  237 ms \\\hline
        RSA 4096 bit & 10x signing &  482 ms \\\hline
        \hline
        CS & 10x unblinding &  0.004 ms \\\hline
        RSA 1024 bit & 10x unblinding & 7 ms \\\hline
        RSA 2048 bit & 10x unblinding & 25 ms \\\hline
        RSA 3072 bit & 10x unblinding & 58 ms \\\hline
        RSA 4096 bit & 10x unblinding & 99 ms \\\hline
        \hline
        CS & 10x verifying & 4.334 ms \\\hline
        RSA 1024 bit & 10x verifying & 2.190 ms \\\hline
        RSA 2048 bit & 10x verifying & 5 ms \\\hline
        RSA 3072 bit & 10x verifying & 11 ms \\\hline
        RSA 4096 bit & 10x verifying & 14 ms \\\hline
    \end{tabular}
    \caption{Comparison on Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5-2630}
    \label{tab:comp-sign-intel-xeon}
\end{table}

\section{Intel(R) Pentium(R) 3558U}
Detailed comparison of each operation can be found in table \ref{tab:comp-sign-intel-pentium}.
\begin{bfhBox}[BFH-MediumBlue]{Setup}
	CPU: Intel(R) Pentium(R) 3558U @ 1.70GHz \\
    Architecture: amd64 \\
    OS: Linux 5.10.0-8-amd64 \#1 SMP Debian 5.10.46-3 (2021-07-28) x86\_64\\
    libsodium:amd64 version:  1.0.18-1\\ 
    libgcrypt:amd64 version:  1.8.7-6
\end{bfhBox}

\begin{table}[ht]
    \centering
    \colorlet{BFH-table}{BFH-MediumBlue!10}
    \colorlet{BFH-tablehead}{BFH-MediumBlue!50}
    \setupBfhTabular
    \begin{tabular}{llr}
        \rowcolor{BFH-tablehead}
        \textbf{Signature Scheme} & \textbf{Operation} & \textbf{Speed} \\\hline
        CS & 10x key generation & 0.53 ms \\\hline
        RSA 1024 bit & 10x key generation & 524 ms \\\hline
        RSA 2048 bit & 10x key generation & 3357 ms \\\hline
        RSA 3072 bit & 10x key generation & 15 000 ms \\\hline
        RSA 4096 bit & 10x key generation & 37 000 ms \\\hline
        \hline
        CS & 10x r0, r1 derive and R1,R2 calculation & 1.375 ms \\\hline
        CS & 10x derivation of blinding secrets & 0.349 ms \\\hline
        CS & 10x blinding & 8 ms \\\hline
        RSA 1024 bit & 10x blinding & 4.86 ms \\\hline
        RSA 2048 bit & 10x blinding & 11 ms \\\hline
        RSA 3072 bit & 10x blinding & 19 ms \\\hline
        RSA 4096 bit & 10x blinding & 31 ms \\\hline
        \hline
        CS & 10x signing &  0.283 ms \\\hline
        RSA 1024 bit & 10x signing & 26 ms \\\hline
        RSA 2048 bit & 10x signing & 117 ms \\\hline
        RSA 3072 bit & 10x signing & 292 ms \\\hline
        RSA 4096 bit & 10x signing & 571 ms \\\hline
        \hline
        CS & 10x unblinding & 0.003 ms \\\hline
        RSA 1024 bit & 10x unblinding & 8 ms \\\hline
        RSA 2048 bit & 10x unblinding & 30 ms \\\hline
        RSA 3072 bit & 10x unblinding & 67 ms \\\hline
        RSA 4096 bit & 10x unblinding & 111 ms \\\hline
        \hline
        CS & 10x verifying & 3.769 ms \\\hline
        RSA 1024 bit & 10x verifying & 2.616 ms \\\hline
        RSA 2048 bit & 10x verifying & 6 ms \\\hline
        RSA 3072 bit & 10x verifying & 11 ms \\\hline
        RSA 4096 bit & 10x verifying & 17 ms \\\hline
    \end{tabular}
    \caption{Comparison on Intel(R) Pentium(R) 3558U}
    \label{tab:comp-sign-intel-pentium}
\end{table}


\section{arm64}
Detailed comparison of each operation can be found in table \ref{tab:comp-sign-arm64}.
\begin{bfhBox}[BFH-MediumBlue]{Setup}
	CPU:  8-core arm64\\
    Architecture: ARM64 \\
    OS: Linux ten64 5.11.0-31-generic \#33+testsfp1 SMP Mon Aug 23 16:07:41 UTC 2021 aarch64 aarch64 aarch64 GNU/Linux \\
    libsodium:arm64 version: 1.8.7-2ubuntu2.1  \\ 
    libgcrypt:arm64 version: 1.0.18-1
\end{bfhBox}

\begin{table}[ht]
    \centering
    \colorlet{BFH-table}{BFH-MediumBlue!10}
    \colorlet{BFH-tablehead}{BFH-MediumBlue!50}
    \setupBfhTabular
    \begin{tabular}{llr}
        \rowcolor{BFH-tablehead}
        \textbf{Signature Scheme} & \textbf{Operation} & \textbf{Speed} \\\hline
        CS & 10x key generation & 2.896 ms \\\hline
        RSA 1024 bit & 10x key generation & 839 ms \\\hline
        RSA 2048 bit & 10x key generation & 8000 ms \\\hline
        RSA 3072 bit & 10x key generation & 17 000 ms \\\hline
        RSA 4096 bit & 10x key generation & 82 000 ms \\\hline
        \hline
        CS & 10x r0, r1 derive and R1,R2 calculation & 6 ms \\\hline
        CS & 10x derivation of blinding secrets & 0.713 ms \\\hline
        CS & 10x blinding & 23 ms \\\hline
        RSA 1024 bit & 10x blinding & 11 ms \\\hline
        RSA 2048 bit & 10x blinding & 28 ms \\\hline
        RSA 3072 bit & 10x blinding & 51 ms \\\hline
        RSA 4096 bit & 10x blinding & 81 ms \\\hline
        \hline
        CS & 10x signing & 0.321 ms \\\hline
        RSA 1024 bit & 10x signing &  57 ms \\\hline
        RSA 2048 bit & 10x signing & 263 ms \\\hline
        RSA 3072 bit & 10x signing & 685 ms \\\hline
        RSA 4096 bit & 10x signing & 1385 ms \\\hline
        \hline
        CS & 10x unblinding & 0.006 ms \\\hline
        RSA 1024 bit & 10x unblinding &  23 ms \\\hline
        RSA 2048 bit & 10x unblinding &  79 ms \\\hline
        RSA 3072 bit & 10x unblinding & 171 ms \\\hline
        RSA 4096 bit & 10x unblinding & 296 ms \\\hline
        \hline
        CS & 10x verifying & 11ms \\\hline
        RSA 1024 bit & 10x verifying &  5 ms \\\hline
        RSA 2048 bit & 10x verifying & 15 ms \\\hline
        RSA 3072 bit & 10x verifying & 27 ms \\\hline
        RSA 4096 bit & 10x verifying & 45 ms \\\hline
    \end{tabular}
    \caption{Comparison on arm64}
    \label{tab:comp-sign-arm64}
\end{table}

\section{AMD Ryzen Embedded R1606G}
Detailed comparison of each operation can be found in table \ref{tab:comp-sign-amd-embedded}.
\begin{bfhBox}[BFH-MediumBlue]{Setup}
	CPU: 4-core AMD Ryzen Embedded R1606G with Radeon Vega Gfx\\
    Architecture: amd64 \\
    OS: Linux computer 5.13.0-25-generic \#26-Ubuntu SMP Fri Jan 7 15:48:31 UTC 2022 x86\_64 x86\_64 x86\_64 GNU/Linux\\
    libsodium:amd64 version: 1.8.7-5ubuntu2  \\ 
    libgcrypt:amd64 version: 1.0.18-1build1
\end{bfhBox}

\begin{table}[ht]
    \centering
    \colorlet{BFH-table}{BFH-MediumBlue!10}
    \colorlet{BFH-tablehead}{BFH-MediumBlue!50}
    \setupBfhTabular
    \begin{tabular}{llr}
        \rowcolor{BFH-tablehead}
        \textbf{Signature Scheme} & \textbf{Operation} & \textbf{Speed} \\\hline
        CS & 10x key generation & 2.373 ms \\\hline
        RSA 1024 bit & 10x key generation & 184 ms \\\hline
        RSA 2048 bit & 10x key generation & 2132 ms \\\hline
        RSA 3072 bit & 10x key generation & 8000 ms \\\hline
        RSA 4096 bit & 10x key generation & 21 000 ms \\\hline
        \hline
        CS & 10x r0, r1 derive and R1,R2 calculation & 1.09 ms \\\hline
        CS & 10x derivation of blinding secrets & 0.43 ms \\\hline
        CS & 10x blinding & 6 ms \\\hline
        RSA 1024 bit & 10x blinding & 3.886 ms \\\hline
        RSA 2048 bit & 10x blinding & 7 ms \\\hline
        RSA 3072 bit & 10x blinding & 14 ms \\\hline
        RSA 4096 bit & 10x blinding & 23 ms \\\hline
        \hline
        CS & 10x signing & 0.379 ms \\\hline
        RSA 1024 bit & 10x signing & 15 ms \\\hline
        RSA 2048 bit & 10x signing & 71 ms \\\hline
        RSA 3072 bit & 10x signing & 177 ms \\\hline
        RSA 4096 bit & 10x signing & 357 ms \\\hline
        \hline
        CS & 10x unblinding & 0.001 ms \\\hline
        RSA 1024 bit & 10x unblinding & 6 ms \\\hline
        RSA 2048 bit & 10x unblinding & 24 ms \\\hline
        RSA 3072 bit & 10x unblinding & 53 ms \\\hline
        RSA 4096 bit & 10x unblinding & 93 ms \\\hline
        \hline
        CS & 10x verifying & 2.610 ms \\\hline
        RSA 1024 bit & 10x verifying & 2.303 ms \\\hline
        RSA 2048 bit & 10x verifying & 4.386 ms \\\hline
        RSA 3072 bit & 10x verifying & 7 ms \\\hline
        RSA 4096 bit & 10x verifying & 11 ms \\\hline
    \end{tabular}
    \caption{Comparison on AMD Ryzen Embedded R1606G}
    \label{tab:comp-sign-amd-embedded}
\end{table}

\section{risc64}
Detailed comparison of each operation can be found in table \ref{tab:comp-sign-risc64}.
\begin{bfhBox}[BFH-MediumBlue]{Setup}
	CPU:  4-core risc64 processor\\
    OS: Linux risc-v-unleashed-000 5.11.0-1022-generic \#23~20.04.1-Ubuntu SMP Thu Oct 21 10:16:27 UTC 2021 riscv64 riscv64 riscv64 GNU/Linux\\
    libsodium:riscv64 version: 1.8.7-5ubuntu2  \\ 
    libgcrypt:riscv64 version: 1.0.18-1build1
\end{bfhBox}

\begin{table}[ht]
    \centering
    \colorlet{BFH-table}{BFH-MediumBlue!10}
    \colorlet{BFH-tablehead}{BFH-MediumBlue!50}
    \setupBfhTabular
    \begin{tabular}{llr}
        \rowcolor{BFH-tablehead}
        \textbf{Signature Scheme} & \textbf{Operation} & \textbf{Speed} \\\hline
        CS & 10x key generation & 4.144 ms \\\hline
        RSA 1024 bit & 10x key generation & 2923 ms \\\hline
        RSA 2048 bit & 10x key generation & 28 000 ms \\\hline
        RSA 3072 bit & 10x key generation & 174 000 ms \\\hline
        RSA 4096 bit & 10x key generation & 600 000 ms \\\hline
        \hline
        CS & 10x r0, r1 derive and R1,R2 calculation & 10 ms \\\hline
        CS & 10x derivation of blinding secrets & 2.514 ms \\\hline
        CS & 10x blinding & 72 ms \\\hline
        RSA 1024 bit & 10x blinding & 37 ms \\\hline
        RSA 2048 bit & 10x blinding & 93 ms \\\hline
        RSA 3072 bit & 10x blinding & 170 ms \\\hline
        RSA 4096 bit & 10x blinding & 277 ms \\\hline
        \hline
        CS & 10x signing & 1.697 ms \\\hline
        RSA 1024 bit & 10x signing & 215 ms \\\hline
        RSA 2048 bit & 10x signing & 1040 ms \\\hline
        RSA 3072 bit & 10x signing & 2883 ms \\\hline
        RSA 4096 bit & 10x signing & 5000 ms \\\hline
        \hline
        CS & 10x unblinding & 0.022 ms \\\hline
        RSA 1024 bit & 10x unblinding & 62 ms \\\hline
        RSA 2048 bit & 10x unblinding & 150 ms \\\hline
        RSA 3072 bit & 10x unblinding & 275 ms \\\hline
        RSA 4096 bit & 10x unblinding & 431 ms \\\hline
        \hline
        CS & 10x verifying & 29 ms \\\hline
        RSA 1024 bit & 10x verifying & 22 ms \\\hline
        RSA 2048 bit & 10x verifying & 54 ms \\\hline
        RSA 3072 bit & 10x verifying & 99 ms \\\hline
        RSA 4096 bit & 10x verifying & 166 ms \\\hline
    \end{tabular}
    \caption{Comparison on risc64}
    \label{tab:comp-sign-risc64}
\end{table}

\section{POWER9}
Detailed comparison of each operation can be found in table \ref{tab:comp-sign-POWER9}.
\begin{bfhBox}[BFH-MediumBlue]{Setup}
	CPU:  176-core power9\\
    architecture: pp64le \\
    OS: Linux power9 5.11.0-34-generic \#36-Ubuntu SMP Thu Aug 26 19:19:54 UTC 2021 ppc64le ppc64le ppc64le GNU/Linux \\
    libsodium:a::ppc64el version: 1.8.7-2ubuntu2.1  \\ 
    libgcrypt::ppc64el version: 1.0.18-1
\end{bfhBox}

\begin{table}[ht]
    \centering
    \colorlet{BFH-table}{BFH-MediumBlue!10}
    \colorlet{BFH-tablehead}{BFH-MediumBlue!50}
    \setupBfhTabular
    \begin{tabular}{llr}
        \rowcolor{BFH-tablehead}
        \textbf{Signature Scheme} & \textbf{Operation} & \textbf{Speed} \\\hline
        CS & 10x key generation & 0.275 ms \\\hline
        RSA 1024 bit & 10x key generation & 290 ms \\\hline
        RSA 2048 bit & 10x key generation & 3743 ms \\\hline
        RSA 3072 bit & 10x key generation & 15 000 ms \\\hline
        RSA 4096 bit & 10x key generation & 45 000 ms \\\hline
        \hline
        CS & 10x r0, r1 derive and R1,R2 calculation & 0.749 ms \\\hline
        CS & 10x derivation of blinding secrets & 0.267 ms \\\hline
        CS & 10x blinding & 4.996 ms \\\hline
        RSA 1024 bit & 10x blinding & 3.952 ms \\\hline
        RSA 2048 bit & 10x blinding & 10 ms \\\hline
        RSA 3072 bit & 10x blinding & 17 ms \\\hline
        RSA 4096 bit & 10x blinding & 27 ms \\\hline
        \hline
        CS & 10x signing & 0.221 ms \\\hline
        RSA 1024 bit & 10x signing & 25 ms \\\hline
        RSA 2048 bit & 10x signing & 135 ms \\\hline
        RSA 3072 bit & 10x signing & 381 ms \\\hline
        RSA 4096 bit & 10x signing & 762 ms \\\hline
        \hline
        CS & 10x unblinding & 0.002 ms \\\hline
        RSA 1024 bit & 10x unblinding & 9 ms \\\hline
        RSA 2048 bit & 10x unblinding & 34 ms \\\hline
        RSA 3072 bit & 10x unblinding & 80 ms \\\hline
        RSA 4096 bit & 10x unblinding & 141 ms \\\hline
        \hline
        CS & 10x verifying & 2.458 ms \\\hline
        RSA 1024 bit & 10x verifying & 2.365 ms \\\hline
        RSA 2048 bit & 10x verifying & 6 ms \\\hline
        RSA 3072 bit & 10x verifying & 10 ms \\\hline
        RSA 4096 bit & 10x verifying & 16 ms \\\hline
    \end{tabular}
    \caption{Comparison on POWER9}
    \label{tab:comp-sign-POWER9}
\end{table}

\section{ARMv7 Processor}
Detailed comparison of each operation can be found in table \ref{tab:comp-sign-armv7}.
\begin{bfhBox}[BFH-MediumBlue]{Setup}
	CPU:  8-core ARMv7 Processor rev 3 (v7l)
    Architecture: armv7 \\
    OS: Linux odroidxu4 4.14.150-odroidxu4 \#2 SMP PREEMPT Mon Oct 28 08:07:45 CET 2019 armv7l GNU/Linux\\
    libsodium:armhf version: 1.9.4-5   \\ 
    libgcrypt:armhf version: 1.0.18-1
\end{bfhBox}

\begin{table}[ht]
    \centering
    \colorlet{BFH-table}{BFH-MediumBlue!10}
    \colorlet{BFH-tablehead}{BFH-MediumBlue!50}
    \setupBfhTabular
    \begin{tabular}{llr}
        \rowcolor{BFH-tablehead}
        \textbf{Signature Scheme} & \textbf{Operation} & \textbf{Speed} \\\hline
        CS & 10x key generation & 1.719 ms \\\hline
        RSA 1024 bit & 10x key generation & 1050 ms \\\hline
        RSA 2048 bit & 10x key generation & 8000 ms \\\hline
        RSA 3072 bit & 10x key generation & 53 000 ms \\\hline
        RSA 4096 bit & 10x key generation & 159 000 ms \\\hline
        \hline
        CS & 10x r0, r1 derive and R1,R2 calculation & 3.621 ms \\\hline
        CS & 10x derivation of blinding secrets & 0.514 ms \\\hline
        CS & 10x blinding & 24 ms \\\hline
        RSA 1024 bit & 10x blinding & 10 ms \\\hline
        RSA 2048 bit & 10x blinding & 26 ms \\\hline
        RSA 3072 bit & 10x blinding & 45 ms \\\hline
        RSA 4096 bit & 10x blinding & 78 ms \\\hline
        \hline
        CS & 10x signing & 0.481 ms \\\hline
        RSA 1024 bit & 10x signing & 87 ms \\\hline
        RSA 2048 bit & 10x signing & 385 ms \\\hline
        RSA 3072 bit & 10x signing & 1038 ms \\\hline
        RSA 4096 bit & 10x signing & 2073 ms \\\hline
        \hline
        CS & 10x unblinding & 0.008 ms \\\hline
        RSA 1024 bit & 10x unblinding & 26 ms \\\hline
        RSA 2048 bit & 10x unblinding & 90 ms \\\hline
        RSA 3072 bit & 10x unblinding & 195 ms \\\hline
        RSA 4096 bit & 10x unblinding & 344 ms \\\hline
        \hline
        CS & 10x verifying & 11 ms \\\hline
        RSA 1024 bit & 10x verifying & 5 ms \\\hline
        RSA 2048 bit & 10x verifying & 15 ms \\\hline
        RSA 3072 bit & 10x verifying & 28 ms \\\hline
        RSA 4096 bit & 10x verifying & 42 ms \\\hline
    \end{tabular}
    \caption{Comparison on ARMv7}
    \label{tab:comp-sign-armv7}
\end{table}


\section{Performance of the Security Module}
These performance measurements are only done on one hardware setup.
The performance tests of the cryptographic routines are more meaningful, the architecture of the Taler exchange could change a lot.
Furthermore, there could be made performance improvements at costs of security by doing the operations requiring the private keys directly in the httpd process.
Because of security reasons, the current design with the security module makes a lot of sense. 
It has to be kept in mind that the following performance benchmarks are interesting to see, but could vary a lot with changes inside the codebase.
The performance of the signatures with the security module can be found in table \ref{tab:comp-sign-full}
\begin{bfhBox}[BFH-MediumBlue]{Setup}
	CPU: 8-core AMD Ryzen 7 PRO 5850U \\
    OS: Ubuntu 21.10 Linux 5.13.0-25-generic \#26-Ubuntu SMP Fri Jan 7 15:48:31 UTC 2022 x86\_64 x86\_64 x86\_64 GNU/Linux \\
    libsodium version: 1.0.18-1build1 \\ 
    libgcrypt version: 1.8.7-5ubuntu2 
\end{bfhBox}

\begin{table}[ht]
    \centering
    \colorlet{BFH-table}{BFH-MediumBlue!10}
    \colorlet{BFH-tablehead}{BFH-MediumBlue!50}
    \setupBfhTabular
    \begin{tabular}{lll}
        \rowcolor{BFH-tablehead}
        \textbf{Signature Scheme} & \textbf{Test} & \textbf{Speed} \\\hline
        CS & 100 sequential signature operations & 2.591 ms \\\hline
        RSA 1024 bit & 100 sequential signature operations & 79 ms \\\hline
        RSA 2048 bit & 100 sequential signature operations & 350 ms \\\hline
        RSA 3072 bit & 100 sequential signature operations & 893 ms \\\hline
        RSA 4092 & 100 sequential signature operations & 1811 ms \\\hline
        \hline
        CS & 100 parallel signature operations & 14 ms \\\hline
        RSA 1024 bit & 100 parallel signature operations & 125 ms \\\hline
        RSA 2048 bit & 100 parallel signature operations & 573ms \\\hline
        RSA 3072 bit & 100 parallel signature operations & 1420 ms \\\hline
        RSA 4092 & 100 parallel signature operations & 3279 ms \\\hline
        \hline
        CS & 800 parallel signature operations & 19 ms \\\hline
        RSA 1024 bit & 800 parallel signature operations & 137 ms \\\hline
        RSA 2048 bit & 800 parallel signature operations & 653 ms \\\hline
        RSA 3072 bit & 800 parallel signature operations & 1451 ms \\\hline
        RSA 4092 & 800 parallel signature operations & 3388 ms \\\hline
    \end{tabular}
    \caption{Performance comparison of the security module}
    \label{tab:comp-sign-full}
\end{table}

\input{content/appendix/rsa-redesign.tex}
