@c This is part of the Emacs manual.
@c Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008,
@c   2009  Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions.
@node Mac OS / GNUstep, Microsoft Windows, Antinews, Top
@appendix Emacs and Mac OS / GNUstep
@cindex Mac OS X
@cindex Macintosh
@cindex GNUstep

  This section briefly describes the peculiarities of using Emacs built with
the GNUstep libraries on GNU/Linux or other operating systems, or on Mac OS X
with native window system support.  For Mac OS X, Emacs can be built either
without window system support, with X11, or with the Cocoa interface.  This
section only applies to the Cocoa build.  Emacs 23 does not support Mac OS
Classic.

  Emacs, when built on Mac OS X, uses the Cocoa application interface.
For historical and technical reasons, Emacs uses the term
@samp{Nextstep} internally, instead of ``Cocoa'' or ``Mac OS X''; for
instance, most of the commands and variables described in the
following sections begin with @samp{ns-}, which is short for
@samp{Nextstep}.  NeXTstep was an application interface released by
NeXT Inc during the 1980s, of which Cocoa is a direct descendant.
Apart from Cocoa, there is one other NeXTstep-style system: GNUstep,
which is free software.  At the moment, Emacs has only incomplete
support for GNUstep (@pxref{GNUstep Support}).

  As of the 23.1 release, Emacs is not as stable on Cocoa as on other
platforms.  We hope to improve this in future releases.

@menu
* Mac / GNUstep Basics::        Basic Emacs usage under GNUstep or Mac OS.
* Mac / GNUstep Customization:: Customizations under GNUstep or Mac OS.
* Mac / GNUstep Events::        How window system events are handled.
* GNUstep Support::             Details on status of GNUstep support.
@end menu

@node Mac / GNUstep Basics, Mac / GNUstep Customization, , Mac OS / GNUstep
@section Basic Emacs usage under Mac OS and GNUstep

  By default, the @key{alt} and @key{option} keys are the same as
@key{Meta} when running under Mac OS.  The Mac @key{Cmd} key is the
same as @key{Super}, and Emacs provides a set of keybindings using
this modifier key that mimic other Mac / GNUstep applications (@pxref{Mac /
GNUstep Events}).  You can change these bindings in the usual way (@pxref{Key
Bindings}).

  The standard Mac / GNUstep font and color panels are accessible via Lisp commands.
  To use the color panel, drag from it to an Emacs frame to change the
foreground color of the face at that position (if the @key{shift} key
is held down, it changes the background color instead). To discard the
settings, create a new frame and close the altered one.
@c [unclear if the following holds.]
@c  To finalize the settings for either color or font, choose @samp{Save Options} in the @samp{Options} menu. 

  @key{S-Mouse-1} (i.e., clicking the left mouse button
while holding down the @key{Shift} key) adjusts the region to the
click position, just like @key{Mouse-3} (@code{mouse-save-then-kill});
it does not pop up a menu for changing the default face, as
@key{S-Mouse-1} normally does (@pxref{Temporary Face Changes}).  This
change makes Emacs behave more like other Mac / GNUstep applications.

  When you open or save files using the menus, or using the 
@key{Cmd-o} and @key{Cmd-S} bindings, Emacs uses graphical file
dialogs to read file names.  However, if you use the regular Emacs key
sequences, such as @key{C-x C-f}, Emacs uses the minibuffer to read
file names.

  On GNUstep, in an X-windows environment you need to use @key{Cmd-c}
instead of one of the @key{C-w} or @key{M-w} commands to transfer text
to the X primary selection; otherwise, Emacs will use the
``clipboard'' selection.  Likewise, @key{Cmd-y} (instead of @key{C-y})
yanks from the X primary selection instead of the kill-ring or
clipboard.


@subsection Grabbing environment variables

@c How is this any different to launching from a window manager menu
@c in GNU/Linux?  These are sometimes not login shells either.
Many programs which may run under Emacs, like latex or man, depend on the
settings of environment variables.  If Emacs is launched from the shell, it
will automatically inherit these environment variables and its subprocesses
will inherit them from it.  But if Emacs is launched from the Finder it
is not a descendant of any shell, so its environment variables haven't been
set, which often causes the subprocesses it launches to behave differently than
they would when launched from the shell.

For the PATH and MANPATH variables, a system-wide method
of setting PATH is recommended on Mac OS X 10.5 and later, using the
@file{/etc/paths} files and the @file{/etc/paths.d} directory.

@node Mac / GNUstep Customization, Mac / GNUstep Events, Mac / GNUstep Basics, Mac OS / GNUstep
@section Mac / GNUstep Customization

Emacs can be customized in several ways in addition to the standard
customization buffers and the Options menu.


@subsection Font and Color Panels

The Font Panel may be accessed with M-x ns-popup-font-panel.  It
will set the default font in the frame most recently used or clicked
on.

@c  To make the setting permanent, use @samp{Save Options} in the
@c Options menu, or run @code{menu-bar-options-save}.

You can bring up a color panel with M-x ns-popup-color-panel. and
drag the color you want over the emacs face you want to change.  Normal
dragging will alter the foreground color.  Shift dragging will alter the
background color.

@c To make the changes permanent select the "Save Options"
@c item in the "Options" menu, or run @code{menu-bar-options-save}. 

Useful in this context is the listing of all faces obtained by @key{M-x}
@code{list-faces-display}.

@subsection Open files by dragging to an Emacs window

The default behaviour when a user drags files from another application
into an Emacs frame is to insert the contents of all the dragged files
into the current buffer.  To remap the @code{ns-drag-file} event to
open the dragged files in the current frame use the following line:

@lisp
(define-key global-map [ns-drag-file] 'ns-find-file)
@end lisp


@node Mac / GNUstep Events, GNUstep Support, Mac / GNUstep Customization, Mac OS / GNUstep
@section Windowing System Events under Mac OS / GNUstep

  Nextstep applications receive a number of special events which have
no X equivalent.  These are sent as specially defined ``keys'', which
do not correspond to any sequence of keystrokes.  Under Emacs, these
``key'' events can be bound to functions just like ordinary
keystrokes.  Here is a list of these events.

@table @key
@item ns-open-file
@vindex ns-pop-up-frames
This event occurs when another Nextstep application requests that
Emacs open a file.  A typical reason for this would be a user
double-clicking a file in the Finder application.  By default, Emacs
responds to this event by opening a new frame and visiting the file in
that frame (@code{ns-find-file}).  As an exception, if the selected
buffer is the @samp{*scratch*} buffer, Emacs visits the file in the
selected frame.

You can change how Emacs responds to @key{ns-open-file} by changing
the variable @code{ns-pop-up-frames}.  Its default value,
@code{'fresh}, is what we have just described.  A value of @code{t}
means to always visit the file in a new frame.  A value of @code{nil}
means to always visit the file in an existing frame.

@item ns-open-temp-file
This event occurs when another application requests that Emacs open a
temporary file.  By default, this is handled by just generating a
@code{ns-open-file} event, the results of which are described above.

You can bind @key{ns-pop-up-frames} and @key{ns-open-temp-file} to
other Lisp functions.  When the event is registered, the name of the
file to open is stored in the variable @code{ns-input-file}.

@item ns-open-file-line
Some applications, such as ProjectBuilder and gdb, request not only a
particular file, but also a particular line or sequence of lines in
the file.  Emacs handles this by visiting that file and highlighting
the requested line (@code{ns-open-file-select-line}).

@item ns-drag-file
This event occurs when a user drags files from another application
into an Emacs frame.  The default behavior is to insert the contents
of all the dragged files into the current buffer
(@code{ns-insert-files}).  The list of dragged files is stored in the
variable @code{ns-input-file}.

@item ns-drag-color
This event occurs when a user drags a color from the color well (or
some other source) into an Emacs frame.  The default behavior is to
alter the foreground color of the area the color was dragged onto
(@code{ns-set-foreground-at-mouse}).  If this event is issued with a
@key{Shift} modifier, Emacs changes the background color instead
(@code{ns-set-background-at-mouse}).  The name of the dragged color is
stored in the variable @code{ns-input-color}.

@item ns-change-font
This event occurs when the user selects a font in a Nextstep font
panel (which can be opened with @kbd{Cmd-t}).  The default behavior is
to adjust the font of the selected frame
(@code{ns-respond-to-changefont}).  The name and size of the selected
font are stored in the variables @code{ns-input-font} and
@code{ns-input-fontsize}, respectively.

@item ns-power-off
This event occurs when the user logs out and Emacs is still running, or when 
`Quit Emacs' is chosen from the application menu.
The default behavior is to save all file-visiting buffers.
@end table

  Emacs also allows users to make use of Nextstep services, via a set
of commands whose names begin with @samp{ns-service-} and end with the
name of the service.  Type @kbd{M-x ns-service-@key{TAB}@key{TAB}} to
see a list of these commands.  These functions either operate on
marked text (replacing it with the result) or take a string argument
and return the result as a string.  You can also use the Lisp function
@code{ns-perform-service} to pass arbitrary strings to arbitrary
services and receive the results back.  Note that you may need to
restart Emacs to access newly-available services.


@node GNUstep Support, , Mac / GNUstep Events, Mac OS / GNUstep
@section GNUstep Support

Emacs can be built and run under GNUstep, however there are still some
issues to be addressed.  Interested developers should contact
@email{emacs-devel@@gnu.org}.

@c Presumably no longer relevant since CANNOT_DUMP removed 2009-05-06:
@ignore
In particular, it may be necessary to run @samp{make bootstrap} with a
plain X configuration, then @samp{make clean} and @samp{./configure
--with-ns} followed by @samp{make install}.

Currently CANNOT_DUMP is automatically enabled in GNUstep configurations,
because the unex file(s) for GNUstep, mainly @samp{unexelf.c}, have not been
updated yet with the ``zone'' code in and related to @samp{unexmacosx.c}.
@end ignore


@ignore
   arch-tag: a822c2ab-4273-4997-927e-c153bb71dcf6
@end ignore
