SSL_CTX_dane_enable(3)

SSL_CTX_dane_enable(3) | OpenSSL | SSL_CTX_dane_enable(3)

# NAME

SSL_CTX_dane_enable, SSL_CTX_dane_mtype_set, SSL_dane_enable, SSL_dane_tlsa_add, SSL_get0_dane_authority, SSL_get0_dane_tlsa, SSL_CTX_dane_set_flags, SSL_CTX_dane_clear_flags, SSL_dane_set_flags, SSL_dane_clear_flags - enable DANE TLS authentication of the remote TLS server in the local TLS client

# SYNOPSIS

     #include <openssl/ssl.h>
     int SSL_CTX_dane_enable(SSL_CTX *ctx);
     int SSL_CTX_dane_mtype_set(SSL_CTX *ctx, const EVP_MD *md,
                                uint8_t mtype, uint8_t ord);
     int SSL_dane_enable(SSL *s, const char *basedomain);
     int SSL_dane_tlsa_add(SSL *s, uint8_t usage, uint8_t selector,
                           uint8_t mtype, const unsigned char *data, size_t dlen);
     int SSL_get0_dane_authority(SSL *s, X509 **mcert, EVP_PKEY **mspki);
     int SSL_get0_dane_tlsa(SSL *s, uint8_t *usage, uint8_t *selector,
                            uint8_t *mtype, const unsigned char **data,
                            size_t *dlen);
     unsigned long SSL_CTX_dane_set_flags(SSL_CTX *ctx, unsigned long flags);
     unsigned long SSL_CTX_dane_clear_flags(SSL_CTX *ctx, unsigned long flags);
     unsigned long SSL_dane_set_flags(SSL *ssl, unsigned long flags);
     unsigned long SSL_dane_clear_flags(SSL *ssl, unsigned long flags);

# DESCRIPTION

These functions implement support for DANE TLSA (RFC6698 and RFC7671) peer authentication.

SSL_CTX_dane_enable() must be called first to initialize the shared state required for DANE support. Individual connections associated with the context can then enable per-connection DANE support as appropriate. DANE authentication is implemented in the X509_verify_cert(3) function, and applications that override X509_verify_cert(3) via SSL_CTX_set_cert_verify_callback(3) are responsible to authenticate the peer chain in whatever manner they see fit.

SSL_CTX_dane_mtype_set() may then be called zero or more times to adjust the supported digest algorithms. This must be done before any SSL handles are created for the context.

The mtype argument specifies a DANE TLSA matching type and the md argument specifies the associated digest algorithm handle. The ord argument specifies a strength ordinal. Algorithms with a larger strength ordinal are considered more secure. Strength ordinals are used to implement RFC7671 digest algorithm agility. Specifying a NULL digest algorithm for a matching type disables support for that matching type. Matching type Full(0) cannot be modified or disabled.

By default, matching type "SHA2-256(1)" (see RFC7218 for definitions of the DANE TLSA parameter acronyms) is mapped to EVP_sha256() with a strength ordinal of 1 and matching type "SHA2-512(2)" is mapped to EVP_sha512() with a strength ordinal of 2.

SSL_dane_enable() must be called before the SSL handshake is initiated with SSL_connect(3) if (and only if) you want to enable DANE for that connection. (The connection must be associated with a DANE-enabled SSL context). The basedomain argument specifies the RFC7671 TLSA base domain, which will be the primary peer reference identifier for certificate name checks. Additional server names can be specified via SSL_add1_host(3). The basedomain is used as the default SNI hint if none has yet been specified via SSL_set_tlsext_host_name(3).

SSL_dane_tlsa_add() may then be called one or more times, to load each of the TLSA records that apply to the remote TLS peer. (This too must be done prior to the beginning of the SSL handshake). The arguments specify the fields of the TLSA record. The data field is provided in binary (wire RDATA) form, not the hexadecimal ASCII presentation form, with an explicit length passed via dlen. The library takes a copy of the data buffer contents and the caller may free the original data buffer when convenient. A return value of 0 indicates that "unusable" TLSA records (with invalid or unsupported parameters) were provided. A negative return value indicates an internal error in processing the record.

The caller is expected to check the return value of each SSL_dane_tlsa_add() call and take appropriate action if none are usable or an internal error is encountered in processing some records.

If no TLSA records are added successfully, DANE authentication is not enabled, and authentication will be based on any configured traditional trust-anchors; authentication success in this case does not mean that the peer was DANE-authenticated.

SSL_get0_dane_authority() can be used to get more detailed information about the matched DANE trust-anchor after successful connection completion. The return value is negative if DANE verification failed (or was not enabled), 0 if an EE TLSA record directly matched the leaf certificate, or a positive number indicating the depth at which a TA record matched an issuer certificate. The complete verified chain can be retrieved via SSL_get0_verified_chain(3). The return value is an index into this verified chain, rather than the list of certificates sent by the peer as returned by SSL_get_peer_cert_chain(3).

If the mcert argument is not NULL and a TLSA record matched a chain certificate, a pointer to the matching certificate is returned via mcert. The returned address is a short-term internal reference to the certificate and must not be freed by the application. Applications that want to retain access to the certificate can call X509_up_ref(3) to obtain a long-term reference which must then be freed via X509_free(3) once no longer needed.

If no TLSA records directly matched any elements of the certificate chain, but a DANE-TA(2) SPKI(1) Full(0) record provided the public key that signed an element of the chain, then that key is returned via mspki argument (if not NULL). In this case the return value is the depth of the top-most element of the validated certificate chain. As with mcert this is a short-term internal reference, and EVP_PKEY_up_ref(3) and EVP_PKEY_free(3) can be used to acquire and release long-term references respectively.

SSL_get0_dane_tlsa() can be used to retrieve the fields of the TLSA record that matched the peer certificate chain. The return value indicates the match depth or failure to match just as with SSL_get0_dane_authority(). When the return value is nonnegative, the storage pointed to by the usage, selector, mtype and data parameters is updated to the corresponding TLSA record fields. The data field is in binary wire form, and is therefore not NUL-terminated, its length is returned via the dlen parameter. If any of these parameters is NULL, the corresponding field is not returned. The data parameter is set to a short-term internal-copy of the associated data field and must not be freed by the application. Applications that need long-term access to this field need to copy the content.

SSL_CTX_dane_set_flags() and SSL_dane_set_flags() can be used to enable optional DANE verification features. SSL_CTX_dane_clear_flags() and SSL_dane_clear_flags() can be used to disable the same features. The flags argument is a bit-mask of the features to enable or disable. The flags set for an SSL_CTX context are copied to each SSL handle associated with that context at the time the handle is created. Subsequent changes in the context's flags have no effect on the flags set for the handle.

At present, the only available option is DANE_FLAG_NO_DANE_EE_NAMECHECKS which can be used to disable server name checks when authenticating via DANE-EE(3) TLSA records. For some applications, primarily web browsers, it is not safe to disable name checks due to "unknown key share" attacks, in which a malicious server can convince a client that a connection to a victim server is instead a secure connection to the malicious server. The malicious server may then be able to violate cross-origin scripting restrictions. Thus, despite the text of RFC7671, name checks are by default enabled for DANE-EE(3) TLSA records, and can be disabled in applications where it is safe to do so. In particular, SMTP and XMPP clients should set this option as SRV and MX records already make it possible for a remote domain to redirect client connections to any server of its choice, and in any case SMTP and XMPP clients do not execute scripts downloaded from remote servers.

# RETURN VALUES

The functions SSL_CTX_dane_enable(), SSL_CTX_dane_mtype_set(), SSL_dane_enable() and SSL_dane_tlsa_add() return a positive value on success. Negative return values indicate resource problems (out of memory, etc.) in the SSL library, while a return value of 0 indicates incorrect usage or invalid input, such as an unsupported TLSA record certificate usage, selector or matching type. Invalid input also includes malformed data, either a digest length that does not match the digest algorithm, or a Full(0) (binary ASN.1 DER form) certificate or a public key that fails to parse.

The functions SSL_get0_dane_authority() and SSL_get0_dane_tlsa() return a negative value when DANE authentication failed or was not enabled, a nonnegative value indicates the chain depth at which the TLSA record matched a chain certificate, or the depth of the top-most certificate, when the TLSA record is a full public key that is its signer.

The functions SSL_CTX_dane_set_flags(), SSL_CTX_dane_clear_flags(), SSL_dane_set_flags() and SSL_dane_clear_flags() return the flags in effect before they were called.

# EXAMPLES

Suppose "smtp.example.com" is the MX host of the domain "example.com", and has DNSSEC-validated TLSA records. The calls below will perform DANE authentication and arrange to match either the MX hostname or the destination domain name in the SMTP server certificate. Wildcards are supported, but must match the entire label. The actual name matched in the certificate (which might be a wildcard) is retrieved, and must be copied by the application if it is to be retained beyond the lifetime of the SSL connection.

     SSL_CTX *ctx;
     SSL *ssl;
     int (*verify_cb)(int ok, X509_STORE_CTX *sctx) = NULL;
     int num_usable = 0;
     const char *nexthop_domain = "example.com";
     const char *dane_tlsa_domain = "smtp.example.com";
     uint8_t usage, selector, mtype;
     if ((ctx = SSL_CTX_new(TLS_client_method())) == NULL)
         /* error */
     if (SSL_CTX_dane_enable(ctx) <= 0)
         /* error */
     if ((ssl = SSL_new(ctx)) == NULL)
         /* error */
     if (SSL_dane_enable(ssl, dane_tlsa_domain) <= 0)
         /* error */
     /*
      * For many applications it is safe to skip DANE-EE(3) namechecks.  Do not
      * disable the checks unless "unknown key share" attacks pose no risk for
      * your application.
      */
     SSL_dane_set_flags(ssl, DANE_FLAG_NO_DANE_EE_NAMECHECKS);
     if (!SSL_add1_host(ssl, nexthop_domain))
         /* error */
     SSL_set_hostflags(ssl, X509_CHECK_FLAG_NO_PARTIAL_WILDCARDS);
     for (... each TLSA record ...) {
         unsigned char *data;
         size_t len;
         int ret;
         /* set usage, selector, mtype, data, len */
         /*
          * Opportunistic DANE TLS clients support only DANE-TA(2) or DANE-EE(3).
          * They treat all other certificate usages, and in particular PKIX-TA(0)
          * and PKIX-EE(1), as unusable.
          */
         switch (usage) {
         default:
         case 0:     /* PKIX-TA(0) */
         case 1:     /* PKIX-EE(1) */
             continue;
         case 2:     /* DANE-TA(2) */
         case 3:     /* DANE-EE(3) */
             break;
         }
         ret = SSL_dane_tlsa_add(ssl, usage, selector, mtype, data, len);
         /* free data as appropriate */
         if (ret < 0)
             /* handle SSL library internal error */
         else if (ret == 0)
             /* handle unusable TLSA record */
         else
             ++num_usable;
     }
     /*
      * At this point, the verification mode is still the default SSL_VERIFY_NONE.
      * Opportunistic DANE clients use unauthenticated TLS when all TLSA records
      * are unusable, so continue the handshake even if authentication fails.
      */
     if (num_usable == 0) {
         /* Log all records unusable? */
         /* Optionally set verify_cb to a suitable non-NULL callback. */
         SSL_set_verify(ssl, SSL_VERIFY_NONE, verify_cb);
     } else {
         /* At least one usable record.  We expect to verify the peer */
         /* Optionally set verify_cb to a suitable non-NULL callback. */
         /*
          * Below we elect to fail the handshake when peer verification fails.
          * Alternatively, use the permissive SSL_VERIFY_NONE verification mode,
          * complete the handshake, check the verification status, and if not
          * verified disconnect gracefully at the application layer, especially if
          * application protocol supports informing the server that authentication
          * failed.
          */
         SSL_set_verify(ssl, SSL_VERIFY_PEER, verify_cb);
     }
     /*
      * Load any saved session for resumption, making sure that the previous
      * session applied the same security and authentication requirements that
      * would be expected of a fresh connection.
      */
     /* Perform SSL_connect() handshake and handle errors here */
     if (SSL_session_reused(ssl)) {
         if (SSL_get_verify_result(ssl) == X509_V_OK) {
             /*
              * Resumed session was originally verified, this connection is
              * authenticated.
              */
         } else {
             /*
              * Resumed session was not originally verified, this connection is not
              * authenticated.
              */
         }
     } else if (SSL_get_verify_result(ssl) == X509_V_OK) {
         const char *peername = SSL_get0_peername(ssl);
         EVP_PKEY *mspki = NULL;
         int depth = SSL_get0_dane_authority(ssl, NULL, &mspki);
         if (depth >= 0) {
             (void) SSL_get0_dane_tlsa(ssl, &usage, &selector, &mtype, NULL, NULL);
             printf("DANE TLSA %d %d %d ", usage, selector, mtype);
             if (SSL_get0_peer_rpk(ssl) == NULL)
                 printf("%s certificate at depth %d\n",
                        (mspki != NULL) ? "signed the peer" :
                        mdpth ? "matched the TA" : "matched the EE", mdpth);
             else
                 printf(bio, "matched the peer raw public key\n");
         }
         if (peername != NULL) {
             /* Name checks were in scope and matched the peername */
             printf("Verified peername: %s\n", peername);
         }
     } else {
         /*
          * Not authenticated, presumably all TLSA rrs unusable, but possibly a
          * callback suppressed connection termination despite the presence of
          * usable TLSA RRs none of which matched.  Do whatever is appropriate for
          * fresh unauthenticated connections.
          */
     }

# NOTES

It is expected that the majority of clients employing DANE TLS will be doing "opportunistic DANE TLS" in the sense of RFC7672 and RFC7435. That is, they will use DANE authentication when DNSSEC-validated TLSA records are published for a given peer, and otherwise will use unauthenticated TLS or even cleartext.

Such applications should generally treat any TLSA records published by the peer with usages PKIX-TA(0) and PKIX-EE(1) as "unusable", and should not include them among the TLSA records used to authenticate peer connections. In addition, some TLSA records with supported usages may be "unusable" as a result of invalid or unsupported parameters.

When a peer has TLSA records, but none are "usable", an opportunistic application must avoid cleartext, but cannot authenticate the peer, and so should generally proceed with an unauthenticated connection. Opportunistic applications need to note the return value of each call to SSL_dane_tlsa_add(), and if all return 0 (due to invalid or unsupported parameters) disable peer authentication by calling SSL_set_verify(3) with mode equal to SSL_VERIFY_NONE.

# SEE ALSO

ssl(7), SSL_new(3), SSL_add1_host(3), SSL_set_hostflags(3), SSL_set_tlsext_host_name(3), SSL_set_verify(3), SSL_CTX_set_cert_verify_callback(3), SSL_get0_verified_chain(3), SSL_get_peer_cert_chain(3), SSL_get_verify_result(3), SSL_connect(3), SSL_get0_peername(3), X509_verify_cert(3), X509_up_ref(3), X509_free(3), EVP_get_digestbyname(3), EVP_PKEY_up_ref(3), EVP_PKEY_free(3)

# HISTORY

These functions were added in OpenSSL 1.1.0.

# COPYRIGHT

Copyright 2016-2023 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.

Licensed under the Apache License 2.0 (the "License"). You may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy in the file LICENSE in the source distribution or at <https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html>.

2026-04-07 | 3.5.6