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# DeepSpeed

[DeepSpeed](https://github.com/deepspeedai/DeepSpeed) implements everything described in the [ZeRO paper](https://huggingface.co/papers/1910.02054). Some of the salient optimizations are:

1. Optimizer state partitioning (ZeRO stage 1)
2. Gradient partitioning (ZeRO stage 2)
3. Parameter partitioning (ZeRO stage 3)
4. Custom mixed precision training handling
5. A range of fast CUDA-extension-based optimizers
6. ZeRO-Offload to CPU and Disk/NVMe
7. Hierarchical partitioning of model parameters (ZeRO++)

ZeRO-Offload has its own dedicated paper: [ZeRO-Offload: Democratizing Billion-Scale Model Training](https://huggingface.co/papers/2101.06840). And NVMe-support is described in the paper [ZeRO-Infinity: Breaking the GPU
Memory Wall for Extreme Scale Deep Learning](https://huggingface.co/papers/2104.07857).

DeepSpeed ZeRO-2 is primarily used only for training, as its features are of no use to inference.

DeepSpeed ZeRO-3 can be used for inference as well since it allows huge models to be loaded on multiple GPUs, which
won't be possible on a single GPU.

Accelerate integrates [DeepSpeed](https://github.com/deepspeedai/DeepSpeed) via 2 options:

1. Integration of the DeepSpeed features via `deepspeed config file` specification in `accelerate config` . You just supply your custom config file or use our template. Most of
   this document is focused on this feature. This supports all the core features of DeepSpeed and gives user a lot of flexibility.
   User may have to change a few lines of code depending on the config.
2. Integration via `deepspeed_plugin`.This supports subset of the DeepSpeed features and uses default options for the rest of the configurations.
   User need not change any code and is good for those who are fine with most of the default settings of DeepSpeed.

## What is integrated?

Training:

1. Accelerate integrates all features of DeepSpeed ZeRO. This includes all the ZeRO stages 1, 2 and 3 as well as ZeRO-Offload, ZeRO-Infinity (which can offload to disk/NVMe) and ZeRO++.
Below is a short description of Data Parallelism using ZeRO - Zero Redundancy Optimizer along with diagram from this [blog post](https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/zero-deepspeed-new-system-optimizations-enable-training-models-with-over-100-billion-parameters/)
![ZeRO Data Parallelism](https://huggingface.co/datasets/huggingface/documentation-images/resolve/main/parallelism-zero.png)

(Source: [link](https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/zero-deepspeed-new-system-optimizations-enable-training-models-with-over-100-billion-parameters/))

 a. **Stage 1** : Shards optimizer states across data parallel workers/GPUs

 b. **Stage 2** : Shards optimizer states + gradients across data parallel workers/GPUs

 c. **Stage 3**: Shards optimizer states + gradients + model parameters across data parallel workers/GPUs

 d. **Optimizer Offload**: Offloads the gradients + optimizer states to CPU/Disk building on top of ZERO Stage 2

 e. **Param Offload**: Offloads the model parameters to CPU/Disk building on top of ZERO Stage 3

 f. **Hierarchical Partitioning**: Enables efficient multi-node training with data-parallel training across nodes and ZeRO-3 sharding within a node, built on top of ZeRO Stage 3.

<u>Note</u>: With respect to Disk Offload, the disk should be an NVME for decent speed but it technically works on any Disk

Inference:

1. DeepSpeed ZeRO Inference supports ZeRO stage 3 with ZeRO-Infinity. It uses the same ZeRO protocol as training, but
   it doesn't use an optimizer and a lr scheduler and only stage 3 is relevant. For more details see:
   [deepspeed-zero-inference](#deepspeed-zero-inference).


## How it works?

**Pre-Requisites**: Install DeepSpeed version >=0.6.5. Please refer to the [DeepSpeed Installation details](https://github.com/deepspeedai/DeepSpeed#installation)
for more information.

We will first look at easy to use integration via `accelerate config`.
Followed by more flexible and feature rich `deepspeed config file` integration.

### Accelerate DeepSpeed Plugin
On your machine(s) just run:

```bash
accelerate config
```

and answer the questions asked. It will ask whether you want to use a config file for DeepSpeed to which you should answer no. Then answer the following questions to generate a basic DeepSpeed config.
This will generate a config file that will be used automatically to properly set the
default options when doing

```bash
accelerate launch my_script.py --args_to_my_script
```

For instance, here is how you would run the NLP example `examples/nlp_example.py` (from the root of the repo) with DeepSpeed Plugin:

**ZeRO Stage-2 DeepSpeed Plugin Example**
```bash
compute_environment: LOCAL_MACHINE
deepspeed_config:
 gradient_accumulation_steps: 1
 gradient_clipping: 1.0
 offload_optimizer_device: none
 offload_param_device: none
 zero3_init_flag: true
 zero_stage: 2
distributed_type: DEEPSPEED
fsdp_config: {}
machine_rank: 0
main_process_ip: null
main_process_port: null
main_training_function: main
mixed_precision: fp16
num_machines: 1
num_processes: 2
use_cpu: false
```

```bash
accelerate launch examples/nlp_example.py --mixed_precision fp16
```

**ZeRO Stage-3 with CPU Offload DeepSpeed Plugin Example**
```bash
compute_environment: LOCAL_MACHINE
deepspeed_config:
  gradient_accumulation_steps: 1
  gradient_clipping: 1.0
  offload_optimizer_device: cpu
  offload_param_device: cpu
  zero3_init_flag: true
  zero3_save_16bit_model: true
  zero_stage: 3
distributed_type: DEEPSPEED
fsdp_config: {}
machine_rank: 0
main_process_ip: null
main_process_port: null
main_training_function: main
mixed_precision: fp16
num_machines: 1
num_processes: 2
use_cpu: false
```

```bash
accelerate launch examples/nlp_example.py --mixed_precision fp16
```

Currently, `Accelerate` supports following config through the CLI:

```bash
`zero_stage`: [0] Disabled, [1] optimizer state partitioning, [2] optimizer+gradient state partitioning and [3] optimizer+gradient+parameter partitioning
`gradient_accumulation_steps`: Number of training steps to accumulate gradients before averaging and applying them.
`gradient_clipping`: Enable gradient clipping with value.
`offload_optimizer_device`: [none] Disable optimizer offloading, [cpu] offload optimizer to CPU, [nvme] offload optimizer to NVMe SSD. Only applicable with ZeRO >= Stage-2.
`offload_optimizer_nvme_path`: Decides Nvme Path to offload optimizer states. If unspecified, will default to 'none'.
`offload_param_device`: [none] Disable parameter offloading, [cpu] offload parameters to CPU, [nvme] offload parameters to NVMe SSD. Only applicable with ZeRO Stage-3.
`offload_param_nvme_path`: Decides Nvme Path to offload parameters. If unspecified, will default to 'none'.
`zero3_init_flag`: Decides whether to enable `deepspeed.zero.Init` for constructing massive models. Only applicable with ZeRO Stage-3.
`zero3_save_16bit_model`: Decides whether to save 16-bit model weights when using ZeRO Stage-3.
`mixed_precision`: `no` for FP32 training, `fp16` for FP16 mixed-precision training and `bf16` for BF16 mixed-precision training.
`deepspeed_moe_layer_cls_names`: Comma-separated list of transformer Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) layer class names (case-sensitive) to wrap ,e.g, `MixtralSparseMoeBlock`, `Qwen2MoeSparseMoeBlock`, `JetMoEAttention,JetMoEBlock` ...
`deepspeed_hostfile`: DeepSpeed hostfile for configuring multi-node compute resources.
`deepspeed_exclusion_filter`: DeepSpeed exclusion filter string when using mutli-node setup.
`deepspeed_inclusion_filter`: DeepSpeed inclusion filter string when using mutli-node setup.
`deepspeed_multinode_launcher`: DeepSpeed multi-node launcher to use, e.g. `pdsh`, `standard`, `openmpi`, `mvapich`, `mpich`, `slurm`, `nossh` (requires DeepSpeed >= 0.14.5). If unspecified, will default to `pdsh`.
`deepspeed_config_file`: path to the DeepSpeed config file in `json` format. See the next section for more details on this.
```
To be able to tweak more options, you will need to use a DeepSpeed config file.

### DeepSpeed Config File
On your machine(s) just run:

```bash
accelerate config
```

and answer the questions asked. It will ask whether you want to use a config file for deepspeed to which you answer yes
and provide the path to the deepspeed config file.
This will generate a config file that will be used automatically to properly set the
default options when doing

```bash
accelerate launch my_script.py --args_to_my_script
```

For instance, here is how you would run the NLP example `examples/by_feature/deepspeed_with_config_support.py` (from the root of the repo) with DeepSpeed Config File:

**ZeRO Stage-2 DeepSpeed Config File Example**
```bash
compute_environment: LOCAL_MACHINE
deepspeed_config:
 deepspeed_config_file: /home/ubuntu/accelerate/examples/deepspeed_config_templates/zero_stage2_config.json
 zero3_init_flag: true
distributed_type: DEEPSPEED
fsdp_config: {}
machine_rank: 0
main_process_ip: null
main_process_port: null
main_training_function: main
mixed_precision: fp16
num_machines: 1
num_processes: 2
use_cpu: false
```

with the contents of `zero_stage2_config.json` being:
```json
{
    "fp16": {
        "enabled": true,
        "loss_scale": 0,
        "loss_scale_window": 1000,
        "initial_scale_power": 16,
        "hysteresis": 2,
        "min_loss_scale": 1
    },
    "optimizer": {
        "type": "AdamW",
        "params": {
            "lr": "auto",
            "weight_decay": "auto",
            "torch_adam": true,
            "adam_w_mode": true
        }
    },
    "scheduler": {
        "type": "WarmupDecayLR",
        "params": {
            "warmup_min_lr": "auto",
            "warmup_max_lr": "auto",
            "warmup_num_steps": "auto",
            "total_num_steps": "auto"
        }
    },
    "zero_optimization": {
        "stage": 2,
        "allgather_partitions": true,
        "allgather_bucket_size": 2e8,
        "overlap_comm": true,
        "reduce_scatter": true,
        "reduce_bucket_size": "auto",
        "contiguous_gradients": true
    },
    "gradient_accumulation_steps": 1,
    "gradient_clipping": "auto",
    "steps_per_print": 2000,
    "train_batch_size": "auto",
    "train_micro_batch_size_per_gpu": "auto",
    "wall_clock_breakdown": false
}
```

```bash
accelerate launch examples/by_feature/deepspeed_with_config_support.py \
--config_name "gpt2-large" \
--tokenizer_name "gpt2-large" \
--dataset_name "wikitext" \
--dataset_config_name "wikitext-2-raw-v1" \
--block_size 128 \
--output_dir "./clm/clm_deepspeed_stage2_accelerate" \
--learning_rate 5e-4 \
--per_device_train_batch_size 24 \
--per_device_eval_batch_size 24 \
--num_train_epochs 3 \
--with_tracking \
--report_to "wandb"\
```

**ZeRO Stage-3 with CPU offload DeepSpeed Config File Example**
```bash
compute_environment: LOCAL_MACHINE
deepspeed_config:
 deepspeed_config_file: /home/ubuntu/accelerate/examples/deepspeed_config_templates/zero_stage3_offload_config.json
 zero3_init_flag: true
distributed_type: DEEPSPEED
fsdp_config: {}
machine_rank: 0
main_process_ip: null
main_process_port: null
main_training_function: main
mixed_precision: fp16
num_machines: 1
num_processes: 2
use_cpu: false
```
with the contents of `zero_stage3_offload_config.json` being:
```json
{
    "fp16": {
        "enabled": true,
        "loss_scale": 0,
        "loss_scale_window": 1000,
        "initial_scale_power": 16,
        "hysteresis": 2,
        "min_loss_scale": 1
    },
    "optimizer": {
        "type": "AdamW",
        "params": {
            "lr": "auto",
            "weight_decay": "auto"
        }
    },
    "scheduler": {
        "type": "WarmupDecayLR",
        "params": {
            "warmup_min_lr": "auto",
            "warmup_max_lr": "auto",
            "warmup_num_steps": "auto",
            "total_num_steps": "auto"
        }
    },
    "zero_optimization": {
        "stage": 3,
        "offload_optimizer": {
            "device": "cpu",
            "pin_memory": true
        },
        "offload_param": {
            "device": "cpu",
            "pin_memory": true
        },
        "overlap_comm": true,
        "contiguous_gradients": true,
        "reduce_bucket_size": "auto",
        "stage3_prefetch_bucket_size": "auto",
        "stage3_param_persistence_threshold": "auto",
        "sub_group_size": 1e9,
        "stage3_max_live_parameters": 1e9,
        "stage3_max_reuse_distance": 1e9,
        "stage3_gather_16bit_weights_on_model_save": "auto"
    },
    "gradient_accumulation_steps": 1,
    "gradient_clipping": "auto",
    "steps_per_print": 2000,
    "train_batch_size": "auto",
    "train_micro_batch_size_per_gpu": "auto",
    "wall_clock_breakdown": false
}
```

```bash
accelerate launch examples/by_feature/deepspeed_with_config_support.py \
--config_name "gpt2-large" \
--tokenizer_name "gpt2-large" \
--dataset_name "wikitext" \
--dataset_config_name "wikitext-2-raw-v1" \
--block_size 128 \
--output_dir "./clm/clm_deepspeed_stage3_offload_accelerate" \
--learning_rate 5e-4 \
--per_device_train_batch_size 32 \
--per_device_eval_batch_size 32 \
--num_train_epochs 3 \
--with_tracking \
--report_to "wandb"\
```

**ZeRO++ Config Example**
You can use the features of ZeRO++ by using the appropriate config parameters. Note that ZeRO++ is an extension for ZeRO Stage 3. Here is how the config file can be modified, from [DeepSpeed's ZeRO++ tutorial](https://www.deepspeed.ai/tutorials/zeropp/):

```json
{
    "zero_optimization": {
        "stage": 3,
        "reduce_bucket_size": "auto",

        "zero_quantized_weights": true,
        "zero_hpz_partition_size": 8,
        "zero_quantized_gradients": true,

        "contiguous_gradients": true,
        "overlap_comm": true
    }
}
```

For hierarchical partitioning, the partition size `zero_hpz_partition_size` should ideally be set to the number of GPUs per node. (For example, the above config file assumes 8 GPUs per node)

**Important code changes when using DeepSpeed Config File**

1. DeepSpeed Optimizers and Schedulers. For more information on these,
see the [DeepSpeed Optimizers](https://deepspeed.readthedocs.io/en/latest/optimizers.html) and [DeepSpeed Schedulers](https://deepspeed.readthedocs.io/en/latest/schedulers.html) documentation.
We will look at the changes needed in the code when using these.

   a. DS Optim + DS Scheduler: The case when both `optimizer` and `scheduler` keys are present in the DeepSpeed config file.
   In this situation, those will be used and the user has to use `accelerate.utils.DummyOptim` and `accelerate.utils.DummyScheduler` to replace the PyTorch/Custom optimizers and schedulers in their code.
   Below is the snippet from `examples/by_feature/deepspeed_with_config_support.py` showing this:
   ```python
    # Creates Dummy Optimizer if `optimizer` was specified in the config file else creates Adam Optimizer
    optimizer_cls = (
        torch.optim.AdamW
        if accelerator.state.deepspeed_plugin is None
        or "optimizer" not in accelerator.state.deepspeed_plugin.deepspeed_config
        else DummyOptim
    )
    optimizer = optimizer_cls(optimizer_grouped_parameters, lr=args.learning_rate)

    # Creates Dummy Scheduler if `scheduler` was specified in the config file else creates `args.lr_scheduler_type` Scheduler
    if (
        accelerator.state.deepspeed_plugin is None
        or "scheduler" not in accelerator.state.deepspeed_plugin.deepspeed_config
    ):
        lr_scheduler = get_scheduler(
            name=args.lr_scheduler_type,
            optimizer=optimizer,
            num_warmup_steps=args.num_warmup_steps,
            num_training_steps=args.max_train_steps,
        )
    else:
        lr_scheduler = DummyScheduler(
            optimizer, total_num_steps=args.max_train_steps, warmup_num_steps=args.num_warmup_steps
        )
   ```
   b. Custom Optim + Custom Scheduler: The case when both `optimizer` and `scheduler` keys are absent in the DeepSpeed config file.
   In this situation, no code changes are needed from the user and this is the case when using integration via DeepSpeed Plugin.
   In the above example we can see that the code remains unchanged if the `optimizer` and `scheduler` keys are absent in the DeepSpeed config file.

   c. Custom Optim + DS Scheduler: The case when only `scheduler` key is present in the DeepSpeed config file.
   In this situation, the user has to use `accelerate.utils.DummyScheduler` to replace the PyTorch/Custom scheduler in their code.

   d. DS Optim + Custom Scheduler: The case when only `optimizer` key is present in the DeepSpeed config file.
   This will result in an error because you can only use DS Scheduler when using DS Optim.

2. Notice the `auto` values in the above example DeepSpeed config files. These are automatically handled by `prepare` method
based on model, dataloaders, dummy optimizer and dummy schedulers provided to `prepare` method.
Only the `auto` fields specified in above examples are handled by `prepare` method and the rest have to be explicitly specified by the user.

The `auto` values are calculated as:

- `reduce_bucket_size`: `hidden_size * hidden_size`
- `stage3_prefetch_bucket_size`: `int(0.9 * hidden_size * hidden_size)`
- `stage3_param_persistence_threshold`: `10 * hidden_size`

For the `auto` feature to work for these 3 config entries - Accelerate will use `model.config.hidden_size` or `max(model.config.hidden_sizes)` as `hidden_size`. If neither of these is available, the launching will fail and you will have to set these 3 config entries manually. Remember the first 2 config entries are the communication buffers - the larger they are the more efficient the comms will be, and the larger they are the more GPU memory they will consume, so it's a tunable performance trade-off.


**Things to note when using DeepSpeed Config File**

Below is a sample script using `deepspeed_config_file` in different scenarios.

Code `test.py`:

```python
from accelerate import Accelerator
from accelerate.state import AcceleratorState


def main():
    accelerator = Accelerator()
    accelerator.print(f"{AcceleratorState()}")


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()
```

**Scenario 1**: Manually tampered accelerate config file having `deepspeed_config_file` along with other entries.

1. Content of the `accelerate` config:

```yaml
command_file: null
commands: null
compute_environment: LOCAL_MACHINE
deepspeed_config:
  gradient_accumulation_steps: 1
  gradient_clipping: 1.0
  offload_optimizer_device: 'cpu'
  offload_param_device: 'cpu'
  zero3_init_flag: true
  zero3_save_16bit_model: true
  zero_stage: 3
  deepspeed_config_file: 'ds_config.json'
distributed_type: DEEPSPEED
downcast_bf16: 'no'
dynamo_backend: 'NO'
fsdp_config: {}
gpu_ids: null
machine_rank: 0
main_process_ip: null
main_process_port: null
main_training_function: main
megatron_lm_config: {}
num_machines: 1
num_processes: 2
rdzv_backend: static
same_network: true
tpu_name: null
tpu_zone: null
use_cpu: false
```

2. `ds_config.json`:

```json
{
    "bf16": {
        "enabled": true
    },
    "zero_optimization": {
        "stage": 3,
        "stage3_gather_16bit_weights_on_model_save": false,
        "offload_optimizer": {
            "device": "none"
        },
        "offload_param": {
            "device": "none"
        }
    },
    "gradient_clipping": 1.0,
    "train_batch_size": "auto",
    "train_micro_batch_size_per_gpu": "auto",
    "gradient_accumulation_steps": 10,
    "steps_per_print": 2000000
}
```

3. Output of `accelerate launch test.py`:

```bash
ValueError: When using `deepspeed_config_file`, the following accelerate config variables will be ignored:
['gradient_accumulation_steps', 'gradient_clipping', 'zero_stage', 'offload_optimizer_device', 'offload_param_device',
'zero3_save_16bit_model', 'mixed_precision'].
Please specify them appropriately in the DeepSpeed config file.
If you are using an accelerate config file, remove other config variables mentioned in the above specified list.
The easiest method is to create a new config following the questionnaire via `accelerate config`.
It will only ask for the necessary config variables when using `deepspeed_config_file`.
```

**Scenario 2**: Use the solution of the error to create new accelerate config and check that no ambiguity error is now thrown.

1. Run `accelerate config`:

```bash
$ accelerate config
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In which compute environment are you running?
This machine
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Which type of machine are you using?
multi-GPU
How many different machines will you use (use more than 1 for multi-node training)? [1]:
Do you wish to optimize your script with torch dynamo?[yes/NO]:
Do you want to use DeepSpeed? [yes/NO]: yes
Do you want to specify a json file to a DeepSpeed config? [yes/NO]: yes
Please enter the path to the json DeepSpeed config file: ds_config.json
Do you want to enable `deepspeed.zero.Init` when using ZeRO Stage-3 for constructing massive models? [yes/NO]: yes
How many GPU(s) should be used for distributed training? [1]:4
accelerate configuration saved at ds_config_sample.yaml
```

2. Content of the `accelerate` config:

```yaml
compute_environment: LOCAL_MACHINE
deepspeed_config:
  deepspeed_config_file: ds_config.json
  zero3_init_flag: true
distributed_type: DEEPSPEED
downcast_bf16: 'no'
dynamo_backend: 'NO'
fsdp_config: {}
machine_rank: 0
main_training_function: main
megatron_lm_config: {}
num_machines: 1
num_processes: 4
rdzv_backend: static
same_network: true
use_cpu: false
```

3. Output of `accelerate launch test.py`:

```bash
Distributed environment: DEEPSPEED  Backend: nccl
Num processes: 4
Process index: 0
Local process index: 0
Device: cuda:0
Mixed precision type: bf16
ds_config: {'bf16': {'enabled': True}, 'zero_optimization': {'stage': 3, 'stage3_gather_16bit_weights_on_model_save': False, 'offload_optimizer': {'device': 'none'}, 'offload_param': {'device': 'none'}}, 'gradient_clipping': 1.0, 'train_batch_size': 'auto', 'train_micro_batch_size_per_gpu': 'auto', 'gradient_accumulation_steps': 10, 'steps_per_print': inf, 'fp16': {'enabled': False}}
```

**Scenario 3**: Setting the `accelerate launch` command arguments related to DeepSpeed as `"auto"` in the DeepSpeed` configuration file and check that things work as expected.

1. New `ds_config.json` with `"auto"` for the `accelerate launch` DeepSpeed command arguments:

```json
{
    "bf16": {
        "enabled": "auto"
    },
    "zero_optimization": {
        "stage": "auto",
        "stage3_gather_16bit_weights_on_model_save": "auto",
        "offload_optimizer": {
            "device": "auto"
        },
        "offload_param": {
            "device": "auto"
        }
    },
    "gradient_clipping": "auto",
    "train_batch_size": "auto",
    "train_micro_batch_size_per_gpu": "auto",
    "gradient_accumulation_steps": "auto",
    "steps_per_print": 2000000
}
```

2. Output of `accelerate launch --mixed_precision="fp16" --zero_stage=3 --gradient_accumulation_steps=5 --gradient_clipping=1.0 --offload_param_device="cpu" --offload_optimizer_device="nvme" --zero3_save_16bit_model="true" test.py`:

```bash
Distributed environment: DEEPSPEED  Backend: nccl
Num processes: 4
Process index: 0
Local process index: 0
Device: cuda:0
Mixed precision type: fp16
ds_config: {'bf16': {'enabled': False}, 'zero_optimization': {'stage': 3, 'stage3_gather_16bit_weights_on_model_save': True, 'offload_optimizer': {'device': 'nvme'}, 'offload_param': {'device': 'cpu'}}, 'gradient_clipping': 1.0, 'train_batch_size': 'auto', 'train_micro_batch_size_per_gpu': 'auto', 'gradient_accumulation_steps': 5, 'steps_per_print': inf, 'fp16': {'enabled': True, 'auto_cast': True}}
```

**Note**:
1. Remaining `"auto"` values are handled in `accelerator.prepare()` call as explained in point 2 of
`Important code changes when using DeepSpeed Config File`.
2. Only when `gradient_accumulation_steps` is `auto`, the value passed while creating `Accelerator` object via `Accelerator(gradient_accumulation_steps=k)` will be used. When using DeepSpeed Plugin, the value from it will be used and it will overwrite the value passed while creating Accelerator object.

## Saving and loading

1. Saving and loading of models is unchanged for ZeRO Stage-1 and Stage-2.

2. under ZeRO Stage-3, `state_dict` contains just the placeholders since the model weights are partitioned across multiple GPUs.
ZeRO Stage-3 has 2 options:

   a. Saving the entire 16bit model weights to directly load later on using `model.load_state_dict(torch.load(pytorch_model.bin))`.
   For this, either set `zero_optimization.stage3_gather_16bit_weights_on_model_save` to True in DeepSpeed Config file or set
   `zero3_save_16bit_model` to True in DeepSpeed Plugin.
   **Note that this option requires consolidation of the weights on one GPU it can be slow and memory demanding, so only use this feature when needed.**
   Below is the snippet from `examples/by_feature/deepspeed_with_config_support.py` showing this:
   ```python
   unwrapped_model = accelerator.unwrap_model(model)

   # New Code #
   # Saves the whole/unpartitioned fp16 model when in ZeRO Stage-3 to the output directory if
   # `stage3_gather_16bit_weights_on_model_save` is True in DeepSpeed Config file or
   # `zero3_save_16bit_model` is True in DeepSpeed Plugin.
   # For Zero Stages 1 and 2, models are saved as usual in the output directory.
   # The model name saved is `pytorch_model.bin`
   unwrapped_model.save_pretrained(
       args.output_dir,
       is_main_process=accelerator.is_main_process,
       save_function=accelerator.save,
       state_dict=accelerator.get_state_dict(model),
   )
   ```

   b. To get 32bit weights, first save the model using `model.save_checkpoint()`.
   Below is the snippet from `examples/by_feature/deepspeed_with_config_support.py` showing this:
   ```python
   success = model.save_checkpoint(PATH, ckpt_id, checkpoint_state_dict)
   status_msg = f"checkpointing: PATH={PATH}, ckpt_id={ckpt_id}"
   if success:
       logging.info(f"Success {status_msg}")
   else:
       logging.warning(f"Failure {status_msg}")
   ```
   This will create ZeRO model and optimizer partitions along with `zero_to_fp32.py` script in checkpoint directory.
   You can use this script to do offline consolidation.
   It requires no configuration files or GPUs. Here is an example of its usage:
   ```bash
   $ cd /path/to/checkpoint_dir
   $ ./zero_to_fp32.py . pytorch_model.bin
   Processing zero checkpoint at global_step1
   Detected checkpoint of type zero stage 3, world_size: 2
   Saving fp32 state dict to pytorch_model.bin (total_numel=60506624)
   ```
   To get 32bit model for saving/inference, you can perform:
   ```python
   from deepspeed.utils.zero_to_fp32 import load_state_dict_from_zero_checkpoint

   unwrapped_model = accelerator.unwrap_model(model)
   fp32_model = load_state_dict_from_zero_checkpoint(unwrapped_model, checkpoint_dir)
   ```
   If you are only interested in the `state_dict`, you can do the following:
   ```python
   from deepspeed.utils.zero_to_fp32 import get_fp32_state_dict_from_zero_checkpoint

   state_dict = get_fp32_state_dict_from_zero_checkpoint(checkpoint_dir)
   ```
   Note that all these functions require ~2x memory (general RAM) of the size of the final checkpoint.

## ZeRO Inference
DeepSpeed ZeRO Inference supports ZeRO stage 3 with ZeRO-Infinity.
It uses the same ZeRO protocol as training, but it doesn't use an optimizer and a lr scheduler and only stage 3 is relevant.
With accelerate integration, you just need to prepare the model and dataloader as shown below:

```python
model, eval_dataloader = accelerator.prepare(model, eval_dataloader)
```

## Few caveats to be aware of

1. Current integration doesn’t support Pipeline Parallelism of DeepSpeed.
2. Current integration doesn’t support `mpu`, limiting the tensor parallelism which is supported in Megatron-LM.
3. Current integration doesn’t support multiple models.

## Multi-node DeepSpeed
DeepSpeed supports multi-node inference and training over a variety of different launchers. You can specify a different launcher by setting the `deepspeed_multinode_launcher` config in the CLI or in the DeepSpeed config file.

Currently, accelerate supports passing configuration for the following DeepSpeed multi-node launchers: `pdsh` (default), `standard`, `openmpi`, `mvapich`, `mpich`, `slurm`, `nossh` (requires DeepSpeed >= 0.14.5).

Please read the [DeepSpeed documentation](https://www.deepspeed.ai/getting-started/#resource-configuration-multi-node) for more information on the different launchers. By default, DeepSpeed will attempt to use passwordless SSH from the main machine node to the other nodes to perform the launcher command. In this configuration, the accelerate launch command only needs to be run on the main node. If using the `nossh` launcher, you will need to run the accelerate launch command on every node using copied configuration. 

## DeepSpeed Resources

The documentation for the internals related to deepspeed can be found [here](../package_reference/deepspeed).

- [Project's github](https://github.com/deepspeedai/DeepSpeed)
- [Usage docs](https://www.deepspeed.ai/getting-started/)
- [API docs](https://deepspeed.readthedocs.io/en/latest/index.html)
- [Blog posts](https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/search/?q=deepspeed)

Papers:

- [ZeRO: Memory Optimizations Toward Training Trillion Parameter Models](https://huggingface.co/papers/1910.02054)
- [ZeRO-Offload: Democratizing Billion-Scale Model Training](https://huggingface.co/papers/2101.06840)
- [ZeRO-Infinity: Breaking the GPU Memory Wall for Extreme Scale Deep Learning](https://huggingface.co/papers/2104.07857)
- [ZeRO++: Extremely Efficient Collective Communication for Giant Model Training](https://huggingface.co/papers/2306.10209)


Finally, please, remember that `Accelerate` only integrates DeepSpeed, therefore if you
have any problems or questions with regards to DeepSpeed usage, please, file an issue with [DeepSpeed GitHub](https://github.com/deepspeedai/DeepSpeed/issues).


<Tip>

    For those interested in the similarities and differences between FSDP and DeepSpeed, please check out the [concept guide here](../concept_guides/fsdp_and_deepspeed)!
    
</Tip>