defmodule Process do
  @moduledoc """
  Conveniences for working with processes and the process dictionary.

  Besides the functions available in this module, the `Kernel` module
  exposes and auto-imports some basic functionality related to processes
  available through the functions:

    * `Kernel.spawn/1` and `Kernel.spawn/3`
    * `Kernel.spawn_link/1` and `Kernel.spawn_link/3`
    * `Kernel.spawn_monitor/1` and `Kernel.spawn_monitor/3`
    * `Kernel.self/0`
    * `Kernel.send/2`

  """

  @doc """
  Returns `true` if the process exists and is alive, that is,
  is not exiting and has not exited. Otherwise, returns `false`.

  `pid` must refer to a process at the local node.
  """
  @spec alive?(pid) :: boolean
  def alive?(pid) do
    :erlang.is_process_alive(pid)
  end

  @doc """
  Returns all key-values in the dictionary.
  """
  @spec get :: [{term, term}]
  def get do
    :erlang.get()
  end

  @doc """
  Returns the value for the given `key`.
  """
  @spec get(term) :: term
  @spec get(term, default :: term) :: term
  def get(key, default \\ nil) do
    case :erlang.get(key) do
      :undefined ->
        default
      value ->
        value
    end
  end

  @doc """
  Returns all keys that have the given `value`.
  """
  @spec get_keys(term) :: [term]
  def get_keys(value) do
    :erlang.get_keys(value)
  end

  @doc """
  Stores the given key-value in the process dictionary.
  """
  @spec put(term, term) :: term | nil
  def put(key, value) do
    nillify :erlang.put(key, value)
  end

  @doc """
  Deletes the given `key` from the dictionary.
  """
  @spec delete(term) :: term | nil
  def delete(key) do
    nillify :erlang.erase(key)
  end

  @doc """
  Sends an exit signal with the given reason to the pid.

  The following behaviour applies if reason is any term except `:normal` or `:kill`:

    1. If pid is not trapping exits, pid will exit with the given reason.

    2. If pid is trapping exits, the exit signal is transformed into a message
       `{:EXIT, from, reason}` and delivered to the message queue of pid.

    3. If reason is the atom `:normal`, pid will not exit (unless it is the calling
       process's pid, in which case it will exit with the reason `:normal`).
       If it is trapping exits, the exit signal is transformed into a message
       `{:EXIT, from, :normal}` and delivered to its message queue.

    4. If reason is the atom `:kill`, that is if `exit(pid, :kill)` is called,
       an untrappable exit signal is sent to pid which will unconditionally
       exit with exit reason `:killed`.

  Inlined by the compiler.

  ## Examples

      Process.exit(pid, :kill)

  """
  @spec exit(pid, term) :: true
  def exit(pid, reason) do
    :erlang.exit(pid, reason)
  end

  @doc """
  Sends a message to the given process.

  If the option `:noconnect` is used and sending the message would require an
  auto-connection to another node the message is not sent and `:noconnect` is
  returned.

  If the option `:nosuspend` is used and sending the message would cause the
  sender to be suspended the message is not sent and `:nosuspend` is returned.

  Otherwise the message is sent and `:ok` is returned.

  ## Examples

      iex> Process.send({:name, :node_does_not_exist}, :hi, [:noconnect])
      :noconnect

  """
  @spec send(dest, msg, [option]) ::  result when
        dest: pid | port | atom | {atom, node},
        msg: any,
        option: :noconnect | :nosuspend,
        result: :ok | :noconnect | :nosuspend
  def send(dest, msg, options) do
    :erlang.send(dest, msg, options)
  end

  @doc """
  Sends `msg` to `dest` after `time` milliseconds.

  If `dest` is a pid, it must be the pid of a local process, dead or alive.
  If `dest` is an atom, it must be the name of a registered process
  which is looked up at the time of delivery. No error is given if the name does
  not refer to a process.

  This function returns a timer reference, which can be read or canceled with
  `:erlang.read_timer/1`, `:erlang.start_timer/3` and `:erlang.cancel_timer/1`.
  Note `time` cannot be greater than `4294967295`.

  Finally, the timer will be automatically canceled if the given `dest` is a pid
  which is not alive or when the given pid exits. Note that timers will not be
  automatically canceled when `dest` is an atom (as the atom resolution is done
  on delivery).
  """
  @spec send_after(pid | atom, term, non_neg_integer) :: reference
  def send_after(dest, msg, time) do
    :erlang.send_after(time, dest, msg)
  end

  @type spawn_opt  :: :link | :monitor | {:priority, :low | :normal | :high} |
                      {:fullsweep_after, non_neg_integer} |
                      {:min_heap_size, non_neg_integer} |
                      {:min_bin_vheap_size, non_neg_integer}
  @type spawn_opts :: [spawn_opt]

  @doc """
  Spawns the given module and function passing the given args
  according to the given options.

  The result depends on the given options. In particular,
  if `:monitor` is given as an option, it will return a tuple
  containing the pid and the monitoring reference, otherwise
  just the spawned process pid.

  It also accepts extra options, for the list of available options
  check http://www.erlang.org/doc/man/erlang.html#spawn_opt-4

  Inlined by the compiler.
  """
  @spec spawn((() -> any), spawn_opts) :: pid | {pid, reference}
  def spawn(fun, opts) do
    :erlang.spawn_opt(fun, opts)
  end

  @doc """
  Spawns the given module and function passing the given args
  according to the given options.

  The result depends on the given options. In particular,
  if `:monitor` is given as an option, it will return a tuple
  containing the pid and the monitoring reference, otherwise
  just the spawned process pid.

  It also accepts extra options, for the list of available options
  check http://www.erlang.org/doc/man/erlang.html#spawn_opt-4

  Inlined by the compiler.
  """
  @spec spawn(module, atom, list, spawn_opts) :: pid | {pid, reference}
  def spawn(mod, fun, args, opts) do
    :erlang.spawn_opt(mod, fun, args, opts)
  end

  @doc """
  The calling process starts monitoring the item given.
  It returns the monitor reference.

  See http://www.erlang.org/doc/man/erlang.html#monitor-2 for more info.

  Inlined by the compiler.
  """
  @spec monitor(pid | {reg_name :: atom, node :: atom} | reg_name :: atom) :: reference
  def monitor(item) do
    :erlang.monitor(:process, item)
  end

  @doc """
  If `monitor_ref` is a reference which the calling process
  obtained by calling `monitor/1`, this monitoring is turned off.
  If the monitoring is already turned off, nothing happens.

  See http://www.erlang.org/doc/man/erlang.html#demonitor-2 for more info.

  Inlined by the compiler.
  """
  @spec demonitor(reference) :: true
  @spec demonitor(reference, options :: [:flush | :info]) :: boolean
  def demonitor(monitor_ref, options \\ []) do
    :erlang.demonitor(monitor_ref, options)
  end

  @doc """
  Returns a list of process identifiers corresponding to all the
  processes currently existing on the local node.

  Note that a process that is exiting, exists but is not alive, i.e.,
  `alive?/1` will return `false` for a process that is exiting,
  but its process identifier will be part of the result returned.

  See http://www.erlang.org/doc/man/erlang.html#processes-0 for more info.
  """
  @spec list :: [pid]
  def list do
    :erlang.processes()
  end

  @doc """
  Creates a link between the calling process and another process
  (or port) `pid`, if there is not such a link already.

  See http://www.erlang.org/doc/man/erlang.html#link-1 for more info.

  Inlined by the compiler.
  """
  @spec link(pid | port) :: true
  def link(pid) do
    :erlang.link(pid)
  end

  @doc """
  Removes the link, if there is one, between the calling process and
  the process or port referred to by `pid`. Returns `true` and does not
  fail, even if there is no link or `id` does not exist

  See http://www.erlang.org/doc/man/erlang.html#unlink-1 for more info.

  Inlined by the compiler.
  """
  @spec unlink(pid | port) :: true
  def unlink(pid) do
    :erlang.unlink(pid)
  end

  @doc """
  Associates the name with a pid or a port identifier. `name`, which must
  be an atom, can be used instead of the pid / port identifier with the
  `Kernel.send/2` function.

  `Process.register/2` will fail with `ArgumentError` if the pid supplied
  is no longer alive, (check with `alive?/1`) or if the name is
  already registered (check with `whereis/1`).
  """
  @spec register(pid | port, atom) :: true
  def register(pid, name) when not name in [nil, false, true] do
    :erlang.register(name, pid)
  end

  @doc """
  Removes the registered name, associated with a pid or a port identifier.

  See http://www.erlang.org/doc/man/erlang.html#unregister-1 for more info.
  """
  @spec unregister(atom) :: true
  def unregister(name) do
    :erlang.unregister(name)
  end

  @doc """
  Returns the pid or port identifier with the registered name.
  Returns `nil` if the name is not registered.

  See http://www.erlang.org/doc/man/erlang.html#whereis-1 for more info.
  """
  @spec whereis(atom) :: pid | port | nil
  def whereis(name) do
    nillify :erlang.whereis(name)
  end

  @doc """
  Returns the pid of the group leader for the process which evaluates the function.
  """
  @spec group_leader :: pid
  def group_leader do
    :erlang.group_leader
  end

  @doc """
  Sets the group leader of `pid` to `leader`. Typically, this is used when a processes
  started from a certain shell should have a group leader other than `:init`.
  """
  @spec group_leader(pid, leader :: pid) :: true
  def group_leader(pid, leader) do
    :erlang.group_leader(leader, pid)
  end

  @doc """
  Returns a list of names which have been registered using `register/2`.
  """
  @spec registered :: [atom]
  def registered do
    :erlang.registered()
  end

  @typep process_flag :: :trap_exit | :error_handler | :min_heap_size |
                         :min_bin_vheap_size | :priority | :save_calls |
                         :sensitive
  @doc """
  Sets certain flags for the process which calls this function.
  Returns the old value of the flag.

  See http://www.erlang.org/doc/man/erlang.html#process_flag-2 for more info.
  """
  @spec flag(process_flag, term) :: term
  def flag(flag, value) do
    :erlang.process_flag(flag, value)
  end

  @doc """
  Sets certain flags for the process `pid`, in the same manner as `flag/2`.
  Returns the old value of the flag. The allowed values for `flag` are
  only a subset of those allowed in `flag/2`, namely: `save_calls`.

  See http://www.erlang.org/doc/man/erlang.html#process_flag-3 for more info.
  """
  @spec flag(pid, :save_calls, non_neg_integer) :: non_neg_integer
  def flag(pid, flag, value) do
    :erlang.process_flag(pid, flag, value)
  end

  @doc """
  Returns information about the process identified by `pid` or `nil` if the process
  is not alive.
  Use this only for debugging information.

  See http://www.erlang.org/doc/man/erlang.html#process_info-1 for more info.
  """
  @spec info(pid) :: Keyword.t
  def info(pid) do
    nillify :erlang.process_info(pid)
  end

  @doc """
  Returns information about the process identified by `pid`
  or `nil` if the process is not alive.

  See http://www.erlang.org/doc/man/erlang.html#process_info-2 for more info.
  """
  @spec info(pid, atom) :: {atom, term} | nil
  def info(pid, spec)

  def info(pid, :registered_name) do
    case :erlang.process_info(pid, :registered_name) do
      :undefined -> nil
      [] -> {:registered_name, []}
      other -> other
    end
  end

  def info(pid, spec) when is_atom(spec) do
    nillify :erlang.process_info(pid, spec)
  end

  @doc """
  Puts the calling process into a wait state
  where its memory allocation has been reduced as much as possible,
  which is useful if the process does not expect to receive any messages
  in the near future.

  See http://www.erlang.org/doc/man/erlang.html#hibernate-3 for more info.

  Inlined by the compiler.
  """
  @spec hibernate(module, atom, list) :: no_return
  def hibernate(mod, fun, args) do
    :erlang.hibernate(mod, fun, args)
  end

  @compile {:inline, nillify: 1}
  defp nillify(:undefined), do: nil
  defp nillify(other),      do: other
end
