Note 233      PC/100/ADD:25: Solid Wastes         
unced                                                   2:35 am  Jan 16, 1992

From: UNCED <unced>
Subject: PC/100/ADD:25: Solid Wastes

PC/100/ADD.25: SOLID WASTES



                              Distr.GENERAL

                              A/CONF.151/PC/100/Add.25
                              10 December 1991

                              Original:  ENGLISH



PREPARATORY COMMITTEE FOR THE UNITED NATIONS
CONFERENCE ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT
Fourth Session
New York,  2 March-3 April 1992
Item 2 (c) of Plenary Session
Item 4 (b) of Provisional Working Group II


PREPARATIONS FOR THE UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON ENVIRONMENT
AND DEVELOPMENT ON THE BASIS OF GENERAL ASSEMBLY RESOLUTION
44/228 AND TAKING INTO ACCOUNT OTHER RELEVANT GENERAL ASSEMBLY
RESOLUTIONS:

       ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND MANAGEMENT OF SOLID WASTES
                 AND SEWAGE-RELATED ISSUES 1/

       Report of the Secretary General of the Conference

             (Section II, Chapter 13 of Agenda 21)

                         INTRODUCTION

1.   This document has been prepared by the Secretary-General of
the Conference in response to the decision 3/23 of the
Preparatory Committee taken on 4 September 1991, at its third
session, as set out in document A/CONF.151/PC/WG.II/L.21/Rev.1. 
It is based on the guidance provided by the Preparatory Committee
on the structure of Agenda 21, as contained in
A/CONF.151/PC/L.49*.  All text taken from PrepCom III L documents
are to be found inserted between double asterisks (** < > **)
with the reference to the specific
A/CONF.151/PC/WG.II/L.19/Add.1/Rev.1 relevant paragraph number. 
When the text has been editorially modified, the double asterisks
have been left out and the words "Derived from" have been
inserted before the reference to paragraph numbers.

2.   The incorporation of the chapter on environmentally sound
management of solid wastes within Agenda 21 is in response to
operative paragraphs 3 and 12 of United Nations General Assembly
resolution 44/228 which affirm that the Conference should
elaborate strategies and measures to halt and reverse the effects
of environmental degradation in the context of strengthening
national and international efforts to promote, inter alia,
environmentally sound management of wastes as a means of
achieving sustainable and environmentally sound development of
all countries.

3.   Programme areas included under the present section and
chapter of Agenda 21 are closely related to the following
programme areas of other sections of Agenda 21:

     a.   Protection of the Quality and Supply of Fresh Water
          Resources (Section II, Chapter 10)

     b.   Promoting a Sustainable Pattern of Human Settlements
          (Section I, Chapter 7)

     c.   Protection of Human Health Conditions (Section I, 
          Chapter 6)

     d.   Changing Consumption Patterns (Section I, Chapter 4)

4.   Solid wastes, as defined in this chapter, include domestic
refuse, commercial and institutional wastes, street sweepings and
construction debris.  In some countries the solid wastes
management system also handles human wastes such as nightsoil,
septic tank sludge or sludge from sewage treatment plants.  While
it is possible that these municipal wastes will contain some
industrial waste materials and discharges, the report assumes
that hazardous wastes and toxic chemicals, which must be kept out
of municipal sewers and landfills, will not form part of
municipal solid wastes and sewage.  Although this is not always
a valid assumption it is important to gaining effective control
over traditional forms of pollution.  Defined thus, this chapter
is concerned with the management of municipal solid wastes
(MSW). 
    
5.   (Derived from p. 1, 2, 5) < Environmentally sound waste
management must go beyond the mere safe disposal of wastes that
are generated and seek to address the root cause of the problem
by attempting to change unsustainable patterns of production and
consumption.  This implies the application of the integrated life
cycle management concept which presents a unique opportunity to
reconcile development with environmental protection.

6.   Acordingly, the framework for requisite action should be
founded on a hierarchy of objectives and focused on the four
major waste-related programme areas, as follows:

     A.   Minimizing wastes
     B.   Maximizing safe waste reuse 2/
     C.   Promoting safe waste disposal 
     D.   Extending waste service coverage 3/ >

7.   The four programmes are inter-related and mutually
supportive and must, therefore, be integrated in order to provide
a comprehensive and environmentally-responsive framework for
managing municipal solid wastes.  The mix and emphasis given to 
each of the four Programme areas will vary according to the local
socio-economic and physical conditions, rates of waste generation
and their composition.
                        PROGRAMME AREAS

A.   MINIMIZING WASTES

Basis for action

8.   ** (p. 7) < Unsustainable patterns of production and
consumption are increasing the quantities and variety of
environmentally persistent wastes at unprecedented rates.  The
trend could double the quantities of wastes produced by the end
of the century and increase quantities by between four and five
fold by the year 2025.  A preventive waste management approach
focused on changes in life-styles and in production and
consumption patterns offers the best chance for reversing current
trends. > **

Objectives

9.   (Derived from p. 8, 9) <

     a.   To stabilize or reduce the production of wastes
          destined for final disposal, over an agreed time
          frame, through the establishment of national urban and
          rural production rates based on waste weight, volume
          and composition.

     b.   To strengthen procedures for assessing waste quantity
          and composition changes and for making operational
          waste minimization policies through enhanced
          co-operation between countries and international
          organizations. >

10.  ** (p. 10) < [Some targets of the programme could include:]
     a.   By [2000], ensure sufficient national, regional and
          international capacity to access, process and monitor
          waste trend information and implement waste
          minimization policies.

     b.   [By [2000] all industrialized countries should have in
          place programmes to stabilize per capita waste
          production of waste, destined for final disposal , at
          the level prevailing at those dates; developing
          countries should as well work towards the goal to
          stabilize their waste production rates, without
          jeopardizing their development prospects.]

     c.   [By [2025] produce annual periodic reviews with full
          global coverage.]

     d.   [By the year [2000] all countries, in particular
          industrialized countries, should apply programmes in
          order to reduce the production of agro-chemical
          wastes.] > **

Activities

Management-related:
11.  Governments 4/ and institutions and non-governmental
organizations together with consumer groups, in collaboration
with appropriate organizations of the United Nations should
launch programmes, to achieve sustained action to minimize waste
generation.  These programmes should, wherever possible, build
upon existing or planned activities and should:

     a.   Develop and strengthen national capacity in making
          waste minimization operational.

     b.   Review and reform relevant national policies to
          provide incentives to reduce unsustainable patterns of
          production and consumption.

     c.   Develop national plans to minimize waste generation as
          part of overall national development plans.

Data and Information:

12.  (Derived from p. 11) < Monitoring is a key prerequisite for
keeping track of changes in waste quantity and quality and their
resultant impact on health and the environment.  The following
specific activities should be undertaken to support monitoring,
national governments, with the support of international agencies,
should:
     a.   Develop and apply methodologies for country-level
          waste monitoring.

     b.   Undertake data gathering and analysis, establish
          national targets and monitor progress.

     c.   Utilize data to assess environmental soundness of
          national waste policies as a basis for corrective
          action.

     d.   Input information into global information systems. >

International and Regional Co-operation and Co-ordination:

13.  The United Nations and intergovernmental organizations, with
the collaboration of governments, should help promote waste
minimization by facilitating the greater exchange of information,
know-how and experience.  The following is a non-exhaustive list
of specific activities that could be undertaken:

     a.   Identify, develop and harmonize methodologies for
          waste monitoring and transfer such methodologies to
          countries. 

     b.   (Derived from p. 13 f) < Identify and further develop
          the activities of existing information networks on
          clean technologies and waste minimization. >

     c.   (Derived from p. 11 c) < Undertake periodic
          assessment, collate and analyze country data and
          report systematically to the countries concerned in an
          appropriate United Nations forum. >

     d.   (Derived from p. 12 a) < Review effectiveness of all
          waste minimization instruments, and identify potential
          new instruments that could be used and techniques by
          which they could be made operational at the country
          level.  Guidelines and codes of practice should be
          developed. >

     e.   Undertake research on the social and economic impacts
          of waste minimization at the consumer level.

Means of Implementation

Financial and Cost Evaluation:

14.  It is suggested that industrialized countries invest one per
cent of the total annual solid wastes and sewage derived revenues
toward waste minimization.  At current levels this would amount
to about US$ 6.5 billion annually, of which US$ 1.8 billion is
required for minimizing municipal solid wastes.

Scientific and Technological Means:

15.  (Derived from p. 12 a, b, c, d, e) < For waste minimization
technologies and procedures will need to be identified and widely
disseminated.  This work should be co-ordinated by national
governments with the co-operation and collaboration of
non-governmental organizations, research institutions and
appropriate organizations of the United Nations and include the
following:

     a.   Undertake a continuous review of the effectiveness of
          all waste minimization instruments, and identify
          potential new instruments that could be used and
          techniques by which instruments could be made
          operational at the country level.  Guidelines and
          codes of practice should be developed.

     b.   Promote waste prevention and minimization as the
          principal objective of national waste management
          programmes.

     c.   Promote public education and a range of regulatory and
          non- regulatory incentives to encourage industry to
          change product design and reduce industrial process
          wastes through cleaner production technologies and
          good housekeeping practices and encourage industries
          and consumers to use types of packaging that can be
          re-used, in particular refillable and recyclable
          packaging.

     d.   Execute, in accordance with national capacities,
          demonstration and pilot programmes to optimize waste
          minimization instruments.

     e.   Establish procedures for adequate transport, storage
          conservation and management of agricultural products,
          food stuffs and other perishable goods in order to
          reduce loss of these products, which results in the
          production of solid waste. >

     f.   (Derived from p. 14 h) < [Facilitate the transfer of
          waste reduction technologies to industry and establish
          concrete national targets for effluents and solid
          waste and for raw material use and energy
          consumption.] >

Human Resources Development:

16.  Human resources development for waste minimization should
be targeted not only at professionals in the waste management
sector but also seek to obtain the support of citizens and
industry.  Human resources development programmes must,
therefore, aim to raise consciousness, educate, and inform
concerned groups.

     (Derived from p. 13) < Countries should:

     Incorporate within school curricula the principles and
practices of preventing and minimizing wastes and the
environmental impacts of waste. >

B.   MAXIMIZING SAFE WASTE REUSE 2/

Basis for action

17.  ** (WG.II/L.19/Add.1/Rev.1, p. 15) < The exhaustion of
traditional disposal sites, stricter environmental controls
governing waste disposal, and increasing quantities of more
persistent wastes have all contributed to a rapid increase in 
the cost of waste disposal services. Costs could double or triple
by the end of the decade.  Current disposal practices pose a
threat to the environment.  As the economics of waste disposal
services change, waste recycling and resource recovery are
becoming increasingly cost-effective.  Future waste management
programmes should take maximum advantage of resource-efficient
approaches to management. > **

Objectives

18.  (Derived from p. 16, 17, 18) < To strengthen and increase
national waste recycling systems.

19.  To create a model internal waste recycling programme for
waste streams including paper within the United Nations System.

20.  To make available information, techniques and appropriate
policy instruments to encourage and make operational waste
recycling schemes. >

     ** (p. 19) < [Some targets of the programme could include:]

     a.   [By [2000] [ensure]/[promote] sufficient [financial
          and technological capacities at the regional, national
          and local levels] national and local regional capacity
          to implement waste recycling policies and actions.]
     b.   By [2010] all industrialized countries and by [2010]
          all developing countries should have a national
          programme including to the extent possible [concrete]
          targets for efficient waste recycling. > **

Activities

Management-related:

21.  National governments and institutions and non-governmental
organizations together with consumer, women, and youth groups,
in collaboration with appropriate organizations of the United
Nations, should launch programmes to demonstrate and make
operational enhanced waste recycling.  These programmes should,
wherever possible, build upon existing or planned activities and
should:

     a.   Develop and strengthen national capacity to recycle an
          increasing proportion of wastes.

     b.   Review and reform national waste policies to provide
          incentives for waste recycling.

     c.   Develop and implement national plans for waste
          management that take advantage of, and give priority
          to, waste recycling.

Data and Information:

22.  (Derived from p. 20) < Information and research is required
to identify promising socially-acceptable and cost-effective
forms of waste recycling relevant to each country.  For example,
supporting activities undertaken by national and local
governments in collaboration with the United Nations and other
international organizations should include:

     a.   Undertake an extensive review of options and
          techniques for recycling all forms of municipal solid
          wastes.  Policies for recycling should be made an
          integral component of national and local waste
          management programmes.

     b.   Assess the extent and practice of waste recycling
          operations currently undertaken and identify ways by
          which these could be increased and supported.

     c.   Increase funding for research pilot programmes to test
          various options for recycling, including the use of
          small-scale, cottage-based recycling industries;
          compost production; treated wastewater irrigation; and
          energy recovery from wastes. 

     d.   Produce guidelines and best practices for waste
          recycling.

     e.   Intensify efforts, at collecting, analyzing and
          disseminating, to key target groups, relevant
          information on waste issues.  Special research grants
          could be made available on a competitive basis for
          innovative research projects on recycling techniques.
          >

International and Regional Co-operation and Co-ordination:

23.  The international support agencies in general, and
appropriate United Nations organizations, in particular, should
cooperate with governments in generating the necessary
information and providing the necessary stimulus for encouraging
waste recycling in countries.  In particular, the international
community should:

     a.   Undertake in cooperation with national governments a
          periodic review of the extent to which countries
          recycle their wastes.

     b.   Review the effectiveness of techniques and approaches
          to waste recycling and ways of enhancing their
          application in countries.

     c.   Review and update international guidelines for the
          safe reuse of wastes.

Means of Implementation

Financial and Cost Evaluation:

24.  If all countries devote one per cent of waste related
municipal revenues to safe waste reuse schemes at current rates
it would mean annual worldwide expenditures of about US$ 8
billion of which US$ 2,3 billion would be required exclusively
for reutilizing solid wastes.  It is proposed that the
international community should direct US$ 0,85 billion to
accelerate safe waste reuse in developing countries, of which US$
0,25 billion relates to solid wastes.

25.  It is proposed to increase funding to international
organizations to enable them to support these efforts by about
US$ 5 million annually.  Half of this relates to solid wastes.

Scientific and Technological Means:

26.  (Derived from p. 22) < The transfer of technologies should
support waste recycling and reuse:

     a.   Include the transfer of recycling technologies, such
          as machinery for reusing plastics, within bilateral
          and multilateral technical co-operation and aid
          programmes.

     b.   Develop and improve existing technologies, especially
          indigenous technologies, and facilitate their transfer
          under on-going regional and inter-regional technical
          assistance programmes.

     c.   [Facilitate technology transfer for waste recycling by
          exempting such technologies from import taxes and
          other restrictions.] >

27.  ** (p. 21) < Incentives for waste recycling are numerous. 
Countries could consider the following options to encourage
industry, institutions, commercial establishments and individuals
to recycle wastes instead of disposing of them:

     a.   Offer incentives to local and municipal authorities
          that recycle the maximum proportion of their wastes.

     b.   Provide technical assistance to informal waste
          recycling operations.

     c.   Apply economic and regulatory instruments, including
          tax incentives to support the principle that
          generators of wastes pay for their disposal.

     d.   Provide legal and economic conditions conducive to
          investments in waste recycling.

     e.   Implement specific mechanisms such as deposit/refund
          systems as incentives for recycling.

     f.   Promote the separate collection of recyclable parts of
          household wastes.

     g.   Provide incentives to improve the marketability of
          technically recyclable waste.

     h.   Encourage the use of recyclable materials,
          particularly in packaging, where feasible.

     i.   Encourage the development of markets for recycled
          goods by establishing programmes. > **

Human Resources Development:

28.  (Derived from p. 23) < Training will be required to reorient
current waste management practices to include waste recycling. 
Governments, in collaboration with United Nations international
and regional organizations should undertake the following
indicative list of actions:

     a.   Include waste recycling in in-service training
          programmes as integral components of technical
          co-operation programmes on urban management and
          infrastructure development.

     b.   Expand training programmes on water supply and
          sanitation to incorporate techniques and policies for
          waste recycling.

     c.   Include the advantages and civic obligations
          associated with waste recycling in school curricula
          and relevant general educational courses. 

     d.   Establish NGOs, community-based organizations, women,
          youth and public interest group programmes in
          collaboration with local municipal authorities to
          mobilize community support for waste recycling through
          focused community-level campaigns. >

Capacity Building:

29.  (Derived from p. 24) < Capacity building to support
increased waste recycling should focus on the following areas:

     a.   Make operational national policies and incentives for
          waste management.

     b.   Enable local and municipal authorities to mobilize
          community support for waste recycling by involving and
          assisting informal sector waste recycling operations
          and undertaking waste management planning which
          incorporates resource recovery practices. >

C.   PROMOTING SAFE WASTE DISPOSAL

Basis for action
30.  ** (p. 25) < Even when wastes are minimized, some wastes
will still remain.  Even after treatment, all discharges of
wastes have some residual impact on the receiving environment. 
Consequently, there is scope for improving waste treatment and
disposal practices such as, for example, avoiding the discharge
of sludges at sea.  In developing countries the problem is of a
more fundamental nature: less than 10 percent of urban wastes
receive any form of treatment and only a small proportion of
treatment is in compliance with any acceptable quality standard. 
Faecal matter treatment and disposal should be accorded due
priority given its potential threat to human health. > **

Objectives

31.  (Derived from p. 26, 27)  To treat and dispose safely a
progressively increasing proportion of the generated wastes.

     [Some targets of the programme could include]/[Policies
could include]:

     a.   By [2000] all countries should establish waste
          treatment and disposal quality criteria, objectives
          and standards based on the nature and assimilative
          capacity of the receiving environment.

     b.   By [2000] countries should establish sufficient
          capacity to undertake waste-related pollution impact
          monitoring and conduct regular surveillance [including
          epidemiological surveillance].

     c.   By [1995], industrialized countries and by [2000]
          developing countries should ensure that at least 50
          percent of all sewage, wastewaters and solid wastes
          are treated or disposed of [in conformity with
          environmental and health quality criteria].

     d.   By [2025] countries should dispose of all sewage,
          wastewaters and solid wastes [in conformity with
          internationally agreed and accepted environmental
          quality guidelines.] >

Activities

Management-related:

32.  National governments and institutions and non-governmental
organizations together with industries, in collaboration with
appropriate organizations of the United Nations should launch
programmes in all parts of the world to improve the control and
management of waste-related pollution.  These programmes should,
wherever possible, build upon existing or planned activities and
should:

     a.   Develop and strengthen national capacity to treat and
          safely dispose of wastes.

     b.   Review and reform national waste management policies
          to gain control over waste-related pollution.

     c.   (** p. 29 a) < [Each and every state should provide an
          environmentally sound solution, for the wastes it
          produces within its own territory, without it being
          acceptable to be exported to third countries or
          disposing it in areas, which are not subject to state
          sovereignty]. > **

     d.   (Derived from p. 29 g) < [Develop human wastes
          management plans giving due attention to the
          development and application of appropriate
          technologies and the availability of resources for
          implementation]. >

Data and Information

33.  (Derived from p. 28) < Standard setting and monitoring are
two key elements essential for gaining control over waste-related
pollution.  The following specific activities are indicative of
the kind of supportive actions that could be taken by
international agencies such as UNCHS (Habitat), UNEP and WHO.

     a.   Assemble and analyze the scientific evidence and
          pollution impacts of wastes in the environment in
          order to formulate and disseminate recommended
          international scientific criteria and guidelines for
          environmentally sound management of solid wastes.

     b.   Establish national and, where relevant, local
          environmental quality standards based on international
          scientific criteria and guidelines.

     c.   Include within technical co-operation programmes and
          agreements the provision for monitoring equipment and
          requisite training for its use. >

     d.   (Derived from p. 30 a) < [Establish an information
          clearing house activities with extensive networks at
          the regional, national and local levels to collect and
          disseminate information on all aspects of waste
          management, including safe disposal]. >

International and regional co-operation and co-ordination:

34.  The international community, as a whole, and especially
appropriate United Nations organizations such as UNCHS (Habitat),
UNEP, WHO and UNIDO and professional associations, should
generate the necessary information and provide the necessary
stimulus for encouraging the treatment and safe disposal of
wastes in all countries.  In particular, the international
community should:

     a.   Identify, develop and harmonize methodologies and
          environmental quality and health guidelines for safe
          waste discharge and disposal.

     b.   Review, keep abreast of developments and disseminate
          information on the effectiveness of techniques and
          approaches to safe waste disposal and ways of
          supporting their application in countries.

Means of Implementation

Financial and Cost Evaluation:

35.  Safe waste disposal programmes are relevant to both
developed and developing countries.  In developed countries the
focus is on improving facilities to meet higher environmental
quality criteria, while in developing countries considerable
investment is required to build new treatment facilities.

36.  Safe waste disposal programmes require a total annual
investment in developing countries of US$ 15.1 billion of which
US$ 2.7 billion is required exclusively for the safe disposal of
solid wastes.  If the international community provided one-third
of this amount this would require about US$ 3,4 billion annually
of which about US$ 1 billion relates to solid wastes.

37.  About US$ 5 million annually would be required to strengthen
the capacity of international organizations to support these
efforts.  Half of this relates to solid wastes.

Scientific and Technological Means:

38.  (Derived from p. 30 b, c) < Scientific guidelines and
research on various aspects of waste-related pollution control
will be crucial for achieving the objectives of this programme. 
Governments, municipalities and local authorities with
appropriate international co-operation should:
     a.   Prepare guidelines and technical reports on subjects
          such as the integration of human settlements land use
          planning with waste disposal; environmental quality
          criteria and standards; waste treatment and safe
          disposal options; industrial waste treatment; and
          landfill operations.

     b.   Undertake research on critical subjects such as
          low-cost, low-maintenance wastewater treatment
          systems, safe sludge disposal options, industrial
          waste treatment and low ecologically-safe waste
          disposal technologies.  These should be supported by
          the international donor community. >

     c.   Transfer technologies on industrial waste treatment
          processes through transnational corporations and
          bilateral and multilateral technical co-operation
          programmes.

     d.   (Derived from p. 29 e, f) < Focus, [as a first
          priority], on the rehabilitation, operation and
          maintenance of existing facilities and [concentrate]
          technical assistance on improved maintenance practices
          and techniques; followed by the planning and
          construction of waste treatment facilities.

     e.   [Establish programmes to ensure the source segregation
          and safe disposal of the hazardous components of
          municipal solid waste]. >

     f.   Ensure the concomitant investment and provision of
          waste collection facilities with the provision of
          water services and an equal parallel investment and
          provision of waste treatment facilities.

Human Resources Development:

39.  Training would be required to reorient current waste
management practices to include safe collection and waste
disposal.  The following is an indicative list of actions that
should be undertaken by Governments in collaboration with
international agencies:

     a.   (Derived from p. 29 d) < Provide both formal and
          in-service training focused on pollution control,
          waste treatment and disposal technologies, and
          operations and maintenance of waste-related
          infrastructure.  Inter-country staff exchange
          programmes should also be established. >
     b.   Undertake requisite training on waste-related
          pollution monitoring and control enforcement.

Capacity Building:

40.  (Derived from p. 29 b, c) < Institutional reforms and
capacity building will be indispensable if countries are to be
able to quantify and mitigate waste-related pollution. 
Activities to achieve this objective should include:

     a.   Create and strengthen independent environmental
          control bodies at national and local levels. 
          International organizations and donors should support
          needed manpower skill upgrading and provision of
          equipment.

     b.   Empower pollution control agencies with the requisite
          legal mandate and financial capacities to carry out
          their duties effectively. >

D.   EXTENDING WASTE SERVICE COVERAGE 3/

Basis for Action

41.  (Derived from p. 32) < By the end of the century over 2.0
billion people will be without access to basic sanitation, and
an estimated half of the urban population in developing countries
will be without adequate solid waste disposal services.  As many
as 5.2 million people, including 4 million children under 5 year
of age die each year from waste-related diseases.  The health
impacts are particularly severe for the urban poor.  The health
and environmental impacts of inadequate waste management,
however, go beyond the unserved settlements themselves and result
in water, land and air contamination and pollution over a wider
area.  Extending and improving waste collection and safe disposal
services are crucial to gaining control over this form of
pollution. >

Objectives

42.  (Derived from p. 33) < The overall objective of this
programme is to provide health-protecting, environmentally-safe
waste collection and disposal services to all people.  Specific
supportive objectives should be:

     a.   By [2000] all countries should have necessary
          technical, financial and human-resource capacity to
          ensure the provision of waste collection services
          commensurate with needs;
     b.   By [2025] all urban populations should be provided
          adequate waste services;

     c.   By [2050] full urban waste service coverage should be
          maintained and full rural coverage with sanitation
          achieved. >

Activities

Management-related:

43.  (Derived from p. 37 d) < [Considerable financial and
technical co-operation will be required to increase coverage. 
National governments, in collaboration with the United Nations,
relevant international organizations and multilateral financial
institutions could undertake many activities of which the
following are a sample:

     a.   Establish financing mechanisms for waste management
          service development in deprived areas including
          appropriate modes of revenue generation.

     b.   Apply polluter pays principle by setting waste
          management charges at rates that reflect the true
          economic costs of providing the service and ensure
          that those that generate the wastes pay the full cost
          of disposal in an environmentally safe way.

     c.   Institutionalize participatory planning and
          implementation procedures that involve communities,
          especially women.] >

Data and Information:

44.  Governments in collaboration with the United Nations and
international agencies should undertake the following:

     a.   Develop and apply methodologies for country-level
          waste monitoring.

     b.   Undertake data gathering and analysis to establish
          national targets and monitor progress.

     c.   Input information into a global information system
          building upon existing systems.

     d.   Strengthen the activities of existing information
          networks to disseminate focused information on the
          application of innovative and low-cost alternatives
          for waste disposal to targeted audiences.

International and regional co-operation and co-ordination:

45.  Many United Nations and bilateral programmes exist which
seek to provide water supply and sanitation services to the
unserved.  The Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council
Global Forum currently acts to co-ordinate development and
encourage co-operation.  Even so, given the ever increasing
numbers of unserved urban poor populations and the need to
address, in addition, the problem of solid waste disposal,
additional mechanisms are essential to ensure accelerated
coverage of urban waste disposal services.  The international
community, in general, and select United Nations Organizations
in particular, should:

     a.   (Derived from p. 38 c) < Launch a Settlement
          Infrastructure and Environment Programme  following
          the Conference to co-ordinate the activities of all
          United Nations agencies involved in this area and
          include a clearing house for information dissemination
          on all waste management issues. >

     b.   Undertake and systematically report on progress in
          providing waste services to those without.

     c.   Review effectiveness of techniques and approaches to
          increasing coverage and identify innovative ways of
          accelerating the process.

Means of Implementation

Financial and Evaluation:

46.  Extending waste service coverage to unserved populations is
relevant mainly to developing countries.  A total annual
investment for extending waste service coverage in accordance
with the schedule indicated in programme objectives is estimated
at US$ 7.5 billion of which US$ 1.6 billion pertains to solid
waste service expansion.  Assuming one- third of these costs were
financed by the international community, the concessional
assistance requirements would be about US$ 2,6 billion of which
US$ 0,6 billion relates to solid wastes services.

47.  About US$ 8 million annually will be needed to strengthen
international organizations capacity to support these efforts. 
Half of this relates to solid wastes.

Scientific and Technological Means:

48.  National governments and institutions and non-governmental
organizations together in collaboration with appropriate
organizations of the United Nations should launch programmes in
different parts of the developing world to extend waste services
to the unserved populations.  These programmes should, wherever
possible, build upon and reorient existing or planned activities.

49.  (Derived from p. 36, 37 a) < [Policy changes at the national
and local levels could enhance the rate of waste service coverage
extension.  These should include the following:

     a.   Give full recognition and use the full range of
          low-cost options for waste management including where
          appropriate their institutionalization and
          incorporation within codes of practice and regulation.

     b.   Assign high priority to the extension of waste
          management services to all settlements irrespective of
          their legal status giving due emphasis to meeting the
          waste disposal needs  of the unserved, especially, the
          unserved urban poor.

     c.   Integrate the provision and maintenance of waste
          management services with other basic services such as
          water supply and stormwater drainage.] >

50.  (Derived from p. 38 a, b, d) < Research activities could be
enhanced.  Countries, in co-operation with appropriate
international organizations and NGOs should, for instance:

     a.   Find solutions and equipment for managing wastes in
          areas of concentrated populations.  In particular,
          there is a need for appropriate refuse storage and
          collection systems and cost-effective and hygienic
          human waste disposal options.

     b.   Prepare and disseminate guidelines, case studies,
          policy reviews and technical reports on appropriate
          solutions and modes of service delivery to unserved
          low-income areas.

     c.   Launch campaigns to encourage active community
          participation involving women and youth groups in
          waste management, particularly, household waste. >

     d.   (Derived from p. 37 e) < Undertake inter-country
          transfer of relevant technologies, especially
          technologies for high density settlements.] >
Human Resources Development

51.  (Derived from p. 39, 40) < International organizations,
national and local governments in collaboration with NGOs, should
provide focused training on low-cost waste collection and
disposal options and, particularly, techniques for their planning
and delivery.  Inter-country staff exchange programmes among
developing countries could form part of such training. >
Particular attention should be given to upgrading the status and
skills of management-level personnel in waste management
agencies.

52.  (Derived from p. 40) < Improvements in management techniques
are likely to yield the greatest returns in terms of improving
waste management service efficiency.  The United Nations,
international organizations and financial institutions should in
collaboration with national and local governments, develop and
make operational management information systems (MIS) for
municipal record keeping and accounting and for efficiency and
effectiveness assessment. >

Capacity Building:

53.  National governments and institutions and non-governmental
organizations, with the collaboration of appropriate
organizations of the United Nations should develop capacities to
implement programmes to provide waste collection and disposal
services to the unserved populations.  Some activities under the
programme include the following:

     a.   Establish a special unit within current institutional
          arrangements to plan and deliver services to the
          unserved poor communities with their involvement and
          participation.

     b.   Make revisions to existing codes and regulations to
          permit the use of the full range of low-cost
          alternative technologies for waste disposal.

     c.   Build institutional capacity and procedures to
          undertake service planning and delivery.


                       EXPLANATORY NOTES

1.   Sewage-related issues contained in this document presently
     overlap with others identified under Programme Area D -
     Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation and Programme Area E
     - Water and Sustainable Urban Development of Chapter 10 -
     Protection of the Quality and Supply of Freshwater
     Resources of Agenda 21.  Sewage-related activities
     presented here must therefore, be seen together with those
     contained under the chapter on freshwater.  For purposes of
     avoiding duplication , all sewage-related costings have
     been reflected under the chapter on freshwater.

2.   Programme title "MAXIMIZING WASTE REUSE" has been changed
     to "MAXIMIZING SAFE WASTE REUSE".

3.   Programme title "EXTENDING WASTE DISPOSAL SERVICE COVERAGE"
     has been changed to "EXTENDING WASTE SERVICE COVERAGE".

4.   [Throughout this document "Governments" also refers to the
     European Community acting in the sphere of its competence.]

END OF DOCUMENT