Note 227 PC/100/ADD.21: Oceans-I unced 2:28 am Jan 16, 1992 From: UNCED Subject: PC/100/AD21: Oceans-I PC/100/ADD.21: OCEANS-I Distr. GENERAL A/CONF.151/PC/100/Add.21 17 December 1991 Original: ENGLISH PREPARATORY COMMITTEE FOR THE UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT Fourth Session New York, 2 March-3 April 1992 Item 2 (c) of Plenary Session Item 2 of provisional agenda of Working Group II PREPARATIONS FOR THE UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT ON THE BASIS OF GENERAL ASSEMBLY RESOLUTION 44/228 AND TAKING INTO ACCOUNT OTHER RELEVANT GENERAL ASSEMBLY RESOLUTIONS: PROTECTION OF OCEANS, ALL KINDS OF SEAS INCLUDING ENCLOSED AND SEMI-ENCLOSED SEAS, COASTAL AREAS AND THE PROTECTION, RATIONAL USE AND DEVELOPMENT OF THEIR LIVING RESOURCES (Section II, Chapter 9 of Agenda 21) Report of the Secretary-General of the Conference INTRODUCTION 1. This document was prepared in response to paragraph 6 of decision A/Conf.151/PC/L.22/Add.1/Rev.1 on Protection of Oceans, All Kinds of Seas Including Enclosed and Semi-Enclosed Seas, Coastal Areas and the Protection, Rational Use and Development of their Living Resources. The Preparatory Committee, at its third session, requested the Secretary-General of the Conference to submit at its fourth session, for its consideration, "revised options for Agenda 21 indicating the origin of proposals when they reflect the results of expert meetings, taking into account: a. United Nations General Assembly Resolution 44/228. b. The debate and the relevant decisions taken at the third session including the format of Agenda 21 and means of implementation as contained in A/Conf.151/PC/L.49. c. The results of the Meeting of Experts on the Degradation of the Marine Environment from Land-Based Sources of Pollution and Activities in Coastal Areas, convened by UNEP. 2. In preparing this revision, the Secretariat has tried to retain the essential points of the debate and submissions during and after the third session of the Preparatory Committee, edited and reorganized as necessary to eliminate duplication and to make a concise and coherent document. Where there were unresolved issues, these have been indicated, with detail provided in the compilation document (A/Conf.151/PC/104). New material, particularly on means of implementation, has been added as requested by the Preparatory Committee. The explanatory notes at the end of the chapter explain the origins of the content of each paragraph with reference to previous documents. 3. As requested in paragraphs 2 and 3 of decision A/Conf.151/PC/L.22/Add.1/Rev.1, a separate report on control of the degradation of the marine environment by land-based activities is submitted as prepared by the Executive Director of the United Nations Environment Programme in document A/Conf.151/PC/113. The relevant results were not available in time for inclusion in their final form in this document. 4. The marine environment -- including the oceans and adjacent coastal areas -- forms an integrated whole that is an essential component of the global life support system, and a positive asset presenting opportunities for sustainable development. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) provides the international framework within which to pursue the protection and sustainable development of the marine and coastal environment and its resources. This requires new approaches to ocean and coastal area management and development, at the national, regional and international levels, approaches that are integrated in content, and precautionary and anticipatory in ambit, as reflected in the following programme areas: A. INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF COASTAL AREAS, EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONES AND [MARINE ECOSYSTEMS] B. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION C. SUSTAINABLE USE AND CONSERVATION OF HIGH SEAS LIVING RESOURCES D. SUSTAINABLE USE OF LIVING MARINE RESOURCES UNDER NATIONAL JURISDICTION E. ADDRESSING CRITICAL UNCERTAINTIES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF MARINE ENVIRONMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE F. STRENGTHENING INTERNATIONAL, INCLUDING REGIONAL COOPERATION AND COORDINATION G. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ISLANDS PROGRAMME AREAS A. INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF COASTAL AREAS, EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONES AND [MARINE ECOSYSTEMS]. Basis for Action 5. The coastal area is a band of diverse and productive habitats that is important for human settlements, development and local subsistence. More than half the world's population lives within 60 km of the shoreline, and this could rise to three quarters by the year 2020. Many of the world's poor are crowded in coastal areas, and coastal resources are vital for many indigenous peoples. The Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is also an important area where the States manage the development and protection of natural resources for the benefit of their people. For small island States, these are the areas most available for development activities. 6. Despite efforts at national, regional and international levels, the current sector and discipline oriented approach to marine and coastal resources does not provide an effective framework for achieving sustainable development and coastal resources are being rapidly degraded. 7. Integrated coastal management should provide for the developing needs of coastal States based upon optimum ecologically sustainable resource use. Objectives 8. By 1994, agree on guidelines for integrated coastal zone management and development drawing on existing experience, and by 2000 establish integrated planning management and development processes at national, regional and global levels, ensuring compatibility among sectoral activities for sustainable use of coastal zones and EEZs. 9. By 2000, adopt programmes for the establishment of protected areas and other measures to maintain species and their habitats and conserve biodiversity in coastal areas and EEZs. 10. By 1996, introduce new arrangements in regional bodies to ensure effective coordination in the fields of environmental protection, sustainable marine resource utilization and development with due regard to the needs of the population. Activities Management-Related: 11. Each coastal State should apply an integrated approach to planning and management in all coastal areas, particularly in those fragile inter-related ecosystems such as are found in island States, low-lying countries, and enclosed and semi-enclosed seas, to identify and deal with potential interactions, allocate resources, anticipate and avoid conflict, minimize environmental degradation and face the challenge of potential climate change. 12. Each coastal State should establish a high-level planning body or a national coordinating mechanism for integrated coastal and EEZ management and development involving the governmental, academic and private sectors, NGOs, indigenous peoples and local user groups, responsible for: a. Formulating an appropriate policy and legal framework for land-use and siting policies, regulating access and rates of use, promoting environmentally sound technology and sustainable practices, excluding the harmful ones, making environmental impact assessment mandatory, and establishing liability and compensation provisions. b. Preparation of coastal profiles identifying critical areas, management patterns and user conflicts. c. Implementation of integrated master plans and programmes defining the roles and responsibilities of Governments, the private sector and users. d. Environmental assessment programmes identifying causes of degradation and adoption of measures to prevent or correct such degradation. e. Prior assessment of the adverse environmental impacts on the coastal environment and EEZ of major governmental policies, programmes and projects. f. Improvement in coastal human settlements in developing countries, especially in housing and sewage treatment. g. Contingency plans for man-induced and natural disasters, including likely effects of potential climate change and sea level rise. h. Restoration of ecosystems, particularly altered critical habitats and/or living conditions of endangered species. i. Sectoral programmes on sustainability in human settlements, tourism, fishing, ports and industries using or affecting the coastal area. j. Management systems complementing the regulatory framework with economic instruments, including accounting systems for coastal resources, allocation schemes establishing explicit user's rights and fees, and shifting investments from overcapitalized activities to environmentally safe uses, habitat rehabilitation, infrastructure adaptation and alternative employment. k. Public education and information programmes, together with non- governmental organizations. 13. Coastal States should preserve the biological diversity and productivity of marine species and habitats, and their ecological relationships, based on sound scientific and traditional information, through measures to: a. Survey the marine biodiversity in waters under their jurisdiction. b. Prepare an inventory of endangered species and critical coastal and marine habitats and, where appropriate, protect them through national legislation. c. Establish and enforce protected areas in coastal and EEZ ecosystems with rare or fragile ecosystems, high biodiversity and productivity such as coral reefs, seagrass beds and mangrove forests, or having importance as breeding, spawning, nursery and recruitment areas and migratory stopover points. d. Support scientific research on and systematic observation of resources of these marine areas and on marine biotechnology. e. Implement national regulations to control the introduction of new species for aquaculture to avoid adverse effects. f. Allow statutorily limited use of resources in protected areas if their use is sustainable and justified by tradition. g. Include a marine biodiversity strategy in the global biodiversity convention, including a programme for identification and protection of fragile, critical and vulnerable coastal and oceanic habitats. Data and Information: 14. Coastal States should increase their capacity to collect, use and disseminate information for prior assessments of adverse environmental impacts of major governmental and private policies, programmes and projects affecting the coastal and EEZ environment. Special assistance should be given to developing countries to: a. Rationalize and expand the databases available in most countries for assessment and management of coastal areas and seas and their resources. b. Create, assess and transfer technologies and geographic and other information systems, including databases, maps/charts, statistics and resource inventories to developing countries for storage and processing of data and for resources mapping, analysis and characterization. c. Assess present status and problems of coastal zones, including inter alia eutrophication, coral bleaching, red tides, ciguatera, microbial contamination of beaches, nitrate enrichment and salinization of groundwater; fish abundance; habitat degradation; local and upstream impacting activities; and wetland destruction. d. Develop socio-economic and environmental indicators. e. Prepare inventories (atlases) of present and potential activities in the coastal areas to identify compatible or mutually exclusive activities as related to population trends. f. Develop national capacities in risk analysis. International and Regional Cooperation and Coordination: 15. International and regional organizations should: a. Help countries develop planning, management and enforcement capacities for monitoring, control and surveillance. b. Coordinate the harmonization of standards, formats and symbols to facilitate the widespread adoption of multi-purpose information systems for coastal and sensitive sea areas. c. Establish regional networks for the sharing of information and project results, and for multi-disciplinary research and management of coastal and EEZ systems. d. Set up regional coordinating mechanisms on coastal and EEZ development bringing together relevant international agencies, regional programmes, and donors. e. Prepare guidelines for integrated management of coastal zones, EEZ's and marine ecosystems at local, national and regional levels. Means of Implementation Financing and Cost Evaluation: 16. The total cost for all countries to implement integrated management and sustainable development of coastal areas and EEZs is approximately $85 billion through the year 2000. The cost for developing countries would be approximately $50 billion, or about $6 billion per year for 1993-2000.1/ 17. Of the $6 billion annual costs about $50 million per year between 1993-2000 in catalytic funding is proposed to support programmes for integrated management and sustainable development of coastal areas. Of this, $36 million is proposed to assist developing countries with technical cooperation and training for institutional strengthening, improvement of databases, upgrading of research and management capacity, implementation of pilot and demonstration projects and production of detailed operational guidelines, plus $6 million to address global issues. $8 million is proposed to help strengthen international and regional organizations in this field. Scientific and Technological Means: 18. Regional and international institutions should support States in the development of the required coastal monitoring, research mechanisms and institutions and information management systems, especially in developing countries and island States, as described in the activities above. 19. States and international and regional organizations should develop and transfer environmentally safe technologies and methodologies for development of coastal and marine areas.2/ Human Resource Development: 20. Coastal States with the assistance of relevant regional and international institutions and donors and with the participation of local and regional centres, should organize training on integrated coastal and EEZ management for scientists and managers, and extension programmes for resource users including community leaders, indigenous peoples, fishermen and women.3/ Ocean and coastal area management and development concerns and local planning issues should be incorporated in educational curricula and public awareness campaigns, with due regard to traditional ecological knowledge. Capacity Building: 21. States should: a. Create an interministerial mechanism for policy-making and long term planning on EEZ and coastal areas as part of national frameworks for collaboration, integration and communication among sectors in a country and possibly among countries in a region. b. Rationalize and/or coordinate sectoral programmes and restructure and simplify governmental institutions responsible for the development and protection of coastal areas, EEZ's and marine ecosystems. c. Establish advisory bodies for broad consultation on coastal issues with local administrations, the business community, the academic sector, user groups and the general public. d. Progressively introduce or strengthen systems of land and sea tenure, regulating access, users's rights and rates of use. e. Include capacity building in agreements between development aid bodies and developing country institutions. 22. International and regional organizations should cooperate with coastal countries to: a. Identify existing capabilities, facilities and needs for human resources development, the scientific and technological infrastructure required and potentials for expansion in regional marine and coastal areas research, training, management and technologies. b. Establish and maintain regional centres capable of assisting countries in analyzing information and assessing the principal marine environmental problems, in reinforcing surveillance and in implementing environmental impact assessment and monitoring programmes with predictive capabilities. c. Prepare national and regional contingency and emergency plans. d. Support pilot demonstration projects in integrated coastal management. B. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION Basis for Action 23. Degradation of the marine environment can result from a wide range of activities on land, either from a lack of, or an excess of, economic and industrial growth. Human populations, land use, agriculture, forestry, fisheries, urban development, tourism and industry can affect the marine environment. 24. Of the land-based sources of marine pollution, 40% arrives via rivers and 30% via the atmosphere, while maritime and dumping activities contribute 10% each. Contaminants which pose the greatest threat to the marine environment are sewage, nutrients, synthetic organic compounds, sediments, litter and plastics, metals, radionuclides, oil/hydrocarbons, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH's). 25. An anticipatory rather than a reactive approach is necessary to protect the marine environment, requiring adoption of precautionary measures, environmental impact assessments, clean production techniques, waste audits and minimization, improved sewage treatment, quality criteria for classified substances, and a comprehensive approach to damaging impacts from air, land and water. Any management framework must include the improvement of coastal human settlements and the integrated management and development of coastal areas. These are covered elsewhere in Agenda 21. 26. Marine pollution is also caused by shipping and sea-based activities. Of the approximately 600,000 tons of oil entering the oceans each year, most is discharged as a result of normal shipping operations and less than a quarter is from major accidents. There is currently no global regulatory regime for the prevention and control of pollution from offshore oil activities and only five regions have considered the adoption of legal instruments in this regard. Many other chemicals carried by sea are intrinsically far more harmful. Altogether about half of the total dry cargo and liquid substances carried by sea consists of materials dangerous for the marine environment. 27. In addition to pollution, many development activities directly and indirectly degrade marine resources, such as industrial, residential, tourism and recreational development in natural habitats; conversion of mangroves; dredging; construction of dams and coastal infrastructure; and erosion from unsustainable agriculture and forestry. Objectives 28. To protect the marine environment against the adverse effects of human land-based and sea-based activities so as to preserve development options, to conserve marine ecosystems and to safeguard human health while providing for rational use of living and non-living resources. In so doing, it is necessary to: a. Ensure the proper integration of environment and development concerns. b. Recognize the difficulties of developing countries in implementing such strategies. c. Coordinate, integrate and develop appropriate local, national, regional and global mechanisms and policies. 29. Some specific objectives include: a. By 1994, adopt a global strategy, programme of action and management framework to protect the marine environment against the adverse effects of land-based activities, with close links to regional conventions and action plans. b. By 1995, strengthen and develop national and regional integrated action plans, such as the Regional Seas Programmes, agree on regional legally-binding agreements where they do not already exist and improve cooperation and coordination among regional activities. c. By 1997, complete inventories and hazard assessments of marine pollution sources and update national, regional and global assessments of the state of the marine environment. d. By 1998, establish a global network of contingency plans and response centres for marine pollution accidents. e. By 1997, establish port waste reception facilities in sensitive sea areas. f. By 1995, develop an international regulatory framework for offshore activities. Activities Management-Related: PREVENTION, REDUCTION AND CONTROL OF DEGRADATION OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT FROM LAND-BASED ACTIVITIES 4/ 30. States in cooperation with international and regional organizations should develop a concerted approach to land-based activities damaging the marine environment through the following incremental steps: a. Agreed principles and programmes, building on the existing Montreal Guidelines, with the appropriate funding and technical support where applicable, at the national, regional and global levels, including possible establishment of appropriate standards. b. A formal declaration or charter. c. A global strategy including regional programmes to apply the principles and standards, including specific elements for an action plan, with provisions for institutional machinery. 31. States and appropriate international organizations should therefore implement the global strategy recommended by the Halifax and UNEP Intergovernmental Meetings of Experts (A/CONF.151/PC/...) in order to finalize and adopt a costed and targeted programme of action.5/ 32. Coastal states should establish regional and national action plans, including reduction programmes for inputs from land-based activities into the marine environment to achieve acceptable quality standards, together with target dates and financial mechanisms taking account of national and regional differences. Countries should adopt precautionary approaches to development and management, involving a reduction of effluents and emissions, through, inter alia, economic measures, improved housekeeping practices, greater treatment and recycling, the introduction of cleaner production technologies, and restoration of degraded habitats. Priorities for both developed and developing countries, are given below. 33. As concerns sewage, priority actions include: a. Building and maintaining sewage treatment facilities in accordance with national policies, capacities and international cooperation available. b. Controlling entry of non-domestic effluent containing contaminants (such as heavy metals) into sewers, allowing productive uses of sewage and environmentally sound co-treatments of domestic and compatible industrial effluents. c. Subjecting municipal sewage discharged to rivers, estuaries and the sea to at least primary treatment, or to other solutions appropriate to specific sites. d. Locating coastal outfalls so as to avoid exposing shell fisheries, water intakes and bathing areas to pathogens. e. Cooperative development of minimum sewage effluent guidelines and water quality criteria. f. Formulating or reviewing human settlement plans taking into account sewage concerns, including resettlement from heavily populated coastal and riverbank areas. g. Establishing regulatory and monitoring programmes to control effluent discharge. 34. As concerns wastes, the main elements to be considered by countries are: a. Establishment of regulatory and monitoring programmes to control effluent discharge, using appropriate risk and environmental impact assessments. b. Adoption of prior notification and consent procedures at national and regional levels for controlling the input of point source pollutants which may cross national boundaries. c. Reduction or elimination of the use of chemicals such as some synthetic organic compounds which threaten to accumulate to dangerous levels in the marine environment. d. Quantification of the fluxes of nitrogen and phosphorus to and through the coastal zone as a basis for control measures, taking into account different national capacities and marine conditions. e. Assistance to developing countries and countries with economies in transition, through financial and technological support, to maximize best practicable control and reduction of substances and wastes that are persistent, bio-accumulative or toxic, and to establish environmentally-sound land-based waste disposal systems to replace sea-dumping. 35. As concerns pollution from non-point sources: a. Cooperation in the development of land-use techniques, particularly buffer zones, along estuaries and water courses to limit agricultural runoff; b. Promotion through international development organizations and industry of the use of environmentally sound pesticides and fertilizers meeting minimum environmental toxicity and bio- accumulation standards. c. Adoption of new initiatives at national and regional levels for controlling the input of non-point source pollutants, including sediments, which require broad changes in sewage and waste management, agricultural practices, mining, construction and transportation. d. Regional programmes for controls on air pollutants shown to have a significant impact on the marine environment. PREVENTION, REDUCTION AND CONTROL OF DEGRADATION OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT FROM SEA-BASED ACTIVITIES 36. Coastal States and States involved in shipping and dumping, in cooperation with IMO and other international and regional organizations, should: a. Support wider ratification and implementation of the relevant conventions and protocols including the London Dumping Convention and finalization of its future strategy by 1994. b. Extend existing regimes to cover pollution caused by substances other than oil. c. Agree to stop the ocean dumping and incineration of all hazardous substances. d. Develop an international regulatory framework for safety, waste disposal and pollution from offshore oil activities. e. Develop liability and compensation regimes covering pollution damage from shipping and dumping activities, including a new regime for hazardous and noxious substances carried by ships. 37. As concerns shipping, coastal States should: a. Enforce discharge provisions of the marine pollution conventions and MARPOL regulations more rigorously, such as through port state control and aerial surveillance. b. Implement more stringent pollution control measures in particularly sensitive sea areas. c. Adopt rules on ballast water dumping to prevent the spread of non-indigenous organisms. d. Improve shipping safety including adequate charting of coasts. 38. In relation to ports, countries should: a. Establish port facilities for the collection and disposal of waste oil, chemical residues and garbage, especially in sensitive sea areas where ships are not permitted to make discharges, and including smaller scale facilities in marinas and fishing harbours. This should be facilitated by adequate funding. b. Adopt regulations, in accordance with the London Dumping Convention and MARPOL provisions, for dredging of navigation channels and disposal of dredged material, including global criteria for ocean disposal of contaminated spoils. c. Develop guidelines for environmental impact assessments of port development. d. Expand and enforce more widely the codes of practice relating to transportation of hazardous and dangerous cargoes, and for detection of illicit movement of toxic chemicals and hazardous wastes. e. Use the provisions of the Basel Convention to prevent its parties from exporting, for disposal into the ocean, substances referred to in Annexes I and II of the London Dumping Convention. 39. States should develop oil and chemical spill contingency plans at local, national and regional levels and establish, at the national level, government/industry collaboration on provision of oil spill response materials and equipment stockpiles and on training of cleanup personnel, together with a funding mechanism. 40. States should establish a network of regional oil/chemical spill response centres with collaboration from IMO, regional programmes and organizations. 41. Appropriate United Nations agencies should prepare global guidelines concerning waste audits and clean production, and lists of substances and wastes prohibited from dumping at sea and should assist States to enter into regional agreements in this regard. Data and Information: 42. States should regularly report information on pollutants and efforts to control and prevent them to relevant regional and international organisations. 43. States should make systematic observations of marine pollution and cooperate through relevant regional and international organisations in integrated assessments, monitoring and control of damage to the marine environment by: a. Preparing or completing a global inventory of land-based and sea- based sources of marine pollution and databases on their effects. b. Assessing the ecological, social and economic significance and impact of these sources and determining national, regional and global problems and priorities in controlling the sources. c. Expanding marine pollution information in GIS mapping and information systems. d. Making data on marine pollution available to interested parties and storing them at World Data Centres and other international data sources. e. Supporting and expanding international programmes for systematic observations such as the mussel watch (sentinel organisms monitoring) programme and the Global Ocean Observing System, building on existing facilities. f. Relating monitoring activities to action plans and pollution control and abatement strategies. g. Establishing a clearinghouse on marine pollution control information. International and Regional Cooperation and Coordination: 44. States with the support of international organizations should adopt an international land-based pollution agreement with effective provisions for financing and the development, use and transfer of environmentally sound technologies.6/ 45. Countries and international organizations should develop comparable monitoring techniques, methodologies, and measurements for all aspects of marine pollution, building on existing cooperation between UNEP, IOC, IAEA, IMO, UNIDO, FAO and WHO. Means of Implementation Financing and Cost Evaluation: LAND-BASED ACTIVITIES 46. Since many activities on land have impacts on the marine environment, the cost estimates to control the major sources of pollution and other impacts are very high. A crude extrapolation based on a few regional studies in semi- enclosed seas gives figures ranging from $5-20 billion per year over 20 years for the necessary investments.7/ On the other hand, the benefits gained from protecting major economic activities in marine and coastal areas far outweigh the costs in the regions studied. Mechanisms such as user fees and charges for pollution violations are needed to raise the necessary sums from those most directly concerned and best able to bear the costs, and to channel the revenues into construction and operation of the necessary facilities. For technical cooperation with developing countries to implement Agenda 21 activities, the following amounts are proposed: $14 million in direct assistance, $4 million to address global issues and $2 million to strengthen international organizations, for a total of $20 million per year. This amount needs to be complemented by major activities contained in other programme areas.8/ SEA-BASED ACTIVITIES 47. An estimated $84 million per year is needed to build waste reception facilities in ports in developing countries. This will require special funding mechanisms such as loans or grants from international agencies, including the Global Environmental Facility or a system of "Reception Facility Funds", with the assistance of IMO. Income should be raised from shipping to cover at least the operation and maintenance of these facilities, if not to reimburse the capital investment.9/ 48. Provision of oil spill response materials and equipment, apart from the larger countries that have already invested hundreds of millions of dollars in stockpiles, is estimated at $50 million per year from 1993 to 2000. To this should be added $40 million per year for technical cooperation and capacity building in developing countries, all with reference to global issues, including $6 million to strengthen international organizations.9/ Scientific and Technological Means: 49. National and regional action programmes will require technological cooperation, technology transfer, and financial resources, including: a. Assistance to industries in identifying and adopting clean production or pollution control technologies. b. Development and application of low-cost and low-maintenance sewage treatment technologies for developing countries. c. Equipment of laboratories to observe systematically human impacts on the marine environment. d. Identification of appropriate oil spill control materials, including low-cost locally-available materials and techniques, suitable for pollution emergencies in developing countries. Human Resources Development: 50. States in cooperation with regional and international organizations should: a. Provide training for marine scientists, marine laboratory technicians and hydrographic surveyors at the national or regional level. b. Introduce marine environmental protection topics into the curriculum of marine academies. c. Establish training courses for oil and chemical spill response personnel, in cooperation with the oil and chemical industries. d. Conduct workshops on environmental aspects of port operations and development. e. Strengthen and provide secure financing for new and existing specialized international centres of professional maritime education.10/ Capacity Building: 51. National planning and coordinating bodies should be given the capacity and authority to review all land-based activities and sources of pollution for their impacts on the marine environment and to propose appropriate control measures. 52. All countries or regions, with the support of international and regional organizations, should strengthen and develop research facilities for systematic observation of marine pollution, environmental impact assessment and development of control recommendations, managed and staffed by local experts. 53. Special arrangements will be needed to provide adequate financial and technical resources to assist developing countries to prevent and solve problems associated with activities that threaten the marine environment. 54. An international funding mechanism should be created for the application of appropriate sewage treatment technologies and building sewage treatment facilities, including grants or concessional loans from international agencies and appropriate regional funds, replenished at least in part on a revolving basis by user fees.11/ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * UNRESOLVED ISSUES 55. [Note from the UNCED Secretariat: The following issues were unresolved during PrepCom III and will require continuing consultations during PrepCom IV to prepare an acceptable text for inclusion. For the programme areas on Living Marine Resources, in the absence of a decision whether to consider all living marine resources together or separately under high seas and under national jurisdictions, the secretariat has treated them separately, assuming that it would be easier to combine them than to separate them. For the other unresolved issues below, the texts as they were left at the end of PrepCom III can be found in the Compilation Document (A/CONF.151/PC/104) as indicated for each issue.] [C and D. LIVING MARINE RESOURCES or C. SUSTAINABLE USE AND CONSERVATION OF HIGH SEAS LIVING RESOURCES and D. SUSTAINABLE USE OF LIVING MARINE RESOURCES UNDER NATIONAL JURISDICTION] 56. [Unresolved issue on high seas living resources: State obligation for flag vessels and violations of regulations. Corresponds to paragraphs 87 and 88, Annex I and II of the Compilation Document. An additional option is presented in Annex III in the Compilation Document.] 57. [Unresolved issue on high seas living resources: Straddling stocks and highly migratory species. Corresponds to paragraphs 69, 92, and 93, Annex I and II of the Compilation Document. An additional option is presented in Annex III in the Compilation Document.] 58. [Unresolved issue on high seas living resources: Development of international control, surveillance and enforcement systems. Corresponds to paragraph 96b, Annex I and II of the Compilation Document. An additional option is presented in Annex III in the Compilation Document.] 59. [Unresolved issue: Marine mammals. Corresponds to paragraph 81, Annex I of the Compilation Document. An additional option is presented in Annex III in the Compilation Document.] 60. [Unresolved issue: Polar regions. Corresponds to paragraph 82, Annex I and II of the compilation document.] * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * C. SUSTAINABLE USE AND CONSERVATION OF HIGH SEAS LIVING RESOURCES Basis for Action 61. High seas fisheries represent five per-cent of the world total landings. Despite efforts to manage fisheries sustainably on the high seas, management performance has not always been adequate and several resources are overutilized. There are inadequacies in biological knowledge, fishery statistics and international enforcement of management measures. 62. High seas fisheries should be developed and managed through ecosystem, multi-species approaches, incorporating environmental factors and ecologically sound practices consistent with the best available scientific information. Their performance should be monitored and regulations enforced, in order to preserve their biological diversity and productivity, maintain their ecological relationships and promote their optimum utilization. Populations should be kept at or restored to the level at which its recruitment ensures the greatest net annual increment and should be harvested in areas and at the stage of the life cycle that ensure maximum socio-economic efficiency. Endangered species and stocks should be restored and protected. Objectives 63. By the year 2000, reinforce, further develop and implement a comprehensive set of regional and international management mechanisms and strategies to promote sustainable use and conservation of high seas living resources. 64. To achieve full implementation of General Assembly Resolution 44/225 on large-scale pelagic driftnet fishing. Activities Management-Related: 65. States with the support of international agencies should establish regional fisheries management bodies to fill the gaps in the existing coverage of the world's oceans. 66. High seas fishing States and coastal States, in conjunction with relevant international organizations and existing regional and international mechanisms, should reinforce their cooperation to conserve and make full sustainable use of the living marine resources of the high seas and to improve the status of those which are depleted, by: a. Defining appropriate fisheries management units, for instance based on large marine ecosystems concepts, within the framework of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. b. Cooperating with and acceding to competent international or regional organisations or other international arrangements. c. Where arrangements do not exist, cooperating to establish appropriate international or regional agreements among States whose nationals or vessels fish in the same area or for the same resources. d. Establishing appropriate exploitation and control regimes for highly migratory species and for stocks whose life cycles encompass both the high seas and EEZ's in conformity with the relevant provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. e. Assessing fishing practices, prohibiting non-sustainable ones, and developing and promoting fishing practices and selective gear which minimize adverse impacts on target and non-target species, other users and marine ecosystems. 67. States should effectively monitor and control fishing activities of their nationals' vessels and crews to ensure the conservation of the resources, compliance with applicable conservation and management rules, complete and accurate reporting of catches and effort, and minimisation of incidental catch. 68. States should develop multilateral guidelines dealing with the linkages between trade and the protection and sustainable use of living marine resources. Data and Information: 69. States with the cooperation of international and regional organisations should: a. Make available data and information adequate for fisheries assessment, including verifiable catch and effort statistics. b. Develop and share analytical and predictive tools such as stock assessment and bioeconomic models to assist in risk management and decision-making in data-limited situations involving uncertainty and irreversibility. c. Acquire all the data, current and historic, necessary for effective management of fisheries resources including data on catch and effort, by-catch and the impact of fishing on other users and the marine environment. 70. States, international and regional organizations should therefore establish or expand appropriate monitoring and assessment programmes for high seas living resources, including the standardized collection and joint analysis of scientific data and the deployment of scientific observers, concerning resource conditions, the effects of uses and management regimes, and the impacts of regional and global changes including climate change. International and Regional Cooperation and Coordination: 71. Relevant international organizations should develop guidelines for better implementation of the provisions of the Law of the Sea Convention (UNCLOS) on high seas fisheries. 72. Countries within the framework of regional fisheries bodies and with the assistance of FAO and other international agencies should assess high seas resource potentials, inventory all stocks (target and non-target), establish optimal fishing regimes and acceptable levels of exploitation, and propose rehabilitation measures when necessary. 73. Collaboration should be strengthened between regional and international fishery bodies and with other organizations dealing with utilisation, conservation and management of the oceans and seas. 74. Cooperative and coordinated research programmes are needed to provide the knowledge necessary to manage high seas resources.12/ 75. International technical cooperation mechanisms in relation to marine commodities should be strengthened to identify and eventually eliminate inappropriate trade barriers and to assist in preventing the evasion of international management regimes. Means of Implementation Financing and Cost Evaluation: 76. The costs of developing sustainable uses of high seas resources should be borne by utilizing countries. The principal costs of research and management systems in the high seas should also be supported by the States and the various users. However, the catalytic funding required to improve the database and scientific knowledge, the effectiveness of fisheries management bodies, and the participation of all coastal countries, especially developing ones, in this effort is estimated at $12 million per year for this global issue, including $5 million to strengthen international and regional organizations.13/ Scientific and Technological Means: 77. There is a critical need to develop international databases on resources and fisheries, including GIS and atlases. The high seas environment should be covered by the planned Global Ocean Observing System, but this data will need to be correlated with the resource and fisheries data. Coastal States with interests in the high seas should participate in regional or ocean-wide cooperative research programmes. Computerized and close to real-time fleet monitoring systems should be developed from existing systems. Simulation models dealing with multispecies resources and management under uncertainty should be developed further.14/ Human Resources Development: 78. Human resources development should be targeted at both development and management of high seas resources, training entrepreneurs in high seas fishing, upgrading managers in high seas and environmental issues, developing a core of scientists to assess high seas resources, and preparing observers to be placed on fishing vessels. Capacity Building: 79. States, regional and international organizations should develop or upgrade systems and institutional structures for monitoring, control and surveillance as well as the research capacity for strategic assessment. 80. Countries and regional fisheries management organizations, with the assistance of relevant United Nations Agencies, should strengthen research programmes dealing with high seas straddling or highly migratory resources, particularly when such species are exploited also within the EEZ's. D. SUSTAINABLE USE OF LIVING MARINE RESOURCES UNDER NATIONAL JURISDICTION Basis for Action 81. World oceans yield about 80-90 million tons per year of fisheries products, 95% of which comes from EEZs. They provide food and livelihoods to millions of coastal people including indigenous people. However, many countries face mounting problems related to their rights and obligations under UNCLOS, including local overfishing, poor management performance, unauthorized incursions by foreign vessels, ecosystem degradation, increased stock fluctuations, overcapitalization, excessive fleet sizes, inefficient or unselective gear, unreliable data bases and inadequate information about their resource base, and increasing competition between artisanal and industrial fishing and between fishing and other types of activities. Access to the surplus of the allowable catch is often denied to other states whose nationals have habitually fished in the zone, in contradiction to the principles of UNCLOS. 82. Problems extend beyond fisheries. Coral reefs and other coastal habitats such as mangroves and estuaries are among the most highly diverse, integrated and productive of the earth's ecosystems. They often serve important ecological functions, provide coastal protection, and are critical resources for food, energy, tourism and economic development. In various parts of the world such coastal systems are under stress or threatened. 83. Marine resources and fisheries should be developed and managed through ecosystem, multi-species and integrated coastal management approaches, incorporating environmental factors and conservation requirements consistent with the best available scientific and sound traditional information. Their performance should be monitored and regulations enforced, in order to preserve their biological diversity and productivity, maintain their ecological relationships and promote their optimum utilization. Populations should be kept at or restored to the level ensuring the greatest net annual increment and should be harvested in areas and at the stage of the life cycle that ensure maximum socio-economic efficiency. Endangered species and stocks should be restored and protected. 84. The sustainable use and conservation of marine living resources is of social, economic and nutritional importance and contributes to national food security. The use of marine species for human food should be increased by promoting direct consumption, avoiding wastage and improving techniques of harvest, handling and transportation. Objectives 85. By 1995, establish national mechanisms for integrated assessment, development and management of living marine resources. 86. By 1998, complete national living resource and critical habitat inventories of coastal areas and EEZs. 87. By 2000, prepare national strategies for mariculture and coastal aquaculture development in all developing countries. 88. By 1996, develop active programmes to stimulate local level fisheries management. 89. By 1996, ensure that coastal States obtain full economic benefits from the sustainable use of the marine resources of the EEZs and to secure access to surplus of allowable catch in EEZ's in accordance with UNCLOS. 90. Integrate protection and sustainable management of coral reefs and other critical ecosystems into living resources and coastal zone management strategies. Activities Management-Related: 91. National marine resources policy, legal and regulatory frameworks should be completed, with the assistance of relevant international and regional organizations, to improve enforcement capacity, investment and financing (including joint venture agreements), regulate access, enhance small-scale fisheries, improve seafood quality and rationalize trade. 92. Specifically, coastal States, with assistance as appropriate from international and regional organizations, should: a. Establish systems to regulate access through licensing, user's rights, limited entry, space allocation, closure zones and economic instruments, while allocating marine resources equitably among small-scale, large-scale and sport fisheries and non-fishery users. b. Assess fishing methods, prohibit non-sustainable ones, and promote fishing practices and selective gear which minimize adverse impacts on target and non-target species, other users and marine ecosystems. c. Adopt domestic and international collaborative mechanisms on issues related to migratory fish and long range fleet monitoring and control. d. Enhance the productivity and utilization of their marine living resources for food and income from food products, pharmaceutical products, and tourism, recreational, cultural and aesthetic uses. e. Establish programmes to improve handling and processing, reducing post-harvest losses and discards and improving seafood quality. f. Agree on global quality assurance systems for seafood in order to improve consumer confidence and maximize economic returns. g. Develop mariculture and coastal aquaculture potentials based on national analyses for potential mariculture, coastal aquaculture (areas, species and methodologies) and other improvements, in the framework of integrated national planning. h. Develop deep-sea fishing in developing countries where coastal resources are overfished and where scientific assessment shows resources are potentially available. i. Promote non-consumptive uses of vulnerable or endangered living resources consistent with their conservation, such as eco-tourism, in replacement of consumptive uses. 93. At the local level, coastal States should: a. Integrate small-scale fisheries and aquaculture development in coastal zone planning, and encourage representation of fishermen, women, indigenous people and communities in planning management bodies. b. Increase rights and responsibilities of community-based users, including traditional coastal communities, women's groups and minorities/indigenous people, for management and enforcement of fishing and non-fishing concerns including eco-tourism. c. Set a system for small-scale fishworker rights. d. Recognize, record and apply traditional knowledge concerning marine resources and ecosystems and incorporate it into modern management systems in collaboration with those concerned. e. Strengthen environmentally sound artisanal and subsistence fishing technologies, collaborate with coastal communities for the elimination of unsound ones, and adapt local traditional fisheries to multi-species management. f. Reinforce training and extension services in coordination with rural agriculture services together with appropriate financing mechanisms. g. Develop or reinforce fisheries and aquaculture extension and management activities among women. h. Recognize the special status of indigenous peoples including their rights to utilization and protection of their habitats on a sustainable basis. 94. Coastal States should ensure that, in their negotiation and implementation of international agreements on the development or conservation of living marine resources, local communities and indigenous peoples are represented and their interests, in particular, their right to subsistence, are secured. 95. For important coastal ecosystems such as coral reefs, countries with the assistance of international and regional organizations should: a. Survey the present state of coral reef resources to determine risks to development and conservation. b. Establish systematic observation systems to follow future trends as a basis for management measures. c. Provide information for regional and global assessments of the state of coral reefs. d. Undertake research on major changes observed in coral reef ecosystems and their possible relationships to human impacts and global change. e. Plan for the multiple use of coral reef resources where compatible with the preservation of their productivity and biodiversity. f. Take steps to eliminate damaging impacts on coral reefs and to restore damaged reefs to a productive state. Data and Information: 96. States with the cooperation of international and regional organisations should: a. Make available data and information adequate for fisheries assessment, including verifiable catch and effort statistics. b. Develop and share analytical and predictive tools such as stock assessment and bioeconomic models to assist in risk management and decision-making in data-limited situations involving uncertainty and irreversibility. c. Acquire all the data, current and historic, necessary for effective management of fisheries resources including data on catch and effort, by-catch and the impact of fishing on other users and the marine environment. 97. Coastal states together with regional and international organizations should: a. Complete/update marine biodiversity, living resource and critical habitat inventories of coastal areas and EEZ's, at national and regional levels. b. Improve data collection systems, and, provide the appropriate data to regional and international fisheries bodies and organizations. c. Develop information systems incorporating the ecosystem management approach at the national and regional level. International and Regional Cooperation and Coordination: 98. Relevant United Nations and other international agencies should coordinate their efforts to increase their assistance to coastal developing countries and regional organizations in implementing the above activities, and in particular: a. Provide for the transfer of environmentally sound technologies to develop their fisheries, and to replace harmful fishing practices. b. Establish a methodology to assess the nutritional and health impacts of fishery policies and projects. c. Promote the study, scientific assessment and use of traditional management systems. d. Develop necessary international controls, and transfer management methods and environmentally sound fishing technology for rare and fragile resources in trade, including ornamental tropical fish, shells and corals. e. Identify new additional funds for implementation. 99. Relevant United Nations and other international agencies should prepare guidelines on: a. Sustainable fishing in order to reduce waste, protect endangered species, reduce pollution and improve fishing gear efficiency and selectivity. b. Applications of a precautionary approach to living resources management. c. The concepts of the Marine Catchment Basin for enclosed seas, the ecosystem management approach and "large marine ecosystems", including their practical implications and applications. d. Environmentally sound intensive aquaculture. 100. The international community and the private sector should develop/improve markets to promote direct human consumption of fish and to enhance the contribution of subsistence fisheries. 101. Financial organizations should provide support for the development of small-scale fisheries, mariculture and deep-sea fishing by developing countries. Means of Implementation Financing and Costing: 102. The total cost to restructure the fisheries sector is estimated at up to $6 billion per year, excluding investments needed to organize sector reconversion to reduce overcapitalization. The catalytic funding proposed to implement the above activities at the national and regional levels is on the order of $60 million annually to accelerate development and improve management, including $4 million to strengthen regional and international organizations.15/ Scientific and Technological Means: 103. Special attention should be given to mechanisms for transferring resource information and improved fishing technologies to the fisherfolk and other users at the local level. 104. Countries should implement the FAO/ICES Code of Practice for Consideration of Transfer and Introduction of Marine and Freshwater Organisms and regional bodies should transfer available safe technologies in cooperation with national centres. Human Resource Development: 105. Regional bodies should encourage multidisciplinary training and research on marine living resources, particularly in social and economic sciences as well as in the use of geographical information systems. 106. International and regional organisations should assist countries to create training opportunities to support artisanal including subsistence fisheries, to develop small-scale use of living marine resources at national and regional levels and to encourage equitable participation of women and indigenous peoples. Capacity Building: 107. Each coastal country, with the assistance of relevant regional and international agencies, should: a. Complete their legal and policy frameworks in line with UNCLOS. b. Establish a coordinated institutional framework and intersectoral mechanisms for living marine resources management through regular consultation between the decision makers and the users. c. Develop procedures to involve the coastal communities, the academic and private sectors in the development and implementation of programmes. d. Develop or upgrade scientific and technical infrastructure for systematic observations, control and surveillance required for decision-making and strategic assessments of development potential. 108. States and international agencies should strengthen existing regional fisheries management bodies and should create new ones where necessary. 109. States, international, regional and non-governmental organizations should provide support to traditional coastal communities, indigenous peoples, women and subsistence fisherfolk, including the technical and financial assistance to organize, maintain, exchange and improve traditional technological knowledge of marine resources. END OF DOCUMENT PART-I ==== ==== ==== ==== ==== ==== ==== Note 228 PC/100/ADD.21: Oceans-II unced 2:29 am Jan 16, 1992 From: UNCED Subject: PC/100/ADD.21: Oceans-II PC/100/ADD.21: OCEANS-II Distr. GENERAL A/CONF.151/PC/100/Add.21 17 December 1991 Original: ENGLISH PREPARATORY COMMITTEE FOR THE UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT Fourth Session New York, 2 March-3 April 1992 Item 2 (c) of Plenary Session Item 2 of provisional agenda of Working Group II PREPARATIONS FOR THE UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT ON THE BASIS OF GENERAL ASSEMBLY RESOLUTION 44/228 AND TAKING INTO ACCOUNT OTHER RELEVANT GENERAL ASSEMBLY RESOLUTIONS: PROTECTION OF OCEANS, ALL KINDS OF SEAS INCLUDING ENCLOSED AND SEMI-ENCLOSED SEAS, COASTAL AREAS AND THE PROTECTION, RATIONAL USE AND DEVELOPMENT OF THEIR LIVING RESOURCES (Section II, Chapter 9 of Agenda 21) Report of the Secretary-General of the Conference E. ADDRESSING CRITICAL UNCERTAINTIES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF MARINE ENVIRONMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE Basis for Action 110. Rational use and development of coastal areas and marine resources requires the ability to determine their present state of systems and to predict future conditions. The high degree of uncertainty in present information prevents effective management and limits the ability to make predictions and assess environmental change. Systematic data on ocean environmental parameters will be needed to apply integrated management approaches and to predict effects of global climate change on fisheries. In order to determine the role of the oceans in driving global systems and to predict natural and man-induced changes in marine and coastal ecosystems, the mechanisms to collect, synthesize and disseminate ocean information from research and monitoring activities need to be restructured and reinforced considerably. 111. There are many uncertainties about climate change and particularly sea level rise. Small increases in sea level have the potential of causing significant damage to small islands and low-lying coasts. Response strategies should be based on sound data. A long-term co-operative research commitment based on differentiated responsibilities of countries is needed to provide data required for global climate models and to reduce uncertainty. Meanwhile, precautionary measures should be initiated to diminish the risks and effects, particularly on small islands, low-lying States and coastal zones of the world. Objectives 112. By 1995, begin coordinated national and regional observation programmes for coastal and near-shore phenomena related to climate change and for resource parameters essential for ocean and coastal management in all regions. Activities Management-related: 113. States, acting individually and through appropriate regional and international mechanisms, should: a. Conduct scientific research on, systematic observation and monitoring of the marine environment, within and beyond the limits of national jurisdiction. b. Exchange data and information resulting from scientific research and monitoring, and from traditional ecological knowledge. c. Develop standard inter-calibrated procedures, measuring techniques, and data storage capabilities for scientific research on and systematic observation of the marine environment. d. Provide improved forecasts of marine conditions for safety of inhabitants of coastal areas and efficiency of maritime operations. e. Communicate the information generated by research and systematic observations to all levels of the management structure and the public.16/ 114. Coastal states should adopt special measures to cope with potential climate change and sea level rise, including the development of globally accepted methodologies for coastal vulnerability assessment, modelling and response strategies particularly for priority areas, such as small islands, low-lying states and critical coastal areas.17/ 115. Coastal countries with the cooperation of relevant United Nations organizations should identify on-going and planned programmes of systematic observation of the marine environment, with a view to integrating activities and establishing priorities to address critical uncertainties for ocean and coastal area management.18/ Data and Information: 116. The Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) of the IOC is being designed in cooperation with WMO, UNEP and other agencies, to provide basic information on the world ocean required to analyze, assess and predict global climate and environmental changes, and to provide data for Geographic Information System and other information systems, but more elements will be needed for an effective system. Specifically, States should: a. Support development of the interdisciplinary systematic global and regional observation networks of coastal, nearshore and open ocean areas as proposed in GOOS (A/CONF.151/PC/70). b. Create regional accessible and readily-transferred multi- sectorial information bases, covering the results of research and systematic observation programmes. c. Link these databases to existing data and information services and mechanisms such as the World Weather Watch and Earthwatch for communicating these results to decision makers, environmental managers and the general public. d. Promote the exchange of data and information, and its storage and archiving through the World Data Centres. International and Regional Cooperation and Coordination: 117. Since a coordinated global effort is fundamental to address critical uncertainties for the management of the marine environment and climate change, nations in cooperation with international organizations should: a. Offer technical cooperation in developing the capacity of coastal States for marine research and monitoring, and for using its results. b. Establish joint international ocean analysis and prediction centres in order to prepare and disseminate global and regional oceanographic analyses and forecasts and to provide facilities for international research and training. 118. Relevant United Nations agencies should strengthen high-level inter-agency coordination and review mechanisms19/ to develop and integrate systematic observation networks. This would include: a. Review of existing national, regional and global data bases. b. Mechanisms to develop comparable and compatible techniques, validate methodologies and measurements, organize regular scientific reviews, agree on formats for presentation and storage, and communicate the information gathered to potential users. c. Systematic observation and monitoring of coastal habitats and sea level changes, inventories of marine pollution sources and reviews of fisheries statistics. d. Organization of periodic assessments of ocean and coastal states and trends. 119. UNEP should support countries to develop and integrate regional systematic long-term observation programmes into the Regional Seas Programmes in a coordinated fashion to implement global and regional ocean and coastal observing systems based on the principle of exchange of data. One aim should be predicting the effects of climate-related emergencies on existing coastal physical and socio-economic infrastructure. Site-specific analysis of sea level rise effects and temperature elevations on sensitive coastal ecosystems and lagoons and economically important species will also be necessary. Means of Implementation Financing and Cost Evaluation: 120. For data and information activities in the EEZs of developing countries, GOOS is presently estimated to require about 700 million of which about 370 million would come annually from the international community matching about 230 million by the countries themselves. Funding mechanisms are needed for this and for related marine technology and engineering. International organization costs should be increased by $4 million for the full implementation of GOOS. Other large-scale scientific programmes are being planned but their costings are not presently available.20/ Scientific and Technological Means: 121. To address critical uncertainties through systematic coastal and ocean observations and research, coastal States should develop and adopt, through existing cooperation with the relevant United Nations organizations, the common scientific and technological methods, standards, quality assurance procedures, norms for data exchange, and research approaches required. They should cooperate on a regional basis, through existing programmes where possible, share infrastructure and expensive and sophisticated equipment, and develop human resources jointly. Human Resource Development: 122. Countries, with assistance from donors and international organizations, should develop a broad and coherent approach to meeting their core human resource needs in the marine sciences.21/ Capacity building: 123. Countries should strengthen or establish National Oceanographic Commissions or equivalent bodies to liaise with national users, work closely with international organizations, and develop and support marine science activities. 124. Countries should use existing regional mechanisms to develop knowledge of their shared marine environment, exchange information, organize systematic observations and assessments, and make most effective use of scientists, facilities and equipment. F. STRENGTHENING INTERNATIONAL, INCLUDING REGIONAL COOPERATION AND COORDINATION Basis for Action 125. In order to implement the above strategies and activities through efficient and cost-effective actions and to ensure the integration of environment and development aspects, existing institutional arrangements at national, regional and global level need adjustment and strengthening. There are numerous global and regional institutions with competence in marine issues, with a fragmented largely-sectoral distribution of responsibilities reflecting the situation at the national level. There is a need to improve coordination among institutions concerned with oceans and coastal areas at the international level, to strengthen the links between international institutions and Governments, including through regular and effective intergovernmental discussion, and to ensure that all levels operate in an integrated and multi-sectoral way, particularly relating environment and development. 126. Intergovernmental and inter-secretariat cooperation and coordination is also required at the regional level, where a number of bodies already exist both within and outside the United Nations system. 127. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) provides a global framework and lays down basic rights and duties relating to ocean environment and development activities. Acceptance of these rights and duties and of other relevant international agreements forms an important basis for international coordination and cooperation. Objectives 128. Ensure, at the regional and global level, consistency among and integration of the various sectoral activities addressing environment and development in oceans and coastal areas, including those covered in the other programme areas on oceans in Agenda 21. 129. Create, within the United Nations system, an opportunity for regular intergovernmental review and consideration of environment and development with respect to oceans and coastal areas as a whole, and of the agreed principles, strategy and standards. 130. Establish effective information exchange and, where appropriate, institutional linkages between regional institutions dealing with environment and development in oceans and coastal areas. 131. Ensure the effective operation of coordinating mechanisms for the components of the United Nations system dealing with environment and development in oceans and coastal areas, and links with other concerned organizations including donor and assistance agencies. Activities Management-Related: GLOBAL 132. The United Nations General Assembly should ensure regular consideration within the United Nations system at intergovernmental level of general ocean and coastal issues, including environment and development matters, and request the Secretary-General and Executive Heads of United Nations agencies and organizations to strengthen consultative and coordinating mechanisms for this purpose, including the following: a. Introduce special arrangements to ensure the participation of all relevant international organizations, including the development and donor agencies. b. Seek scientific advice and consider the use of advisory expert groups, as needed. c. Establish reporting arrangements between the General Assembly and the governing bodies of the United Nations system. d. Strengthen coordination and develop improved relationships among the relevant international organizations with major ocean responsibilities (UNEP, UNESCO, IOC, WMO, IMO, FAO, IAEA, United Nations OALOS, etc.), including their regional components and strengthen coordination with other United Nations organisations, institutions and specialized agencies dealing with development, trade and other related economic issues, as appropriate. e. Improve representation of agencies dealing with the marine environment in United Nations-wide coordination efforts. f. Better coordinate international and regional coastal and marine programmes. g. Provide for adequate agency input into the Global Environmental Facility and similar funding mechanisms that may be established. 133. Settlement of disputes, such as on trade and environment, should be dealt with in appropriate bilateral, regional and international forums, e.g. GATT, in accordance with established international rules and dispute settlement agreements as well as with multilateral standards to be agreed upon, giving due consideration to concerns for sustainable development. Pending enactment of such standards, States should refrain from taking unilateral non-tariff measures to protect a given marine resource. 134. Governments participating in various international forums often send representatives of different national sectors. In ocean-related fields, where all issues are closely interrelated it is essential that each government integrate sectoral interests. REGIONAL 135. States and regional organizations, with the cooperation of international organizations, should: a. Strengthen existing intergovernmental regional cooperation, particularly the Regional Seas Programmes of UNEP, and use regional intergovernmental forums to harmonize policies and integrate cooperative activities. b. Introduce arrangements for the regional collaboration and coordination of all relevant organizations and bodies, development assistance and donor agencies, and the private sector. c. Arrange for periodic interregional consultations in support of those conducted at the global level. d. Develop regional centres or networks for expertise and assistance such as the Regional Centres for Marine Technology now being established in some areas. Data and Information: 136. To ensure an adequate flow of information from the international and regional levels to catalyze action, international and regional organizations and donor countries should: a. Assist States, on request, to implement the principles in the Law of the Sea Convention and other relevant instruments, including using marine scientific research as a management tool. b. Develop a central reference point for information on legislation and for advice on implementation of legal agreements. c. Strengthen the capacity of international organizations to handle information globally and to assist in developing national and regional data and information systems. d. Further develop existing international information coordination and assessment mechanisms such as Earthwatch and GESAMP to review the adequacy of present data and information at the global level and to organize regular assessments of global ocean problems. e. Prepare periodic overview reports of efforts to understand the oceans. 137. The ocean-related parts of the United Nations should, through system-wide consultations, prepare agendas and supporting documentation on major issues in the implementation of a coherent oceans programme.22/ Means of Implementation Financing and Cost Evaluation: 138. The proposed cost for strengthening regional cooperation is $12 million per year in additional support for international organizations and regional coordinating units, and at least $25 million annually in further direct support to activities at the regional level. Improving international coordination and strengthening the global role of the United Nations system to implement Agenda 21 in oceans and coastal areas would cost a proposed $12 million per year, which would approximately double present expenditures and would catalyze and coordinate much larger national expenditures. Scientific and Technological Means: 139. International organizations and donor countries should encourage the development of international and regional centres of excellence in marine technology and in the analysis and assessment of scientific data on the oceans. Human Resource Development: 140. International and regional organizations and donor countries should stimulate the development of new or expanded training centres in developing regions to produce the full range of human resources needed on a continuing basis to develop and manage marine resources sustainably. 141. The staffs of international and regional organizations should be strengthened and given broader experience in integrated approaches to ocean issues through interagency exchanges and short-term assignments. Agency staff should as a matter of policy participate directly in field activities in developing countries. Capacity Building: 142. The capacity of the United Nations system to implement ocean and coastal activities is handicapped by the fragmentation of responsibilities among many agencies and programmes. The mechanisms for interagency policy development and programme coordination should at a minimum be reinforced through regular formal consultations. A more radical rationalization and restructuring of the United Nations system in this area should also be considered, as the cost savings and improvements in efficiency could be considerable and present tendencies to duplication could be avoided. This is particularly true of the coastal area management activities of FAO, UNEP and UNESCO/IOC, the marine pollution activities of FAO, IAEA, IMO, UNEP, UNESCO/IOC and WHO, and the legal activities of FAO, IMO, OALOS and UNEP. Where mandates inevitably overlap because of the breadth of ocean issues, close cooperation and the development of joint programmes should be required. 143. The capacity of international organizations both within and outside the United Nations system to cooperate at the regional level should be strengthened. The multiplication of separate regional programmes should be avoided by strengthening or establishing regional coordinating units or programmes under the responsibility of the governments of the region (such as the Regional Seas Programmes) through which international organizations and donor countries can develop cooperative activities that respond to the development and environment priorities of the States in the region. G. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ISLANDS 23/ Basis for Action 144. Islands are a special case both for environment and development. They tend to be ecologically fragile and vulnerable with frequently a unique flora and fauna, giving them a proportionally very high share of global biodiversity. Their small size, limited resources and isolation disadvantage them economically and prevent economies of scale. They have all the problems and challenges of the coastal zone concentrated in a limited land area. The indigenous island peoples have rich and diverse cultures with special adaptations to the island environment and knowledge of the sound management of its resources. Because island development options are limited, there are special challenges to planning for sustainable development. Many islands must depend for their economic development on marine resources shared between waters under their national jurisdiction and the high seas. With the threats of global climate change and sea-level rise, many islands may also be at increasing risk, and certain island States could in the long term be threatened by the loss of their entire national territory. Objectives 145. To adopt and implement sustainable development plans for islands, including meeting essential human needs within island limits, maintaining biodiversity, and increasing the quality of life for island peoples. Activities Management-Related: 146. Island States and Territories, with the assistance as appropriate of international and regional organizations, should: a. Prepare medium and long-term plans for sustainable development integrating the multiple use of limited island resources and identifying types of development compatible with island limits. b. Adapt coastal area management techniques to the special characteristics of islands. c. Prepare or complete an inventory of island natural resources and species, and define measures to protect endangered species and to maintain biodiversity with the assistance of the international community. d. Study the special environmental and developmental characteristics of islands and possible appropriate development strategies. e. Develop techniques for determining the carrying capacity of islands under different development assumptions and resource constraints. f. Explore new kinds of technology for development within island limits and identify chemicals and technologies which should be excluded because of their threats to essential island systems. g. Study the vulnerability of islands to global change and sea-level rise and possible response options. Data and Information: 147. Information on the geographic, environmental and socio-economic characteristics of islands should be compiled and assessed to assist in the planning process. Existing island databases should be expanded and geographic information systems adapted to islands developed. International and Regional Cooperation and Coordination: 148. States, regional and international organizations should develop inter- island, regional and inter-regional cooperation and information exchange, including periodic regional and global meetings on sustainable development of islands. Means of Implementation Financing and Cost Evaluation: 149. Technical cooperation costs to implement these activities amount to $7 million per year. A programme on integrated planning for sustainable development of islands will cost about $130 million per year, to be financed by private and public sources. About $40 million could come from the international community. Since many small islands will never develop an adequate economic or population base to provide all of the services necessary for a reasonable quality of life, some external support will frequently be required on a continuing basis. In addition, the need to maintain the island share of global biodiversity will further limit development options and should be supported by the international community with at least $3 million per year. Scientific and Technical Means: 150. Centres for the development and diffusion of technologies appropriate to islands should be established on a regional basis. Human Resource Development: 151. Since small island populations cannot maintain all necessary specializations, training for island management and development should aim to produce generalists able to integrate the many factors which need to be considered in island governance. Resource users should be trained to carry out many management and protection functions for themselves. Educational systems should be modified to meet these needs and special training programmes developed in integrated island management and development. Capacity Building: 152. The small scale of islands will always limit their total capacity. Existing capacity must therefore be restructured to meet the needs for sustainable development and integrated management efficiently within present human and financial means. New technologies may be used to increase the capacity of very small populations to meet their needs. EXPLANATORY NOTES 1. The cost figures given are for the incremental additional cost to expected coastal development to make it environmentally sound and sustainable. Many of these developments would be endangered physically or economically by environmental deterioration without these additional investments. These amounts should come primarily from the national public and private sectors and could be at least partly covered by income from user fees. Sustainable tourism development, for example, could be financed partly from the proper pricing of natural resources, charges for pollution and tourist usage of environmental services. The activities on coastal area management and development are clearly linked to many other parts of Agenda 21 concerning human settlements, agriculture, freshwater and particularly chapters I.8 Integration of Environment and Development in Decision Making and II.2 Planning and Management of Land Resources. 2. New environmentally safe technologies and methodologies are needed for human settlements, coastal agriculture, intensive aquaculture, desalinization, coastal industries, tourism, etc., and opportunities offered by coastal marine technology such as tidal and ocean energy, open-sea aquaculture, etc. should be investigated. 3. Local and indigenous communities should be supported to participate, and to maintain and apply their traditional knowledge of the coastal environment and marine resources. Local resource users and village leaders should be trained in the direct use of remotely sensed images and GIS outputs for their own integrated management of their coastal and marine areas and resources. 4. The references in this section to land-based activities and sea-based activities refer to all human activities which are sources of damage to the marine environment, and not to activities as the term is used in Agenda 21. 5. The Intergovernmental Meeting of Experts on Reduction of the Degradation of the Marine Environment from Land-based Sources of Pollution and Activities in Coastal Areas which met in Nairobi, 9-13 December 1991, following the decision of the 16th UNEP Governing Council, has prepared elements of a strategy and a targeted and costed programme of action as well as a set of principles (A/CONF.151/PC/113) which should be considered together with this section. A costed and targeted programme of action should then be finalized and adopted at an intergovernmental meeting which should be organized by UNEP soon after UNCED. There should be agreement on an effective mechanism to review systematically the implementation of global and regional agreements and action plans, as well as institutional and financial mechanisms ensuring the global coordination of the implementation of the action plan. The summary strategy from the Nairobi meeting, if accepted by PrepCom IV, could be appended to this Agenda 21 section. 6. This issue may require further consideration at PrepCom IV by Working Group III. 7. In the absence of any global inventory of land-based activities damaging the marine environment, it is presently impossible to give accurate global estimates for the control of the major sources of pollution and other impacts. Only two regional costings are now available. The investment required to protect the Mediterranean Sea against land-based sources of pollution and activities in coastal areas is estimated at $25 to 100 billion, but spread over 20 years this is $5-20 per person per year for the 250 million coastal residents and tourists. Estimates for the Baltic are similar on a per capita basis. These costs should be set against the benefits from the 51 million foreign tourists who contributed on average 6.5 percent of the GDP of Mediterranean countries; in France alone, Mediterranean coastal tourism brought in revenue of $7 billion in 1988. In addition, Mediterranean fisheries production is worth some $450 million annually. Both the Mediterranean and the Baltic are nearly enclosed seas bordered by heavily populated and industrialized areas; on open coasts where certain wastes are rapidly eliminated or dispersed and populations are less dense, a different level of control might be justified and costs per capita could be expected to be lower. Making a crude projection from the above figures, the needed global annual expenditures could be of the order of $5-20 billion during 1993-2000. This could be considered an upper limit, as the estimates on which it is based are high because of the sensitive conditions of enclosed seas. 8. Land-based activities cover many parts of Agenda 21. See particularly chapters I.6 health, I.7 human settlements, II.10 freshwater resources, II.11 toxic chemicals, II.12 hazardous wastes, II.13 solid wastes and II.1 atmosphere. 9. Costs for controlling pollution from sea-based activities include $560 million for oily waste reception facilities and $27 million for garbage reception facilities in ports, for an annual rate of investment of $84 million over the period 1993-2000. Oil spill response materials for the 100 countries not yet so equipped would average about $3.5 million per country or $350 million total, giving $50 million per year. The additional costs for technical cooperation and capacity building amount to $38 million per year. These costing do not include the additional costs (approximately $20 million each) for constructing tankers to the new double hull standard, which will be absorbed by the tanker owners. 10. Such as the World Maritime University, Malm, the International Maritime Law Institute, Malta and the International Maritime Academy, Trieste. 11. For sewage treatment, see also chapter II.10 Protection of the Quality and Supply of Freshwater Resources. 12. Cooperative research programmes are needed on subjects such as: a. Species life cycles and migration, identifying critical areas and life stages. b. Effects of utilization and of changes, including climate changes, on the resources. c. Linkages between EEZs and high seas resources. d. The concept of large marine ecosystems and its potential for practical application in existing ocean management regimes. 13. The catalytic funding of $12 million per year required to improve high seas fisheries management has been costed on the basis of the activities listed in the action programme. However the principal costs of the investment needed to put high seas fisheries on a more sustainable basis ($300 million per year) have only been estimated as a pro-rata share of 5% of the costs described in note 14 below, since this is the high seas share of global ocean fisheries. 14. See also chapter IV.9 Providing Data and Information for Sustainable Development. 15. The catalytic funding of $60 million per year required by developing countries has been estimated based on the activities listed in the action programme. These include the cost of primary technical assistance, policy and technical advice to governments, improved data systems, policy and technical guidelines, training, meetings, demonstration projects, and additional support to NGOs, the regional bodies and international agencies to back up this effort. These costings do not include principal costs such as capital costs, heavy investments (e.g. research vessels or patrol boats), pre-investment studies, long-term training, etc. which would be many times higher than the catalytic costs. While there is no sound basis for estimating these principal costs, they must be funded if the catalytic expenses are to be justified. The crude estimation of $6 billion per year provided was derived from a global macroeconomic approach to give an order of magnitude figure. Total principal expenses required to restructure world fisheries on a sustainable basis by reducing world fishing effort come to over $100 billion, not counting a third as much required to reduce overcapitalization in large fleets; if the reconversion is spread over 20 years it would require $6 billion per year, but would save three times that amount in reduced losses from overinvestment. Pre-financing of the reconversion, including the additional amount for fleet reduction, would be necessary since the industry is too weak financially to start the process. 16. Related activities are covered in chapter IV.9 Providing Data and Information for Sustainable Development. 17. The activities in this section are closely related and complementary to those on climate change in chapter II.1 Protecting the Atmosphere. 18. Some suggested research priorities are: a. Living resources potential including species life cycles and migration to identify critical areas and life stages. b. Optimal fishing regimes and acceptable levels of exploitation. c. Sources, fates and effects of all forms of chemical pollution and toxic phytoplankton blooms in coastal ecosystems. d. Human health related to consumption of fishery products from marine and coastal ecosystems. e. Development of appropriate and new marine technologies to utilise under-exploited resources, and for aquaculture, food processing and pollution control. f. Utilization of marine environmental accountancy as a management tool. g. Response of critical or sensitive marine ecosystems to coastal sustainable development and rehabilitation strategies for degraded areas. h. Marine ecosystem functioning and resilience under stress. i. The role of ocean circulation and upwelling in heat, nutrient and pollutant transport and their effects. j. Development of species information useful as indicators of significant changes in ocean systems, and improvement of correlations between biological and physical oceanographic data. 19. Such as those under the United Nations system-wide Earthwatch. See chapter IV.9 Providing data and information for sustainable development. 20. For data and information activities, GOOS is presently estimated to require over $600 million annually, largely in national expenditures, in full operation, not counting new satellite systems and development costs, compared to present annual costs for oceanic observations of $50 million. Of this amount, at least $360 million would be for open ocean observations largely by developed countries, and $240 million for EEZ observations shared by 100 coastal countries. Assuming that half of this relates to developing countries and that these costs are shared equally with the international community, about $60 million will be needed annually in international support to developing countries. Present international organization costs of $1 million should be increased to $5 million for the full implementation of GOOS. Major research proposals under other oceans headings will also address critical uncertainties concerning marine resources and their exploitation. 21. The following are suggestions for strengthening human resources in the marine sciences in developing countries: a. Use an interdisciplinary approach to teaching and training in marine science and ocean observation. b. Make technical training more accessible to developing countries through new educational techniques such as computer-aided learning, expert systems, distance teaching, and multi-media learning packages. c. Establish, on a national or regional basis, continuing education and training for professionals and support staff. d. Provide the necessary institutional and financial support to maintain a core of trained marine professionals and technical support staff to undertake research and systematic observations; provide the scientific basis for management decisions; make scientific inputs to assessments of climate change impacts and response strategies; and train students to continue high-quality indigenous capabilities. e. Increase the availability of information on ocean issues to decision-makers, teachers, women, indigenous people, local communities and others. 22. United Nations system-wide agendas and supporting documentation should be prepared on: a. General policies, planning and needs for coordinated effort, such as integrated coastal area management and national capacity building. b. Review of impediments to implementation and enforcement of global and regional agreements, and of developments in international law such as liability regimes and dispute settlement. c. Review of assistance to developing countries and of needed collaboration with development assistance and donor agencies, non-governmental organizations and the private sector. 23. PrepCom III, in its discussions of fragile ecosystems under land resources as well as the oceans discussion, expressed considerable interest in the problems of small islands. The Secretary-General therefore decided to add a programme area on islands within the oceans and coastal areas theme. It should logically follow programme area A on coastal area management and development. NOTES ON TEXT ORIGINS To facilitate cross-referencing earlier documents, the following notes to each paragraph in the text give the paragraph numbers in the compilation document from which the text was derived. The compilation document in turn shows which wordings came from PC/42/Add.6, from text proposed by delegations during PrepCom III, or from submissions by delegations up to 15 October 1991. Text condensed from the compilation document is indicated as "edited"; text to which new wordings have been added while retaining the basic idea is indicated as "revised". Minor editorial changes not affecting the sense of the text are not separately noted. New material prepared by the Secretariat on the basis of inputs from many sources is indicated either as additions or as new paragraphs. 1. Note by the Secretariat 2. Note by the Secretariat 3. Note by the Secretariat 4. 1,2,3 edited and revised 5. 4 edited and revised with additions 6. 4 edited and revised 7. 5 edited 8. 7,6 edited 9. 8 revised 10. 11 revised 11. 4 edited and revised 12. 12 edited with additions 12a. 12a revised 12b. Appendix II(16) edited 12c. 12 edited with additions 12d. 12b edited 12e. 12c edited 12f. 27bis(e) edited 12g. 12c edited 12h. 12c edited and revised 12i. 12d edited 12j. 12e edited and revised with additions 12k. 12f edited and revised 13. 13, 13bis edited and revised 13a. New 13b. 13 edited 13c. 13, 13a, 13bis a, 13bis b edited and revised with additions 13d. 13a edited 13e. 13c edited 13f. 13d edited and revised 13g. Annex III (VIII) edited 14. 16 edited and revised 14a. 16b edited 14b. 16c edited and revised 14c. 16d edited and revised 14d. Appendix II edited 14e. 16e edited with additions from Appendix II 14f. New 15. 14a 15a. 14a edited 15b. New and 14b edited 15c. 14c edited and revised 15d. 15 edited 15e. 15 edited and revised 16. New 17. New 18. 20b edited and revised 19. New 20. 18, 19e revised with additions 21a. 17 revised with additions 21b. 17a revised with additions 21c. 17b edited and revised 21d. New 21e. 17c edited 22. 19 edited and revised 22a. 19a edited 22b. 19b revised 22c. 19c edited 22d. New 22e. 19d revised 23. 21 edited and revised 24. 22, 26 edited and revised 25. 23 edited and revised 26. 24, 25 edited and revised 27. 28 edited 28. 29 revised 28a. 29a 28b. 29b 28c. 30a edited 29a. 32b, 29 edited and revised 29b. 32c edited with additions 29c. 49a, 49b edited 29d. 43a, 43b revised 29e. 39a edited 29f. 39c edited 30. 33 edited with additions 30a. 33a 30b. 33b with additions 30c. 33c edited with additions 31. New 32. 34 edited and revised with additions 33a. 35a edited and revised 33b. 35b edited and revised 33c. 35c edited and revised with additions from UNEP expert consultation 33d. 35d revised 33e. 35e edited and revised 33f. 35f revised 33g. 35g edited 34. 36 34a. 36a 34b. 36b revised with additions 34c. New 34d. 36c edited and revised with additions from UNEP expert consultation 34e. 36d revised with additions from UNEP expert consultation 35a. 37a 35b. 37b edited 35c. 37d edited 35d. New 36. 39 with additions 36a. 39, 39a, 39b edited and revised 36b. 39 edited 36c. 44 edited 36d. 39c edited and revised 36e. 39d revised 37. 41 37a. 41 edited and revised 37b. 41 edited 37c. 40 edited 37d. New 38a. 39a, 42 edited 38b. 42a 38c. 42b 38d. 42b 38e. 42c edited and revised 39. 43a 40. 43b edited and revised 41. 44 edited and revised 42. 46 edited 43. 47, 48 edited and revised 43a. New 43b. New 43c. 48c with additions 43d. 49c edited and revised with additions 43e. 48a, 49c edited and revised with additions 43f. 48b 43g. New 44. 52bis edited 45. 53 edited 46. New 47. New 48. New 49. 55 with additions 50. New 51. New 52. New 53. 54 revised 54. 56a edited and revised with additions from UNEP expert consultation 55. Note by the Secretariat 56. Note by the Secretariat on 87, 88 and Annex III 57. Note by the Secretariat on 69, 92, 93 and Annex III 58. Note by the Secretariat on 96b and Annex III 59. Note by the Secretariat on 81 and Annex III 60. Note by the Secretariat on 82 61. 59 edited and revised with additions 62. 62, 63, 64A, 67 edited and revised with additions 63. 70 edited and revised with additions 64. 66bis revised 65. 77 edited and revised with additions 66. 70, 70(a) edited 66a. 70b edited and revised with additions from Addendum 1 66b. 90, 91bis edited and revised 66c. 89 edited and revised 66d. 70d with additions from Annex III 66e. 72A, 72B edited and revised 67. 86 68. 96bis edited 69. 65 revised 69a. 65 revised 69b. 73 edited with additions 69c. 76 edited 70. 94 revised with additions 71. 95a edited 72. 96b, 96c edited 73. 95 edited with additions 74. 96 edited and revised (for remainder of 96 see note 11) 75. 96d edited 76. New 77. New 78. New 79. New 80. New 81. 60 revised 82. 61 revised 83. 62, 63, 64 (alternative A) and 67 revised with additions 84. 68 revised with additions 85. New 86. 100 revised 87. 104 revised 88. New 89. 71 revised and 70e 90. New 91. 102 revised 92. New 92a. 97, 117 edited and revised 92b. 72A, 72B edited and revised 92c. 97 edited 92d. 105 edited 92e. 121, 119 edited and revised 92f. 120 revised 92g. 104 edited and revised 92h. 119 edited with additions 92i. New 93a. 116 edited with additions 93b. 117 edited 93c. 117 revised 93d. 106 edited 93e. 98 revised with additions from Annex III 93f. 98 revised 93g. New 93h. 58 revised 94. 99 with additions 95. New 96a. 65 revised 96b. 73 with additions 96c. 76 edited 97a. 100 revised 97b. 101 revised 97c. 103 edited 98. New 98a. 107 edited and revised 98b. 111 edited 98c. 112 edited with additions 98d. 125A edited and revised with additions 98e. 107 revised 99. 108 edited 99a. 107 revised 99b. 108 edited and revised 99c. 108 edited and revised 99d. 109 revised 100. 110 with additions 101. 119 edited and revised with additions 102. New 103. 125 revised 104. 118 edited 105. 114 edited 106. 115 edited and revised 107a. 107 edited 107b. 83a edited and revised 107c. 83b edited 107d. New 108. New 109. 112 edited and revised 110. 126 edited and revised 111. 127 with additions 112. New 113. 128 edited 113a. 128a 113b. 128b edited 113c. 128c edited 113d. 128d edited 113e. 126 edited and revised 114. 129 edited 115. 130 edited (for remainder of 130 see note 17) 116. 131 revised with additions 116a. 132a revised 116b. 132b revised 116c. 132b revised 116d. 132c edited 117. New 117a. 133b edited 117b. New 118. 134 edited 118a. 134 edited 118b. 134a edited 118c. 134b revised 118d. New 119. 135 edited and revised 120. New and 133a edited 121. New 122. New 123. New 124. New 125. 136 revised with additions 126. 137 edited 127. 138 edited 128. 141a edited 129. 141b edited 130. 141c edited 131. 141d edited 132. 142(i) edited 132a. 142(ii) 132b. 142(iii) 132c. 142 (iv) 132d. 134f with additions 132e. 134d edited 132f. 134e edited 132g. New 133. 139 edited 134. 140 edited 135. New 135a. 143(i) edited 135b. 143(ii) edited 135c. 143(iv) edited 135d. New 136. New 136a. 144(i) edited 136b. 144(ii) edited 136c. New 136d. New 136e. 144(iii) edited and revised 137. 144(iv) revised with additions (for remainder of 144(iv) see note 20) 138. New 139. New 140. New 141. New 142. New 143. New 144. New 145. New 146. New 146a. 19d revised with additions 146b-g. New 147. New 148. New 149. New 150. New 151. New 152. New Note 3. 18 edited and revised with additions Note 12. 96, 96a edited and revised with additions Note 18. 130, a-e edited with additions Note 21. 144(iv)a-c edited END OF DOCUMENT-II