*Turkey, Geography

Location:
  Southeastern Europe/Southwest Asia, bordering the Mediterranean Sea and
  Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Iran
Map references:
  Africa, Europe, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
 total area:
  780,580 km2
 land area:
  770,760 km2
 comparative area:
  slightly larger than Texas
Land boundaries:
  total 2,627 km, Armenia 268 km, Azerbaijan 9 km, Bulgaria 240 km, Georgia
  252 km, Greece 206 km, Iran 499 km, Iraq 331 km, Syria 822 km
Coastline:
  7,200 km
Maritime claims:
 exclusive economic zone:
  in Black Sea only - to the maritime boundary agreed upon with the former
  USSR
 territorial sea:
  6 nm in the Aegean Sea,
  12 nm in the Black Sea and in the Mediterranean Sea
International disputes:
  complex maritime and air (but not territorial) disputes with Greece in
  Aegean Sea; Cyprus question; Hatay question with Syria; ongoing dispute with
  downstream riparians (Syria and Iraq) over water development plans for the
  Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
Climate:
  temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher in interior
Terrain:
  mostly mountains; narrow coastal plain; high central plateau (Anatolia)
Natural resources:
  antimony, coal, chromium, mercury, copper, borate, sulphur, iron ore
Land use:
 arable land:
  30%
 permanent crops:
  4%
 meadows and pastures:   12%
 forest and woodland:
  26%
 other:
  28%
Irrigated land:
  22,200 km2 (1989 est.)
Environment:
  subject to severe earthquakes, especially along major river valleys in west;
  air pollution; desertification
Note:
  strategic location controlling the Turkish straits (Bosporus, Sea of
  Marmara, Dardanelles) that link Black and Aegean Seas

*Turkey, People

Population:
  60,897,841 (July 1993 est.)
Population growth rate:
  2.07% (1993 est.)
Birth rate:
  26.62 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)
Death rate:
  5.97 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)
Net migration rate:
  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
  52 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
 total population:
  70.41 years
 male:
  68.11 years
 female:
  72.82 years (1993 est.)
Total fertility rate:
  3.3 children born/woman (1993 est.)
Nationality:
 noun:
  Turk(s)
 adjective:
  Turkish
Ethnic divisions:
  Turkish 80%, Kurdish 20% (est.)
Religions:
  Muslim 99.8% (mostly Sunni), other 0.2% (Christian and Jews)
Languages:
  Turkish (official), Kurdish, Arabic
Literacy:
  age 15 and over can read and write (1990)
 total population:
  81%
 male:
  90%  female:
  71%
Labor force:
  20.7 million
 by occupation:
  agriculture 50%, services 35%, industry 15%
 note:
  about 1,800,000 Turks work abroad (1991)

*Turkey, Government

Names:
 conventional long form:
  Republic of Turkey
 conventional short form:
  Turkey
 local long form:
  Turkiye Cumhuriyeti
 local short form:
  Turkiye
Digraph:
  TU
Type:
  republican parliamentary democracy
Capital:
  Ankara
Administrative divisions:
  73 provinces (iller, singular - il); Adana, Adiyaman, Afyon, Agri, Aksaray,
  Amasya, Ankara, Antalya, Artvin, Aydin, Balikesir, Batman, Bayburt, Bilecik,
  Bingol, Bitlis, Bolu, Burdur, Bursa, Canakkale, Cankiri, Corum, Denizli,
  Diyarbakir, Edirne, Elazig, Erzincan, Erzurum, Eskisehir, Gaziantep,
  Giresun, Gumushane, Hakkari, Hatay, Icel, Isparta, Istanbul, Izmir, Kahraman
  Maras, Karaman, Kars, Kastamonu, Kayseri, Kirikkale, Kirklareli, Kirsehir,
  Kocaeli, Konya, Kutahya, Malatya, Manisa, Mardin, Mugla, Mus, Nevsehir,
  Nigde, Ordu, Rize, Sakarya, Samsun, Siirt, Sinop, Sirnak, Sivas, Tekirdag,
  Tokat, Trabzon, Tunceli, Urfa, Usak, Van, Yozgat, Zonguldak
Independence:
  29 October 1923 (successor state to the Ottoman Empire)
Constitution:
  7 November 1982
Legal system:
  derived from various continental legal systems; accepts compulsory ICJ
  jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday:
  Anniversary of the Declaration of the Republic, 29 October (1923)
Political parties and leaders:
  Correct Way Party (DYP), Suleyman DEMIREL; Motherland Party (ANAP), Mesut
  YILMAZ; Social Democratic Populist Party (SHP), Erdal INONU; Refah Party
  (RP), Necmettin ERBAKAN; Democratic Left Party (DSP), Bulent ECEVIT;
  Nationalist Labor Party (MCP), Alpaslan TURKES; People's Labor Party (HEP),
  Ahmet TURK; Socialist Unity Party (SBP), Saden AREN; Democratic Center Party
  (DSP), Bedrettin DALAN; Republican People's Party (CHP), Deniz BAYKAL;
  Workers' Party (IP), Dogu PERINCEK; National Party (MP), Aykut EDIBALI
Other political or pressure groups:   Turkish Confederation of Labor (TURK-IS), Sevket YILMAZ
Suffrage:
  21 years of age; universal
Elections:
 Grand National Assembly:
  last held 20 October 1991 (next to be held NA October 1996); results - DYP
  27.03%, ANAP 24.01%, SHP 20.75%, RP 16.88%, DSP 10.75%, SBP 0.44%,
  independent 0.14%; seats - (450 total) DYP 178, ANAP 115, SHP 86, RP 40, MCP
  19, DSP 7, other 5
Executive branch:
  president, Presidential Council, prime minister, deputy prime minister,
  Cabinet
Legislative branch:
  unicameral Grand National Assembly (Buyuk Millet Meclisi)
Judicial branch:
  Court of Cassation

*Turkey, Government

Leaders:
 Chief of State:
  President Suleyman DEMIREL (since 16 May 1993)
 Head of Government:
  Prime Minister Tansu CILLER (since NA June 1993)
Member of:
  AsDB, BIS, BSEC, CCC, CE, CERN (observer), COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, ECO, FAO,
  GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,
  INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, NACC,
  NATO, NEA, OECD, OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNRWA,
  UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US:
 chief of mission:
  Ambassador Nuzhet KANDEMIR
 chancery:
  1714 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
 telephone:
  (202) 659-8200
 consulates general:
  Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, and New York
US diplomatic representation:
 chief of mission:
  Ambassador Richard C. BARKLEY
 embassy:
  110 Ataturk Boulevard, Ankara
 mailing address:
  PSC 88, Box 5000, Ankara, or APO AE 09823
 telephone:
  [90] (4) 426 54 70
 FAX:
  [90] (4) 467-0057 and 0019
 consulates general:
  Istanbul and Izmir
 consulate:
  Adana
Flag:
  red with a vertical white crescent (the closed portion is toward the hoist
  side) and white five-pointed star centered just outside the crescent opening

*Turkey, Economy

Overview:
  After an impressive economic performance through most of the 1980s, Turkey
  has experienced erratic rates of economic growth since 1988 - ranging from a
  high of 9.2% in 1990 to a low of 0.9% in 1991. Strong consumer demand and
  increased public investment led the way to a strong 5.9% growth in 1992.
  Chronic high inflation is Turkey's most serious economic problem, leading to
  high interest rates and the rapid depreciation of the Turkish lira. The huge
  public sector deficit - about 12% of GDP - and the Treasury's heavy reliance
  on Central Bank financing of the deficit are the major causes of Turkish
  inflation. Meanwhile, wage increases in both the public and private sector
  have outpaced productivity gains, limited the government's ability to reduce
  current expenditures, and hindered the return to profitability of many
  private companies. Agriculture remains an important economic sector,
  employing about half of the work force, contributing 18% to GDP, and
  accounting for about 20% of exports. The government has launched a
  multibillion-dollar development program in the southeastern region, which
  includes the building of a dozen dams on the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers to
  generate electric power and irrigate large tracts of farmland. The Turkish
  economy will probably continue to grow faster than the West European average
  in 1993, but the shaky coalition government of Prime Minister DEMIREL -
  which has seen its parliamentary majority shrink from 36 to 11 seats during
  its first year in power - is unlikely to risk further erosion of its support
  by implementing the belt-tightening measures necessary to substantially
  reduce inflation.
National product:
  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $219 billion (1992)
National product real growth rate:
  5.9% (1992)
National product per capita:
  $3,670 (1992)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  70% (1992)
Unemployment rate:
  11.1% (1992 est.)
Budget:
  revenues $40.5 billion; expenditures $46.8 billion, including capital
  expenditures of $5.5 billion (1993)
Exports:
  $13.7 billion (f.o.b., 1991)
 commodities:
  manufactured goods 69%, foodstuffs 22%, fuels 2%
 partners:
  EC countries 51%, US 7%, Iran 5%, former USSR 5%
Imports:
  $21.1 billion (c.i.f., 1991)
 commodities:
  manufactured goods 61%, foodstuffs 8%, fuels 21%
 partners:   EC countries 44%, US 12%, former USSR 5%
External debt:
  $48.7 billion (1991)
Industrial production:
  growth rate 3.2% (1991 est.); accounts for 28% of GDP
Electricity:
  14,400,000 kW capacity; 44,000 million kWh produced, 750 kWh per capita
  (1991)
Industries:
  textiles, food processing, mining (coal, chromite, copper, boron minerals),
  steel, petroleum, construction, lumber, paper

*Turkey, Economy

Agriculture:
  accounts for 18% of GDP and employs about half of working force; products -
  tobacco, cotton, grain, olives, sugar beets, pulses, citrus fruit, variety
  of animal products; self-sufficient in food most years
Illicit drugs:
  major transit route for Southwest Asian heroin and hashish to Western Europe
  and the US via air, land, and sea routes; major Turkish, Iranian, and other
  international trafficking organizations operate out of Istanbul;
  laboratories to convert imported morphine base into heroin have sprung up in
  remote regions of Turkey as well as near Istanbul; government maintains
  strict controls over areas of legal opium poppy cultivation and output of
  poppy straw concentrate
Economic aid:
  US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $2.3 billion; Western (non-US)
  countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $10.1 billion; OPEC
  bilateral aid (1979-89), $665 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $4.5
  billion; note - aid for Persian Gulf war efforts from coalition allies
  (1991), $4.1 billion; aid pledged for Turkish Defense Fund, $2.5 billion
Currency:
  1 Turkish lira (TL) = 100 kurus
Exchange rates:
  Turkish liras (TL) per US$1 - 8,814.3 (January 1993), 6,872.4 (1992),
  4,171.8 (1991), 2,608.6 (1990), 2,121.7 (1989), 1,422.3 (1988)
Fiscal year:
  calendar year

*Turkey, Communications

Railroads:
  8,429 km 1.435-meter gauge (including 795 km electrified)
Highways:
  320,611 km total; 138 km limited access expressways, 31,062 km national
  (main) roads, 27,853 km regional (secondary) roads, 261,558 km local and
  municipal roads; 45,526 km of hard surfaced roads (of which about 27,000 km
  are paved and about 18,500 km are surfaced with gravel or crushed stone)
  (1988 est.)
Inland waterways:
  about 1,200 km
Pipelines:
  crude oil 1,738 km, petroleum products 2,321 km, natural gas 708 km
Ports:
  Iskenderun, Istanbul, Mersin, Izmir
Merchant marine:
  353 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,825,274 GRT/6,628,207 DWT; includes
  7 short-sea passenger, 1 passenger-cargo, 189 cargo, 1 container, 6
  roll-on/roll-off cargo, 2 refrigerated cargo, 1 livestock carrier, 39 oil
  tanker, 10 chemical tanker, 3 liquefied gas, 9 combination ore/oil, 2
  specialized tanker, 80 bulk, 3 combination bulk
Airports:
 total:
  110
 usable:
  102
 with permanent-surface runways:
  65
 with runways over 3,659 m:
  3
 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
  32
 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
  26
Telecommunications:
  fair domestic and international systems; trunk radio relay microwave
  network; limited open wire network; 3,400,000 telephones; broadcast stations
  - 15 AM; 94 FM; 357 TV; 1 satellite ground station operating in the INTELSAT
  (2 Atlantic Ocean antennas) and EUTELSAT systems; 1 submarine cable

*Turkey, Defense Forces

Branches:
  Land Forces, Navy (including Naval Air and Naval Infantry), Air Force, Coast
  Guard, Gendarmerie
Manpower availability:
  males age 15-49 15,691,874; fit for military service 9,579,453; reach
  military age (20) annually 604,816 (1993 est.)
Defense expenditures:
  exchange rate conversion - $5.6 billion, 3.9% of GDP (1992)