*Bosnia and Herzegovina, Geography

Location:
  Southeastern Europe, on the Balkan Peninsula, between Croatia and Serbia and
  Montenegro
Map references:
  Africa, Arctic Region, Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe, Standard
  Time Zones of the World
Area:
 total area:
  51,233 km2
 land area:
  51,233 km2
 comparative area:
  slightly larger than Tennessee
Land boundaries:
  total 1,369 km, Croatia (northwest) 751 km, Croatia (south) 91 km, Serbia
  and Montenegro 527 km (312 km with Serbia; 215 km with Montenegro)
Coastline:
  20 km
Maritime claims:
 continental shelf:
  200 m depth
 exclusive economic zone:
  12 nm
 exclusive fishing zone:
  12 nm
 territorial sea:
  12 nm
International disputes:
  Serbia and Montenegro and Croatia seek to cantonize Bosnia and Herzegovina;
  Muslim majority being forced from many areas
Climate:
  hot summers and cold winters; areas of high elevation have short, cool
  summers and long, severe winters; mild, rainy winters along coast
Terrain:
  mountains and valleys
Natural resources:
  coal, iron, bauxite, manganese, timber, wood products, copper, chromium,
  lead, zinc
Land use:
 arable land:   20%
 permanent crops:
  2%
 meadows and pastures:
  25%
 forest and woodland:
  36%
 other:
  17%
Irrigated land:
  NA km2
Environment:
  air pollution from metallurgical plants; water scarce; sites for disposing
  of urban waste are limited; subject to frequent and destructive earthquakes

*Bosnia and Herzegovina, People

Population:
  4,618,804 (July 1993 est.)
 note:
  all data dealing with population is subject to considerable error because of
  the dislocations caused by military action and ethnic cleansing
Population growth rate:
  0.72% (1993 est.)
Birth rate:
  13.54 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)
Death rate:
  6.38 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)
Net migration rate:
  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
  13.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
 total population:
  74.8 years
 male:
  72.11 years
 female:
  77.67 years (1993 est.)
Total fertility rate:
  1.62 children born/woman (1993 est.)
Nationality:
 noun:
  Bosnian(s), Herzegovinian(s)
 adjective:
  Bosnian, Herzegovinian
Ethnic divisions:
  Muslim 44%, Serb 31%, Croat 17%, other 8%
Religions:
  Muslim 40%, Orthodox 31%, Catholic 15%, Protestant 4%, other 10%
Languages:
  Serbo-Croatian 99%
Literacy:
 total population:   NA%
 male:
  NA%
 female:
  NA%
Labor force:
  1,026,254
 by occupation:
  agriculture 2%, industry, mining 45% (1991 est.)

*Bosnia and Herzegovina, Government

Names:
 conventional long form:
  Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
 conventional short form:
  Bosnia and Herzegovina
 local long form:
  Republika Bosna i Hercegovina
 local short form:
  Bosna i Hercegovina
Digraph:
  BK
Type:
  emerging democracy
Capital:
  Sarajevo
Administrative divisions:
  109 districts (opcine, singular - opcina) Banovici, Banja Luka, Bihac,
  Bijeljina, Bileca, Bosanska Dubica, Bosanska Graaiskia, Bosanska Krupa,
  Bosanski Brod, Bosanski Novi, Bosanski Petrovac, Bosanski Samac, Bosansko
  Grahovo, Bratunac, Brcko, Breza, Bugojno, Busovaca, Cazin, Cajilice,
  Capljina, Celinac, Citluk, Derventa, Duboj, Donji Vakuf, Foca, Fojnica,
  Gacko, Glamoc, Gorazde Gornji Vakuf, Gracanica, Gradacac, Grude, Han Pijesak
  Jablanica, Jajce, Kakanj, Kalesija, Kalinovik, Kiseljak, Kladanj, Kljuc,
  Konjic, Kotor Varos, Kresevo, Kupres, Laktasi, Listica, Livno, Lopare,
  Lukavac, Ljubinje, Ljubuski, Maglaj, Modrica, Mostar, Mrkonjic Grad, Neum,
  Nevesinje, Odzak, Olovo, Orasje, Posusje, Prijedor, Prnjavor, Prozor,
  (Pucarevo) Novi Travnik, Rogatica, Rudo, Sanski Most, Sarajevo-Centar,
  Sarajevo-Hadzici, Sarajevo-Ilidza, Sarajevo-Ilijas, Sarajevo-Novi Grad,
  Sarajevo-Novo, Sarajevo-Pale, Sarajevo-Stari Grad, Sarajevo-Trnovo,
  Sarajevo-Vogosca, Skender Vakuf, Sokolac, Srbac, Srebrenica, Srebrenik,
  Stoloc, Sekovici, Sipovo, Teslic, Tesanj, (Titov Drvar) Drvar, Duvno,
  Travnik, Trebinje, Tuzla, Ugljevik, Vare, Velika Kladusa, Visoko, Visegrad,
  Vitez Vlasenica, Zavidovici, Zenica, Zvornik, Zepce, Zivinice
 note:
  currently under negotiation with the assistance of international mediators
Independence:
  NA April 1992 (from Yugoslavia)
Constitution:
  NA
Legal system:
  based on civil law system
National holiday:   NA
Political parties and leaders:
  Party of Democratic Action (SDA), Mirsad CEMAN; Croatian Democratic Union of
  Bosnia and Herzegovina (HDZ BiH), Mate BOBAN; Serbian Democratic Party of
  Bosnia and Herzegovina (SDS BiH), Radovan KARADZIC, president;
  Muslim-Bosnian Organization (MBO), Adil ZULFIKARPASIC, president; Democratic
  Party of Socialists (DSS), Nijaz DURAKOVIC, president; Party of Democratic
  Changes, leader NA; Serbian Movement for Renewal (SPO), Milan TRIVUNCIC;
  Alliance of Reform Forces of Yugoslavia for Bosnia and Herzegovina (SRSJ
  BiH), Dr. Nenad KECMANOVIC, president; Democratic League of Greens (DSZ),
  Drazen PETROVIC; Liberal Party (LS), Rasim KADIC, president
Other political or pressure groups:
  NA
Suffrage:
  16 years of age, if employed; 18 years of age, universal

*Bosnia and Herzegovina, Government

Elections:
 Chamber of Municipalities:
  last held November-December 1990 (next to be held NA); seats - (110 total)
  SDA 43, SDS BiH 38, HDZ BiH 23, Party of Democratic Changes 4, DSS 1, SPO 1
 Chamber of Citizens:
  last held NA 1990 (next to be held NA); seats - (130 total) SDA 43, SDS BiH
  34, HDZ BiH 21, Party of Democratic Changes 15, SRSJ BiH 12, MBO 2, DSS 1,
  DSZ 1, LS 1
Executive branch:
  collective presidency, prime minister, deputy prime ministers, cabinet
Legislative branch:
  bicameral National Assembly consists of an upper house or Chamber of
  Municipalities (Vijece Opeina) and a lower house or Chamber of Citizens
  (Vijece Gradanstvo)
Judicial branch:
  Supreme Court, Constitutional Court
Leaders:
 Chief of State:
  President Alija IZETBEGOVIC (since NA December 1990), other members of the
  collective presidency: Ejup GANIC (since NA), Miro LASIC (since NA December
  1992), Mirko PEJANOVIC (since NA), Tatjana LJUJIC-MIJATOVIC (since NA
  December 1992), Fikret ABDIC
 Head of Government:
  Prime Minister Mile AKMADZIC (since NA October 1992); Deputy Prime Minister
  Zlatko LAGUMDZIJA (since NA); Deputy Prime Minister Miodrag SIMOVIC (since
  NA); Deputy Prime Minister Hadzo EFENDIC (since NA)
Member of:
  CEI, CSCE, ECE, UN, UNCTAD, WHO
Diplomatic representation in US:
 chief of mission:
  NA
 chancery:
  NA
 telephone:
  NA
US diplomatic representation:   the US maintains full diplomatic relations with Bosnia and
Herzegovina but
  has not yet established an embassy in Serajevo
Flag:
  white with a large blue shield; the shield contains white Roman crosses with
  a white diagonal band running from the upper hoist corner to the lower fly
  side

*Bosnia and Herzegovina, Economy

Overview:
  Bosnia and Herzegovina ranked next to Macedonia as the poorest republic in
  the old Yugoslav federation. Although agriculture has been almost all in
  private hands, farms have been small and inefficient, and the republic
  traditionally has been a net importer of food. Industry has been greatly
  overstaffed, one reflection of the rigidities of Communist central planning
  and management. Tito had pushed the development of military industries in
  the republic with the result that Bosnia hosted a large share of
  Yugoslavia's defense plants. As of March 1993, Bosnia and Herzegovina was
  being torn apart by the continued bitter interethnic warfare that has caused
  production to plummet, unemployment and inflation to soar, and human misery
  to multiply. No reliable economic statistics for 1992 are available,
  although output clearly fell below the already depressed 1991 level.
National product:
  GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $14 billion (1991 est.)
National product real growth rate:
  -37% (1991 est.)
National product per capita:
  $3,200 (1991 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  80% per month (1991)
Unemployment rate:
  28% (February 1992 est.)
Budget:
  revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
Exports:
  $2,054 million (1990)
 commodities:
  manufactured goods 31%, machinery and transport equipment 20.8%, raw
  materials 18%, miscellaneous manufactured articles 17.3%, chemicals 9.4%,
  fuel and lubricants 1.4%, food and live animals 1.2%
 partners:
  principally the other former Yugoslav republics
Imports:
  $1,891 million (1990)
 commodities:
  fuels and lubricants 32%, machinery and transport equipment 23.3%, other
  manufactures 21.3%, chemicals 10%, raw materials 6.7%, food and live animals
  5.5%, beverages and tobacco 1.9%
 partners:
  principally the other former Yugoslav republics
External debt:
  $NA
Industrial production:
  growth rate NA%, but production is sharply down because of interethnic and
  interrepublic warfare (1991-92)
Electricity:
  3,800,000 kW capacity; 7,500 million kWh produced, 1,700 kWh per capita
  (1992)
Industries:
  steel production, mining (coal, iron ore, lead, zinc, manganese, and
  bauxite), manufacturing (vehicle assembly, textiles, tobacco products,
  wooden furniture, 40% of former Yugoslavia's armaments including tank and
  aircraft assembly, domestic appliances), oil refining

*Bosnia and Herzegovina, Economy

Agriculture:
  accounted for 9.0% of GDP in 1989; regularly produces less than 50% of food
  needs; the foothills of northern Bosnia support orchards, vineyards,
  livestock, and some wheat and corn; long winters and heavy precipitation
  leach soil fertility reducing agricultural output in the mountains; farms
  are mostly privately held, small, and not very productive
Illicit drugs:
  NA
Economic aid:
  $NA
Currency:
  Croatian dinar used in ethnic Croat areas, "Yugoslav" dinar used in all
  other areas
Exchange rates:
  NA
Fiscal year:
  calendar year

*Bosnia and Herzegovina, Communications

Railroads:
  NA km
Highways:
  21,168 km total (1991); 11,436 km paved, 8,146 km gravel, 1,586 km earth;
  note - highways now disrupted
Inland waterways:
  NA km
Pipelines:
  crude oil 174 km, natural gas 90 km (1992); note - pipelines now disrupted
Ports:
  coastal - none; inland - Bosanski Brod on the Sava River
Airports:
 total:
  27
 useable:
  22
 with permanent-surface runways:
  8
 with runways over 3659:
  0  with runways 2440-3659 m:
  4
 with runways 1220-2439 m:
  5
Telecommunications:
  telephone and telegraph network is in need of modernization and expansion,
  many urban areas being below average compared with services in other former
  Yugoslav republics; 727,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 9 AM, 2 FM, 6
  TV; 840,000 radios; 1,012,094 TVs; NA submarine coaxial cables; satellite
  ground stations - none

*Bosnia and Herzegovina, Defense Forces

Branches:
  Army
Manpower availability:
  males age 15-49 1,283,576; fit for military service 1,045,512; reach
  military age (19) annually 37,827 (1993 est.)
Defense expenditures:
  $NA, NA% of GDP