:Pakistan Geography Total area: 803,940 km2 Land area: 778,720 km2 Comparative area: slightly less than twice the size of California Land boundaries: 6,774 km total; Afghanistan 2,430 km, China 523 km, India 2,912 km, Iran 909 km Coastline: 1,046 km Maritime claims: Contiguous zone: 24 nm Continental shelf: edge of continental margin or 200 nm Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm Territorial sea: 12 nm Disputes: boundary with India; border question (Durand line); water sharing problems with upstream riparian India over the Indus Climate: mostly hot, dry desert; temperate in northwest; arctic in north Terrain: flat Indus plain in east; mountains in north and northwest; Balochistan plateau in west Natural resources: land, extensive natural gas reserves, limited crude oil, poor quality coal, iron ore, copper, salt, limestone Land use: arable land 26%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 6%; forest and woodland 4%; other 64%; includes irrigated 19% Environment: frequent earthquakes, occasionally severe especially in north and west; flooding along the Indus after heavy rains (July and August); deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; water logging Note: controls Khyber Pass and Malakand Pass, traditional invasion routes between Central Asia and the Indian Subcontinent :Pakistan People Population: 121,664,539 (July 1992), growth rate 2.9% (1992) Birth rate: 43 births/1,000 population (1992) Death rate: 13 deaths/1,000 population (1992) Net migration rate: -1 migrant/1,000 population (1992) Infant mortality rate: 105 deaths/1,000 live births (1992) Life expectancy at birth: 56 years male, 57 years female (1992) Total fertility rate: 6.6 children born/woman (1992) Nationality: noun - Pakistani(s); adjective - Pakistani Ethnic divisions: Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashtun (Pathan), Baloch, Muhajir (immigrants from India and their descendents) Religions: Muslim 97% (Sunni 77%, Shi`a 20%), Christian, Hindu, and other 3% Languages: Urdu and English (both official); total spoken languages - Punjabi 64%, Sindhi 12%, Pashtu 8%, Urdu 7%, Balochi and other 9%; English is lingua franca of Pakistani elite and most government ministries, but official policies are promoting its gradual replacement by Urdu Literacy: 35% (male 47%, female 21%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) Labor force: 28,900,000; agriculture 54%, mining and manufacturing 13%, services 33%; extensive export of labor (1987 est.) Organized labor: about 10% of industrial work force :Pakistan Government Long-form name: Islamic Republic of Pakistan Type: parliamentary with strong executive, federal republic Capital: Islamabad Administrative divisions: 4 provinces, 1 territory*, and 1 capital territory**; Balochistan, Federally Administered Tribal Areas*, Islamabad Capital Territory**, North-West Frontier, Punjab, Sindh; note - the Pakistani-administered portion of the disputed Jammu and Kashmir region includes Azad Kashmir and the Northern Areas Independence: 14 August 1947 (from UK; formerly West Pakistan) Constitution: 10 April 1973, suspended 5 July 1977, restored with amendments, 30 December 1985 Legal system: based on English common law with provisions to accommodate Pakistan's stature as an Islamic state; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations National holiday: Pakistan Day (proclamation of the republic), 23 March (1956) Executive branch: president, prime minister, Cabinet Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament (Majlis-e-Shoora) consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house or National Assembly Judicial branch: Supreme Court, Federal Islamic (Shari`at) Court Leaders: Chief of State: President GHULAM ISHAQ Khan (since 13 December 1988) Head of Government: Prime Minister Mian Nawaz SHARIF (since 6 November 1990) Political parties and leaders: Islamic Democratic Alliance (Islami Jamuri Ittehad or IJI) - the Pakistan Muslim League (PML) led by Mohammed Khan JUNEJO is the main party in the IJI; Pakistan People's Party (PPP), Benazir BHUTTO; note - in September 1990 the PPP announced the formation of the People's Democratic Alliance (PDA), an electoral alliance including the following four parties - PPP, Solidarity Movement (Tehrik Istiqlal), Movement for the Implementation of Shi`a Jurisprudence (Tehrik-i-Nifaz Fiqh Jafariya or TNFJ), and the PML (Malik faction); Muhajir Qaumi Movement (MQM), Altaf HUSSAIN; Awami National Party (ANP), Khan Abdul Wali KHAN; Jamiat-ul-Ulema-i-Islam (JUI), Fazlur RAHMAN; Jamhoori Watan Party (JWP), Mohammad Akbar Khan BUGTI; Pakistan National Party (PNP), Mir Ghaus Bakhsh BIZENJO; Pakistan Khawa Milli Party (PKMP), leader NA; Assembly of Pakistani Clergy (Jamiat-ul-Ulema-e-Pakistan or JUP), Maulana Shah Ahmed NOORANI; Jamaat-i-Islami (JI), Qazi Hussain AHMED Suffrage: universal at age 21 Elections: President: last held on 12 December 1988 (next to be held NA December 1993); results - Ghulam Ishaq KHAN was elected by Parliament and the four provincial assemblies :Pakistan Government Senate: last held March 1991 (next to be held NA March 1994); seats - (87 total) IJI 57, Tribal Area Representatives (nonparty) 8, PPP 5, ANP 5, JWP 4, MQM 3, PNP 2, PKMP 1, JUI 1, independent 1 Elections: National Assembly: last held on 24 October 1990 (next to be held by NA October 1995); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (217 total) IJI 107, PDA 45, MQM 15, ANP 6, JUI 2, JWP 2, PNP 2, PKMP 1, independents 14, religious minorities 10, Tribal Area Representatives (nonparty) 8, vacant 1 Communists: the Communist party is officially banned but is allowed to operate openly Other political or pressure groups: military remains dominant political force; ulema (clergy), industrialists, and small merchants also influential Member of: AsDB, C, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAS (observer), OIC, PCA, SAARC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Abida HUSSAIN; Chancery at 2315 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 939-6200; there is a Pakistani Consulate General in New York US: Ambassador Nicholas PLATT; Embassy at Diplomatic Enclave, Ramna 5, Islamabad (mailing address is P. O. Box 1048, PSC 1212, Box 2000, Islamabad or APO AE 09812-2000); telephone [92] (51) 826161 through 79; FAX [92] (51) 822004; there are US Consulates General in Karachi and Lahore and a Consulate in Peshawar Flag: green with a vertical white band on the hoist side; a large white crescent and star are centered in the green field; the crescent, star, and color green are traditional symbols of Islam :Pakistan Economy Overview: Pakistan is a poor Third World country faced with the usual problems of rapidly increasing population, sizable government deficits, and heavy dependence on foreign aid. In addition, the economy must support a large military establishment and provide for the needs of 4 million Afghan refugees. A real economic growth rate averaging 5-6% in recent years has enabled the country to cope with these problems. Almost all agriculture and small-scale industry is in private hands. In 1990, Pakistan embarked on a sweeping economic liberalization program to boost foreign and domestic private investment and lower foreign aid dependence. The SHARIF government has denationalized several state-owned firms and has attracted some foreign investment. Pakistan likely will have difficulty raising living standards because of its rapidly expanding population. At the current rate of growth, population would double in 25 years. GNP: exchange rate conversion - $45.4 billion, per capita $380; real growth rate 4.8% (FY91 est.) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 12.3% (FY91) Unemployment rate: 10% (FY91 est.) Budget: revenues $6.4 billion; expenditures $10 billion, including capital expenditures of $2.6 billion (FY92 est.) Exports: $6.0 billion (f.o.b., FY91) commodities: cotton, textiles, clothing, rice partners: EC 31%, Japan 9%, US 13% (FY90) Imports: $7.9 billion (f.o.b., FY91) commodities: petroleum, petroleum products, machinery, transportation, equipment, vegetable oils, animal fats, chemicals partners: EC 21%, US 14%, Japan 13% (FY90) External debt: $20.1 billion (1990 est.) Industrial production: growth rate 5.7% (FY91); accounts for almost 20% of GNP Electricity: 8,500,000 kW capacity; 35,000 million kWh produced, 300 kWh per capita (1991) Industries: textiles, food processing, beverages, construction materials, clothing, paper products, shrimp Agriculture: 25% of GNP, over 50% of labor force; world's largest contiguous irrigation system; major crops - cotton, wheat, rice, sugarcane, fruits, and vegetables; live-stock products - milk, beef, mutton, eggs; self-sufficient in food grain Illicit drugs: illicit producer of opium and hashish for the international drug trade; government eradication efforts on poppy cultivation of limited success :Pakistan Economy Economic aid: (including Bangladesh only before 1972) US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $4.5 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-89), $9.1 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $2.3 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $3.2 billion Currency: Pakistani rupee (plural - rupees); 1 Pakistani rupee (PRe) = 100 paisa Exchange rates: Pakistani rupees (PRs) per US$1 - 24.980 (March 1992), 23.801 (1991), 21.707 (1990), 20.541 (1989), 18.003 (1988), 17.399 (1987) Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June :Pakistan Communications Railroads: 8,773 km total; 7,718 km broad gauge, 445 km 1-meter gauge, and 610 km less than 1-meter gauge; 1,037 km broad-gauge double track; 286 km electrified; all government owned (1985) Highways: 101,315 km total (1987); 40,155 km paved, 23,000 km gravel, 29,000 km improved earth, and 9,160 km unimproved earth or sand tracks (1985) Pipelines: crude oil 250 km; natural gas 4,044 km; petroleum products 885 km (1987) Ports: Gwadar, Karachi, Port Muhammad bin Qasim Merchant marine: 28 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 334,227 GRT/495,425 DWT; includes 3 passenger-cargo, 24 cargo, 1 petroleum tanker Civil air: 40 major transport aircraft Airports: 112 total, 104 usable; 75 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m; 31 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 43 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: good international communication service over microwave and INTELSAT satellite; domestic communications poor; 813,000 telephones (1990); broadcast service good; broadcast stations - 19 AM, 8 FM, 29 TV; satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT :Pakistan Defense Forces Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Civil Armed Forces, National Guard Manpower availability: males 15-49, 27,811,099; 17,064,073 fit for military service; 1,287,041 reach military age (17) annually Defense expenditures: exchange rate conversion - $2.9 billion, 6% of GNP (1992 budget)