curs_getch(3X)

NAME
getch, wgetch, mvgetch, mvwgetch, ungetch, has_key - get (or push back) characters from curses terminal keyboard

SYNOPSIS
#include <curses.h>

int getch(void);
int wgetch(WINDOW *win);

int mvgetch(int y, int x);
int mvwgetch(WINDOW *win, int y, int x);

int ungetch(int ch);

/* extension */
int has_key(int ch);

DESCRIPTION

  Reading characters
The getch, wgetch, mvgetch and mvwgetch, routines read a character from the window. In no-delay mode, if no input is waiting, the value ERR is returned. In delay mode, the program waits until the system passes text through to the program. Depending on the setting of cbreak, this is after one character (cbreak mode), or after the first newline (nocbreak mode). In half-delay mode, the program waits until a character is typed or the specified timeout has been reached.

If echo is enabled, and the window is not a pad, then the character will also be echoed into the designated window according to the following rules: If the character is the current erase character, left arrow, or backspace, the cursor is moved one space to the left and that screen position is erased as if delch had been called. If the character value is any other KEY_ define, the user is alerted with a beep call. If the character is a carriage-return, and if nl is enabled, it is translated to a line-feed after echoing. Otherwise the character is simply output to the screen.

If the window is not a pad, and it has been moved or modified since the last call to wrefresh, wrefresh will be called before another character is read.

  Keypad mode

If keypad is TRUE, and a function key is pressed, the token for that function key is returned instead of the raw characters: The predefined function keys are listed in <curses.h> as macros with values outside the range of 8-bit characters. Their names begin with KEY_. Other (user-defined) function keys which may be defined using define_key(3X) have no names, but also are expected to have values outside the range of 8-bit characters.

Thus, a variable intended to hold the return value of a function key must be of short size or larger.

When a character that could be the beginning of a function key is received (which, on modern terminals, means an escape character), curses sets a timer. If the remainder of the sequence does not come in within the designated time, the character is passed through; otherwise, the function key value is returned. For this reason, many terminals experience a delay between the time a user presses the escape key and the escape is returned to the program.

In ncurses, the timer normally expires after the value in ESCDELAY (see curs_variables(3X)). If notimeout is TRUE, the timer does not expire; it is an infinite (or very large) value. Because function keys usually begin with an escape character, the terminal may appear to hang in notimeout mode after pressing the escape key until another key is pressed.

  Ungetting characters

The ungetch routine places ch back onto the input queue to be returned by the next call to wgetch. There is just one input queue for all windows.

  Predefined key-codes
The following special keys are defined in <curses.h>. Except for the special case KEY_RESIZE, it is necessary to enable keypad for getch to return these codes. Not all of these are necessarily supported on any particular terminal. The naming convention may seem obscure, with some apparent misspellings (such as “RSUME” for “resume”). The names correspond to the long terminfo capability names for the keys, and were defined long ago, in the 1980s.

Name | Key name
KEY_BREAK | Break key
KEY_DOWN | The four arrow keys ...
KEY_UP
KEY_LEFT
KEY_RIGHT
KEY_HOME | Home key (upward+left arrow)
KEY_BACKSPACE | Backspace
KEY_F0 | Function keys; space for 64 keys is reserved.
KEY_F(n) | For 0 ≤ n ≤ 63
KEY_DL | Delete line
KEY_IL | Insert line
KEY_DC | Delete character
KEY_IC | Insert char or enter insert mode
KEY_EIC | Exit insert char mode
KEY_CLEAR | Clear screen
KEY_EOS | Clear to end of screen
KEY_EOL | Clear to end of line
KEY_SF | Scroll 1 line forward
KEY_SR | Scroll 1 line backward (reverse)
KEY_NPAGE | Next page
KEY_PPAGE | Previous page
KEY_STAB | Set tab
KEY_CTAB | Clear tab
KEY_CATAB | Clear all tabs
KEY_ENTER | Enter or send
KEY_SRESET | Soft (partial) reset
KEY_RESET | Reset or hard reset
KEY_PRINT | Print or copy
KEY_LL | Home down or bottom (lower left)
KEY_A1 | Upper left of keypad
KEY_A3 | Upper right of keypad
KEY_B2 | Center of keypad
KEY_C1 | Lower left of keypad
KEY_C3 | Lower right of keypad
KEY_BTAB | Back tab key
KEY_BEG | Beg(inning) key
KEY_CANCEL | Cancel key
KEY_CLOSE | Close key
KEY_COMMAND | Cmd (command) key
KEY_COPY | Copy key
KEY_CREATE | Create key
KEY_END | End key
KEY_EXIT | Exit key
KEY_FIND | Find key
KEY_HELP | Help key
KEY_MARK | Mark key
KEY_MESSAGE | Message key
KEY_MOUSE | Mouse event occurred
KEY_MOVE | Move key
KEY_NEXT | Next object key
KEY_OPEN | Open key
KEY_OPTIONS | Options key
KEY_PREVIOUS | Previous object key
KEY_REDO | Redo key
KEY_REFERENCE | Ref(erence) key
KEY_REFRESH | Refresh key
KEY_REPLACE | Replace key
KEY_RESIZE | Screen resized
KEY_RESTART | Restart key
KEY_RESUME | Resume key
KEY_SAVE | Save key
KEY_SBEG | Shifted beginning key
KEY_SCANCEL | Shifted cancel key
KEY_SCOMMAND | Shifted command key
KEY_SCOPY | Shifted copy key
KEY_SCREATE | Shifted create key
KEY_SDC | Shifted delete char key
KEY_SDL | Shifted delete line key
KEY_SELECT | Select key
KEY_SEND | Shifted end key
KEY_SEOL | Shifted clear line key
KEY_SEXIT | Shifted exit key
KEY_SFIND | Shifted find key
KEY_SHELP | Shifted help key
KEY_SHOME | Shifted home key
KEY_SIC | Shifted insert key
KEY_SLEFT | Shifted left arrow key
KEY_SMESSAGE | Shifted message key
KEY_SMOVE | Shifted move key
KEY_SNEXT | Shifted next key
KEY_SOPTIONS | Shifted options key
KEY_SPREVIOUS | Shifted prev key
KEY_SPRINT | Shifted print key
KEY_SREDO | Shifted redo key
KEY_SREPLACE | Shifted replace key
KEY_SRIGHT | Shifted right arrow key
KEY_SRSUME | Shifted resume key
KEY_SSAVE | Shifted save key
KEY_SSUSPEND | Shifted suspend key
KEY_SUNDO | Shifted undo key
KEY_SUSPEND | Suspend key
KEY_UNDO | Undo key

Keypad is arranged like this:
A1 | up | A3
left | B2 | right
C1 | down | C3

A few of these predefined values do not correspond to a real key: KEY_RESIZE is returned when the SIGWINCH signal has been detected (see initscr(3X) and resizeterm(3X)). This code is returned whether or not keypad has been enabled. KEY_MOUSE is returned for mouse-events (see curs_mouse(3X)). This code relies upon whether or not keypad(3X) has been enabled, because (e.g., with xterm(1) mouse prototocol) ncurses must read escape sequences, just like a function key.

  Testing key-codes

The has_key routine takes a key-code value from the above list, and returns TRUE or FALSE according to whether the current terminal type recognizes a key with that value.

The library also supports these extensions:

    define_key
        defines a key-code for a given string (see define_key(3X)).

    key_defined
        checks if there is a key-code defined for a given string (see key_defined(3X)).

RETURN VALUE
All routines return the integer ERR upon failure and an integer value other than ERR (OK in the case of ungetch) upon successful completion.

    ungetch
        returns ERR if there is no more room in the FIFO.

    wgetch
        returns ERR if the window pointer is null, or if its timeout expires without having any data, or if the execution was interrupted by a signal (errno will be set to EINTR).

Functions with a “mv” prefix first perform a cursor movement using wmove, and return an error if the position is outside the window, or if the window pointer is null.

NOTES
Use of the escape key by a programmer for a single character function is discouraged, as it will cause a delay of up to one second while the keypad code looks for a following function-key sequence.

Some keys may be the same as commonly used control keys, e.g., KEY_ENTER versus control/M, KEY_BACKSPACE versus control/H. Some curses implementations may differ according to whether they treat these control keys specially (and ignore the terminfo), or use the terminfo definitions. Ncurses uses the terminfo definition. If it says that KEY_ENTER is control/M, getch will return KEY_ENTER when you press control/M.

Generally, KEY_ENTER denotes the character(s) sent by the Enter key on the numeric keypad: the terminal description lists the most useful keys, the Enter key on the regular keyboard is already handled by the standard ASCII characters for carriage-return and line-feed, depending on whether nl or nonl was called, pressing “Enter” on the regular keyboard may return either a carriage-return or line-feed, and finally “Enter or send” is the standard description for this key.

When using getch, wgetch, mvgetch, or mvwgetch, nocbreak mode (nocbreak) and echo mode (echo) should not be used at the same time. Depending on the state of the tty driver when each character is typed, the program may produce undesirable results.

Note that getch, mvgetch, and mvwgetch may be macros.

Historically, the set of keypad macros was largely defined by the extremely function-key-rich keyboard of the AT&T 7300, aka 3B1, aka Safari 4. Modern personal computers usually have only a small subset of these. IBM PC-style consoles typically support little more than KEY_UP, KEY_DOWN, KEY_LEFT, KEY_RIGHT, KEY_HOME, KEY_END, KEY_NPAGE, KEY_PPAGE, and function keys 1 through 12. The Ins key is usually mapped to KEY_IC.

PORTABILITY
The *get* functions are described in the XSI Curses standard, Issue 4. They read single-byte characters only. The standard specifies that they return ERR on failure, but specifies no error conditions.

The echo behavior of these functions on input of KEY_ or backspace characters was not specified in the SVr4 documentation. This description is adopted from the XSI Curses standard.

The behavior of getch and friends in the presence of handled signals is unspecified in the SVr4 and XSI Curses documentation. Under historical curses implementations, it varied depending on whether the operating system's implementation of handled signal receipt interrupts a read(2) call in progress or not, and also (in some implementations) depending on whether an input timeout or non-blocking mode has been set.

KEY_MOUSE is mentioned in XSI Curses, along with a few related terminfo capabilities, but no higher-level functions use the feature. The implementation in ncurses is an extension.

KEY_RESIZE is an extension first implemented for ncurses. NetBSD curses later added this extension.

Programmers concerned about portability should be prepared for either of two cases: (a) signal receipt does not interrupt getch; (b) signal receipt interrupts getch and causes it to return ERR with errno set to EINTR.

The has_key function is unique to ncurses. We recommend that any code using it be conditionalized on the NCURSES_VERSION feature macro.

SEE ALSO
curses(3X), curs_inopts(3X), curs_mouse(3X), curs_move(3X), curs_outopts(3X), curs_refresh(3X), curs_variables(3X), resizeterm(3X).

Comparable functions in the wide-character (ncursesw) library are described in curs_get_wch(3X).