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<PubmedArticle>
    <MedlineCitation Owner="NLM" Status="MEDLINE">
        <PMID>17311552</PMID>
        <DateCreated>
            <Year>2007</Year>
            <Month>02</Month>
            <Day>21</Day>
        </DateCreated>
        <DateCompleted>
            <Year>2007</Year>
            <Month>03</Month>
            <Day>14</Day>
        </DateCompleted>
        <Article PubModel="Print">
            <Journal>
                <ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1873-4316</ISSN>
                <JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet">
                    <Volume>8</Volume>
                    <Issue>1</Issue>
                    <PubDate>
                        <Year>2007</Year>
                        <Month>Feb</Month>
                    </PubDate>
                </JournalIssue>
                <Title>Current pharmaceutical biotechnology</Title>
            </Journal>
            <ArticleTitle>Development of tissue engineered vascular grafts.</ArticleTitle>
            <Pagination>
                <MedlinePgn>43-50</MedlinePgn>
            </Pagination>
            <Abstract>
                <AbstractText>Vascular bypass grafting is a commonly performed procedure for ischemic heart disease and peripheral vascular disease. However, approximately one in fourteen patients do not have suitable autologous arteries or veins available for grafting. Synthetic vascular grafts were introduced in the 1960s to overcome these problems, but while they perform adequately in high-flow, large-diameter vessel settings they are generally not suited to low-flow, small-diameter vessels. Tissue engineering is a relatively new discipline that offers the potential to create replacement structures from autologous cells and biodegradable polymer scaffolds. Because tissue engineering constructs contain living cells, they may have the potential to grow, self-repair, and self-remodel. Therefore, recently there has been much interest in the use of this technique to produce low-flow small-diameter arteries. The latest and most exciting developments in this area involve the use of multipotent stem cells as a cell source for tissue engineering of vascular grafts (both in vivo and in vitro).</AbstractText>
            </Abstract>
            <Affiliation>Centre for Research in Vascular Biology, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Otto Hirschfeld Building, Room 513, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia. g.campbell@uq.edu.au</Affiliation>
            <AuthorList CompleteYN="Y">
                <Author ValidYN="Y">
                    <LastName>Campbell</LastName>
                    <ForeName>G R</ForeName>
                    <Initials>GR</Initials>
                </Author>
                <Author ValidYN="Y">
                    <LastName>Campbell</LastName>
                    <ForeName>J H</ForeName>
                    <Initials>JH</Initials>
                </Author>
            </AuthorList>
            <Language>eng</Language>
            <PublicationTypeList>
                <PublicationType>Journal Article</PublicationType>
                <PublicationType>Review</PublicationType>
            </PublicationTypeList>
        </Article>
        <MedlineJournalInfo>
            <Country>Netherlands</Country>
            <MedlineTA>Curr Pharm Biotechnol</MedlineTA>
            <NlmUniqueID>100960530</NlmUniqueID>
        </MedlineJournalInfo>
        <CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset>
        <MeshHeadingList>
            <MeshHeading>
                <DescriptorName MajorTopicYN="N">Animals</DescriptorName>
            </MeshHeading>
            <MeshHeading>
                <DescriptorName MajorTopicYN="Y">Bioprosthesis</DescriptorName>
            </MeshHeading>
            <MeshHeading>
                <DescriptorName MajorTopicYN="Y">Blood Vessel Prosthesis</DescriptorName>
            </MeshHeading>
            <MeshHeading>
                <DescriptorName MajorTopicYN="N">Cell Culture Techniques</DescriptorName>
                <QualifierName MajorTopicYN="N">instrumentation</QualifierName>
                <QualifierName MajorTopicYN="N">methods</QualifierName>
            </MeshHeading>
            <MeshHeading>
                <DescriptorName MajorTopicYN="N">Cell Proliferation</DescriptorName>
            </MeshHeading>
            <MeshHeading>
                <DescriptorName MajorTopicYN="N">Endothelial Cells</DescriptorName>
                <QualifierName MajorTopicYN="Y">cytology</QualifierName>
                <QualifierName MajorTopicYN="Y">physiology</QualifierName>
            </MeshHeading>
            <MeshHeading>
                <DescriptorName MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName>
            </MeshHeading>
            <MeshHeading>
                <DescriptorName MajorTopicYN="N">Stem Cell Transplantation</DescriptorName>
                <QualifierName MajorTopicYN="N">methods</QualifierName>
            </MeshHeading>
            <MeshHeading>
                <DescriptorName MajorTopicYN="N">Stem Cells</DescriptorName>
                <QualifierName MajorTopicYN="Y">cytology</QualifierName>
                <QualifierName MajorTopicYN="Y">physiology</QualifierName>
            </MeshHeading>
            <MeshHeading>
                <DescriptorName MajorTopicYN="N">Tissue Engineering</DescriptorName>
                <QualifierName MajorTopicYN="N">instrumentation</QualifierName>
                <QualifierName MajorTopicYN="Y">methods</QualifierName>
            </MeshHeading>
        </MeshHeadingList>
        <NumberOfReferences>107</NumberOfReferences>
    </MedlineCitation>
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            <PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed">
                <Year>2007</Year>
                <Month>2</Month>
                <Day>22</Day>
                <Hour>9</Hour>
                <Minute>0</Minute>
            </PubMedPubDate>
            <PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline">
                <Year>2007</Year>
                <Month>3</Month>
                <Day>16</Day>
                <Hour>9</Hour>
                <Minute>0</Minute>
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<PubmedArticle>
    <MedlineCitation Owner="NLM" Status="MEDLINE">
        <PMID>17237555</PMID>
        <DateCreated>
            <Year>2007</Year>
            <Month>01</Month>
            <Day>22</Day>
        </DateCreated>
        <DateCompleted>
            <Year>2007</Year>
            <Month>03</Month>
            <Day>16</Day>
        </DateCompleted>
        <Article PubModel="Print">
            <Journal>
                <ISSN IssnType="Print">1550-8943</ISSN>
                <JournalIssue CitedMedium="Print">
                    <Volume>2</Volume>
                    <Issue>2</Issue>
                    <PubDate>
                        <Year>2006</Year>
                    </PubDate>
                </JournalIssue>
                <Title>Stem cell reviews</Title>
            </Journal>
            <ArticleTitle>Cord-blood mesenchymal stem cells and tissue engineering.</ArticleTitle>
            <Pagination>
                <MedlinePgn>163-8</MedlinePgn>
            </Pagination>
            <Abstract>
                <AbstractText>Institute of Reconstructive Plastic Surgery, Laboratory of Vascular Tissue Engineering and Microvascular Research, New York University, New York, NY and Long Island Plastic Surgical Group, Garden City, NY Cord-blood-derived stem cells have proven clinically useful for numerous disease states, as have mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from bone marrow and adipose tissue. The recent identification of MSCs in cord-blood heralds cord-blood as an untapped resource for nonhematopoietic stem cell-based therapeutic strategies for the replacement of injured or diseased connective tissue. This review discusses the potential for tissue engineering applications of MSCs, highlighting the development of vascularized tissue engineering constructs using microvascular free flaps as a novel tissue engineering strategy.</AbstractText>
            </Abstract>
            <Affiliation>Institute of Reconstructive Plastic Surgery, Laboratory of Vascular Tissue Engineering and Microvascular Research, New York University, New York, NY, USA. cetrulo4@hotmail.com</Affiliation>
            <AuthorList CompleteYN="Y">
                <Author ValidYN="Y">
                    <LastName>Cetrulo</LastName>
                    <ForeName>Curtis L</ForeName>
                    <Initials>CL</Initials>
                    <Suffix>Jr</Suffix>
                </Author>
            </AuthorList>
            <Language>eng</Language>
            <PublicationTypeList>
                <PublicationType>Journal Article</PublicationType>
                <PublicationType>Review</PublicationType>
            </PublicationTypeList>
        </Article>
        <MedlineJournalInfo>
            <Country>United States</Country>
            <MedlineTA>Stem Cell Rev</MedlineTA>
            <NlmUniqueID>101255952</NlmUniqueID>
        </MedlineJournalInfo>
        <CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset>
        <MeshHeadingList>
            <MeshHeading>
                <DescriptorName MajorTopicYN="N">Animals</DescriptorName>
            </MeshHeading>
            <MeshHeading>
                <DescriptorName MajorTopicYN="N">Cell Lineage</DescriptorName>
            </MeshHeading>
            <MeshHeading>
                <DescriptorName MajorTopicYN="N">Fetal Blood</DescriptorName>
                <QualifierName MajorTopicYN="Y">cytology</QualifierName>
            </MeshHeading>
            <MeshHeading>
                <DescriptorName MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName>
            </MeshHeading>
            <MeshHeading>
                <DescriptorName MajorTopicYN="N">Mesenchymal Stem Cells</DescriptorName>
                <QualifierName MajorTopicYN="Y">cytology</QualifierName>
            </MeshHeading>
            <MeshHeading>
                <DescriptorName MajorTopicYN="N">Neovascularization, Physiologic</DescriptorName>
            </MeshHeading>
            <MeshHeading>
                <DescriptorName MajorTopicYN="N">Tissue Engineering</DescriptorName>
                <QualifierName MajorTopicYN="Y">methods</QualifierName>
                <QualifierName MajorTopicYN="N">trends</QualifierName>
            </MeshHeading>
        </MeshHeadingList>
        <NumberOfReferences>55</NumberOfReferences>
    </MedlineCitation>
    <PubmedData>
        <History>
            <PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received">
                <Year>1999</Year>
                <Month>11</Month>
                <Day>30</Day>
            </PubMedPubDate>
            <PubMedPubDate PubStatus="revised">
                <Year>1999</Year>
                <Month>11</Month>
                <Day>30</Day>
            </PubMedPubDate>
            <PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted">
                <Year>1999</Year>
                <Month>11</Month>
                <Day>30</Day>
            </PubMedPubDate>
            <PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed">
                <Year>2007</Year>
                <Month>1</Month>
                <Day>24</Day>
                <Hour>9</Hour>
                <Minute>0</Minute>
            </PubMedPubDate>
            <PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline">
                <Year>2007</Year>
                <Month>3</Month>
                <Day>17</Day>
                <Hour>9</Hour>
                <Minute>0</Minute>
            </PubMedPubDate>
        </History>
        <PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus>
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            <ArticleId IdType="pii">SCR:2:2:163</ArticleId>
            <ArticleId IdType="pubmed">17237555</ArticleId>
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<PubmedArticle>
    <MedlineCitation Owner="NLM" Status="MEDLINE">
        <PMID>17237546</PMID>
        <DateCreated>
            <Year>2007</Year>
            <Month>01</Month>
            <Day>22</Day>
        </DateCreated>
        <DateCompleted>
            <Year>2007</Year>
            <Month>03</Month>
            <Day>16</Day>
        </DateCompleted>
        <Article PubModel="Print">
            <Journal>
                <ISSN IssnType="Print">1550-8943</ISSN>
                <JournalIssue CitedMedium="Print">
                    <Volume>2</Volume>
                    <Issue>2</Issue>
                    <PubDate>
                        <Year>2006</Year>
                    </PubDate>
                </JournalIssue>
                <Title>Stem cell reviews</Title>
            </Journal>
            <ArticleTitle>Umbilical cord cells as a source of cardiovascular tissue engineering.</ArticleTitle>
            <Pagination>
                <MedlinePgn>87-92</MedlinePgn>
            </Pagination>
            <Abstract>
                <AbstractText>There is increasing scientific evidence that human umbilical cord cells are a valuable source of adult stem cells that can be used for various implications including regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. The review describes the role of progenitor cells (mesenchymal, endothelial, prenatal) for the use in cardiovascular tissue engineering, i.e., the formation of large vessels and heart valves from umbilical cord cells. Currently used replacements in cardiovascular surgery are made of foreign materials with well known drawbacks such as thrombo-embolic complications, infection, loss of functional and biological properties, and others. Especially in the field of replacements in congenital cardiac defects, there would be a need of materials which have the advantage of optimal biological and mechanical properties. In the case of human umbilical cord cells, autologous cells can be used by minimally invasive procedures. The cells have excellent growth capacities and form a neo-matrix with excellent mechanical properties. For optimal growth and modeling, scaffolds are required with high biocompatibility and biodegradability, which allow cell attachment, ingrowth, and organization. Nutrients and waste must be easily transported and cells should be in entire contact with host's body. Finally, regenerated materials can be fully incorporated and the scaffold is completely replaced. Besides these cell and scaffold requirements, feto-maternal conditions and risk factors concerning deriving stem cells are of major interest. There are still many open questions concerning whether and how maternal conditions such as infection (viral or bacterial) or gestational age of the newborn influence stem cell harvesting and quality. If these cells will be used for the construction of replacement materials, it is clear that very strict criteria and protocols be introduced enabling the promising step from isolated cells to a therapeutic device such as a new heart valve. It is hoped that it will be only a question of time until human umbilical cord cells will be used frequently as the source of cardiovascular tissues among others in the clinical setting of treating congenital heart defects.</AbstractText>
            </Abstract>
            <Affiliation>Feto-Maternal Haematology Research Group, Obstetric Research, University Hospital Zurich. Christian.breymann@usz.ch</Affiliation>
            <AuthorList CompleteYN="Y">
                <Author ValidYN="Y">
                    <LastName>Breymann</LastName>
                    <ForeName>Christian</ForeName>
                    <Initials>C</Initials>
                </Author>
                <Author ValidYN="Y">
                    <LastName>Schmidt</LastName>
                    <ForeName>Dörthe</ForeName>
                    <Initials>D</Initials>
                </Author>
                <Author ValidYN="Y">
                    <LastName>Hoerstrup</LastName>
                    <ForeName>S P</ForeName>
                    <Initials>SP</Initials>
                </Author>
            </AuthorList>
            <Language>eng</Language>
            <PublicationTypeList>
                <PublicationType>Journal Article</PublicationType>
                <PublicationType>Review</PublicationType>
            </PublicationTypeList>
        </Article>
        <MedlineJournalInfo>
            <Country>United States</Country>
            <MedlineTA>Stem Cell Rev</MedlineTA>
            <NlmUniqueID>101255952</NlmUniqueID>
        </MedlineJournalInfo>
        <CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset>
        <MeshHeadingList>
            <MeshHeading>
                <DescriptorName MajorTopicYN="N">Animals</DescriptorName>
            </MeshHeading>
            <MeshHeading>
                <DescriptorName MajorTopicYN="N">Cardiovascular Diseases</DescriptorName>
                <QualifierName MajorTopicYN="N">therapy</QualifierName>
            </MeshHeading>
            <MeshHeading>
                <DescriptorName MajorTopicYN="N">Cardiovascular System</DescriptorName>
                <QualifierName MajorTopicYN="Y">cytology</QualifierName>
            </MeshHeading>
            <MeshHeading>
                <DescriptorName MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName>
            </MeshHeading>
            <MeshHeading>
                <DescriptorName MajorTopicYN="N">Saphenous Vein</DescriptorName>
                <QualifierName MajorTopicYN="N">cytology</QualifierName>
            </MeshHeading>
            <MeshHeading>
                <DescriptorName MajorTopicYN="N">Tissue Engineering</DescriptorName>
                <QualifierName MajorTopicYN="Y">methods</QualifierName>
            </MeshHeading>
            <MeshHeading>
                <DescriptorName MajorTopicYN="N">Tissue Therapy</DescriptorName>
            </MeshHeading>
            <MeshHeading>
                <DescriptorName MajorTopicYN="N">Umbilical Cord</DescriptorName>
                <QualifierName MajorTopicYN="Y">cytology</QualifierName>
            </MeshHeading>
        </MeshHeadingList>
        <NumberOfReferences>16</NumberOfReferences>
    </MedlineCitation>
    <PubmedData>
        <History>
            <PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received">
                <Year>1999</Year>
                <Month>11</Month>
                <Day>30</Day>
            </PubMedPubDate>
            <PubMedPubDate PubStatus="revised">
                <Year>1999</Year>
                <Month>11</Month>
                <Day>30</Day>
            </PubMedPubDate>
            <PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted">
                <Year>1999</Year>
                <Month>11</Month>
                <Day>30</Day>
            </PubMedPubDate>
            <PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed">
                <Year>2007</Year>
                <Month>1</Month>
                <Day>24</Day>
                <Hour>9</Hour>
                <Minute>0</Minute>
            </PubMedPubDate>
            <PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline">
                <Year>2007</Year>
                <Month>3</Month>
                <Day>17</Day>
                <Hour>9</Hour>
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            <ArticleId IdType="pii">SCR:2:2:87</ArticleId>
            <ArticleId IdType="pubmed">17237546</ArticleId>
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<PubmedArticle>
    <MedlineCitation Owner="NLM" Status="MEDLINE">
        <PMID>17227284</PMID>
        <DateCreated>
            <Year>2007</Year>
            <Month>01</Month>
            <Day>17</Day>
        </DateCreated>
        <DateCompleted>
            <Year>2007</Year>
            <Month>02</Month>
            <Day>28</Day>
        </DateCompleted>
        <DateRevised>
            <Year>2007</Year>
            <Month>03</Month>
            <Day>21</Day>
        </DateRevised>
        <Article PubModel="Print">
            <Journal>
                <ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1470-8744</ISSN>
                <JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet">
                    <Volume>46</Volume>
                    <Issue>Pt 2</Issue>
                    <PubDate>
                        <Year>2007</Year>
                        <Month>Feb</Month>
                    </PubDate>
                </JournalIssue>
                <Title>Biotechnology and applied biochemistry</Title>
                <ISOAbbreviation>Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem.</ISOAbbreviation>
            </Journal>
            <ArticleTitle>Biomaterials and scaffold design: key to tissue-engineering cartilage.</ArticleTitle>
            <Pagination>
                <MedlinePgn>73-84</MedlinePgn>
            </Pagination>
            <Abstract>
                <AbstractText>Cartilage remains one of the most challenging tissues to reconstruct or replace, owing to its complex geometry in facial structures and mechanical strength at articular surfaces in joints. This non-vascular tissue has poor replicative capacity and damage results in its functionally inferior repair tissue, fibrocartilage. This has led to a drive for advancements in tissue engineering. The variety of polymers and fabrication techniques available continues to expand. Pore size, porosity, biocompatibility, shape specificity, integration with native tissue, degradation tailored to rate of neocartilage formation and cost efficiency are important factors which need consideration in the development of a scaffold. The present review considers the current polymers and fabrication methodologies used in scaffold engineering for cartilage and postulates whether we are closer to developing the ideal scaffold for clinical application.</AbstractText>
            </Abstract>
            <Affiliation>Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Centre, University Department of Surgery, University College London, Royal Free and University College Medical School, University College London, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK.</Affiliation>
            <AuthorList CompleteYN="Y">
                <Author ValidYN="Y">
                    <LastName>Raghunath</LastName>
                    <ForeName>Joanne</ForeName>
                    <Initials>J</Initials>
                </Author>
                <Author ValidYN="Y">
                    <LastName>Rollo</LastName>
                    <ForeName>John</ForeName>
                    <Initials>J</Initials>
                </Author>
                <Author ValidYN="Y">
                    <LastName>Sales</LastName>
                    <ForeName>Kevin M</ForeName>
                    <Initials>KM</Initials>
                </Author>
                <Author ValidYN="Y">
                    <LastName>Butler</LastName>
                    <ForeName>Peter E</ForeName>
                    <Initials>PE</Initials>
                </Author>
                <Author ValidYN="Y">
                    <LastName>Seifalian</LastName>
                    <ForeName>Alexander M</ForeName>
                    <Initials>AM</Initials>
                </Author>
            </AuthorList>
            <Language>eng</Language>
            <PublicationTypeList>
                <PublicationType>Journal Article</PublicationType>
                <PublicationType>Review</PublicationType>
            </PublicationTypeList>
        </Article>
        <MedlineJournalInfo>
            <Country>England</Country>
            <MedlineTA>Biotechnol Appl Biochem</MedlineTA>
            <NlmUniqueID>8609465</NlmUniqueID>
        </MedlineJournalInfo>
        <ChemicalList>
            <Chemical>
                <RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber>
                <NameOfSubstance>Biocompatible Materials</NameOfSubstance>
            </Chemical>
        </ChemicalList>
        <CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset>
        <MeshHeadingList>
            <MeshHeading>
                <DescriptorName MajorTopicYN="N">Animals</DescriptorName>
            </MeshHeading>
            <MeshHeading>
                <DescriptorName MajorTopicYN="N">Biocompatible Materials</DescriptorName>
                <QualifierName MajorTopicYN="Y">chemistry</QualifierName>
            </MeshHeading>
            <MeshHeading>
                <DescriptorName MajorTopicYN="N">Biomimetic Materials</DescriptorName>
                <QualifierName MajorTopicYN="Y">chemistry</QualifierName>
            </MeshHeading>
            <MeshHeading>
                <DescriptorName MajorTopicYN="N">Cartilage</DescriptorName>
                <QualifierName MajorTopicYN="Y">cytology</QualifierName>
                <QualifierName MajorTopicYN="Y">growth &amp; development</QualifierName>
            </MeshHeading>
            <MeshHeading>
                <DescriptorName MajorTopicYN="N">Cell Culture Techniques</DescriptorName>
                <QualifierName MajorTopicYN="Y">methods</QualifierName>
            </MeshHeading>
            <MeshHeading>
                <DescriptorName MajorTopicYN="N">Cell Proliferation</DescriptorName>
            </MeshHeading>
            <MeshHeading>
                <DescriptorName MajorTopicYN="N">Chondrocytes</DescriptorName>
                <QualifierName MajorTopicYN="N">cytology</QualifierName>
                <QualifierName MajorTopicYN="N">physiology</QualifierName>
            </MeshHeading>
            <MeshHeading>
                <DescriptorName MajorTopicYN="N">Extracellular Matrix</DescriptorName>
                <QualifierName MajorTopicYN="Y">chemistry</QualifierName>
            </MeshHeading>
            <MeshHeading>
                <DescriptorName MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName>
            </MeshHeading>
            <MeshHeading>
                <DescriptorName MajorTopicYN="N">Tissue Engineering</DescriptorName>
                <QualifierName MajorTopicYN="Y">methods</QualifierName>
            </MeshHeading>
        </MeshHeadingList>
        <NumberOfReferences>110</NumberOfReferences>
    </MedlineCitation>
    <PubmedData>
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            <PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed">
                <Year>2007</Year>
                <Month>1</Month>
                <Day>18</Day>
                <Hour>9</Hour>
                <Minute>0</Minute>
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                <Year>2007</Year>
                <Month>3</Month>
                <Day>1</Day>
                <Hour>9</Hour>
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        <ArticleIdList>
            <ArticleId IdType="pii">BA20060134</ArticleId>
            <ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1042/BA20060134</ArticleId>
            <ArticleId IdType="pubmed">17227284</ArticleId>
        </ArticleIdList>
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<PubmedArticle>
    <MedlineCitation Owner="NLM" Status="MEDLINE">
        <PMID>17195462</PMID>
        <DateCreated>
            <Year>2007</Year>
            <Month>01</Month>
            <Day>01</Day>
        </DateCreated>
        <DateCompleted>
            <Year>2007</Year>
            <Month>01</Month>
            <Day>30</Day>
        </DateCompleted>
        <Article PubModel="Print">
            <Journal>
                <ISSN IssnType="Print">0724-6145</ISSN>
                <JournalIssue CitedMedium="Print">
                    <Volume>103</Volume>
                    <PubDate>
                        <Year>2007</Year>
                    </PubDate>
                </JournalIssue>
                <Title>Advances in biochemical engineering/biotechnology</Title>
                <ISOAbbreviation>Adv. Biochem. Eng. Biotechnol.</ISOAbbreviation>
            </Journal>
            <ArticleTitle>Perfusion effects and hydrodynamics.</ArticleTitle>
            <Pagination>
                <MedlinePgn>75-156</MedlinePgn>
            </Pagination>
            <Abstract>
                <AbstractText>Biological processes within living systems are significantly influenced by the motion of the liquids and gases to which those tissues are exposed. Accordingly, tissue engineers must not only understand hydrodynamic phenomena, but also appreciate the vital role of those phenomena in cellular and physiologic processes both in vitro and in vivo. In particular, understanding the fundamental principles of fluid flow underlying perfusion effects in the organ-level internal environment and their relation to the cellular microenvironment is essential to successfully mimicking tissue behavior. In this work, the major principles of hemodynamic flow and transport are summarized, to provide readers with a physical understanding of these important issues. In particular, since quantifying hemodynamic events through experiments can require expensive and invasive techniques, the benefits that can be derived from the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) packages and neural networking (NN) models are stressed. A capstone illustration based on analysis of the hemodynamics of aortic aneurysms is presented as a representative example of this approach, to stress the importance of tissue responses to flow-induced events.</AbstractText>
            </Abstract>
            <Affiliation>Department of Chemical Engineering, 102 Gleeson Hall, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA. peattie@engr.orst.edu</Affiliation>
            <AuthorList CompleteYN="Y">
                <Author ValidYN="Y">
                    <LastName>Peattie</LastName>
                    <ForeName>Robert A</ForeName>
                    <Initials>RA</Initials>
                </Author>
                <Author ValidYN="Y">
                    <LastName>Fisher</LastName>
                    <ForeName>Robert J</ForeName>
                    <Initials>RJ</Initials>
                </Author>
            </AuthorList>
            <Language>eng</Language>
            <PublicationTypeList>
                <PublicationType>Journal Article</PublicationType>
                <PublicationType>Review</PublicationType>
            </PublicationTypeList>
        </Article>
        <MedlineJournalInfo>
            <Country>Germany</Country>
            <MedlineTA>Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol</MedlineTA>
            <NlmUniqueID>8307733</NlmUniqueID>
        </MedlineJournalInfo>
        <CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset>
        <MeshHeadingList>
            <MeshHeading>
                <DescriptorName MajorTopicYN="N">Animals</DescriptorName>
            </MeshHeading>
            <MeshHeading>
                <DescriptorName MajorTopicYN="N">Blood Flow Velocity</DescriptorName>
                <QualifierName MajorTopicYN="Y">physiology</QualifierName>
            </MeshHeading>
            <MeshHeading>
                <DescriptorName MajorTopicYN="N">Blood Vessels</DescriptorName>
                <QualifierName MajorTopicYN="Y">physiology</QualifierName>
            </MeshHeading>
            <MeshHeading>
                <DescriptorName MajorTopicYN="Y">Cell Physiology</DescriptorName>
            </MeshHeading>
            <MeshHeading>
                <DescriptorName MajorTopicYN="N">Computer Simulation</DescriptorName>
            </MeshHeading>
            <MeshHeading>
                <DescriptorName MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName>
            </MeshHeading>
            <MeshHeading>
                <DescriptorName MajorTopicYN="Y">Models, Cardiovascular</DescriptorName>
            </MeshHeading>
            <MeshHeading>
                <DescriptorName MajorTopicYN="N">Perfusion</DescriptorName>
                <QualifierName MajorTopicYN="N">instrumentation</QualifierName>
                <QualifierName MajorTopicYN="Y">methods</QualifierName>
            </MeshHeading>
            <MeshHeading>
                <DescriptorName MajorTopicYN="N">Pulsatile Flow</DescriptorName>
                <QualifierName MajorTopicYN="N">physiology</QualifierName>
            </MeshHeading>
            <MeshHeading>
                <DescriptorName MajorTopicYN="N">Tissue Engineering</DescriptorName>
                <QualifierName MajorTopicYN="N">instrumentation</QualifierName>
                <QualifierName MajorTopicYN="Y">methods</QualifierName>
            </MeshHeading>
        </MeshHeadingList>
        <NumberOfReferences>104</NumberOfReferences>
    </MedlineCitation>
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                <Year>2007</Year>
                <Month>1</Month>
                <Day>2</Day>
                <Hour>9</Hour>
                <Minute>0</Minute>
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                <Day>31</Day>
                <Hour>9</Hour>
                <Minute>0</Minute>
            </PubMedPubDate>
        </History>
        <PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus>
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        </ArticleIdList>
    </PubmedData>
</PubmedArticle>


<PubmedArticle>
    <MedlineCitation Owner="NLM" Status="MEDLINE">
        <PMID>17173502</PMID>
        <DateCreated>
            <Year>2006</Year>
            <Month>12</Month>
            <Day>18</Day>
        </DateCreated>
        <DateCompleted>
            <Year>2007</Year>
            <Month>01</Month>
            <Day>30</Day>
        </DateCompleted>
        <Article PubModel="Print">
            <Journal>
                <ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1744-8344</ISSN>
                <JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet">
                    <Volume>4</Volume>
                    <Issue>6</Issue>
                    <PubDate>
                        <Year>2006</Year>
                        <Month>Nov</Month>
                    </PubDate>
                </JournalIssue>
                <Title>Expert review of cardiovascular therapy</Title>
            </Journal>
            <ArticleTitle>In search of a pediatric cardiac surgeon's 'Holy Grail': the ideal pulmonary conduit.</ArticleTitle>
            <Pagination>
                <MedlinePgn>861-70</MedlinePgn>
            </Pagination>
            <Abstract>
                <AbstractText>The limited lifespan of all currently available conduits leads to repeat operations and interventional procedures in many children. Each reoperation entails considerable risk to life, expenditure and compromised quality of life as the conduit degenerates. The ideal conduit should be available freely, inexpensive, require no anticoagulation, be resistant to infection, free from thromboembolism, have no gradients or regurgitation and have unlimited durability. This review explores various options as surgeons and researchers endeavor to develop the ideal conduit--which will fulfill all of the above-mentioned criteria. Various currently available conduits are analyzed. Special emphasis is given to tissue-engineered valves and percutaneous valve implantations.</AbstractText>
            </Abstract>
            <Affiliation>Apollo Hospital, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, 21 Greams Lane, Off Greams Road, Chennai-600006, India. nev_sheeba@yahoo.com</Affiliation>
            <AuthorList CompleteYN="Y">
                <Author ValidYN="Y">
                    <LastName>Solomon</LastName>
                    <ForeName>Neville A G</ForeName>
                    <Initials>NA</Initials>
                </Author>
                <Author ValidYN="Y">
                    <LastName>Pranav</LastName>
                    <ForeName>Subaraya K</ForeName>
                    <Initials>SK</Initials>
                </Author>
                <Author ValidYN="Y">
                    <LastName>Jain</LastName>
                    <ForeName>Kailash A</ForeName>
                    <Initials>KA</Initials>
                </Author>
                <Author ValidYN="Y">
                    <LastName>Kumar</LastName>
                    <ForeName>Madhan</ForeName>
                    <Initials>M</Initials>
                </Author>
                <Author ValidYN="Y">
                    <LastName>Kulkarni</LastName>
                    <ForeName>Chandrasekhar B</ForeName>
                    <Initials>CB</Initials>
                </Author>
                <Author ValidYN="Y">
                    <LastName>Akbari</LastName>
                    <ForeName>Jayesh</ForeName>
                    <Initials>J</Initials>
                </Author>
            </AuthorList>
            <Language>eng</Language>
            <PublicationTypeList>
                <PublicationType>Journal Article</PublicationType>
                <PublicationType>Review</PublicationType>
            </PublicationTypeList>
        </Article>
        <MedlineJournalInfo>
            <Country>England</Country>
            <MedlineTA>Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther</MedlineTA>
            <NlmUniqueID>101182328</NlmUniqueID>
        </MedlineJournalInfo>
        <CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset>
        <MeshHeadingList>
            <MeshHeading>
                <DescriptorName MajorTopicYN="N">Animals</DescriptorName>
            </MeshHeading>
            <MeshHeading>
                <DescriptorName MajorTopicYN="N">Bioprosthesis</DescriptorName>
            </MeshHeading>
            <MeshHeading>
                <DescriptorName MajorTopicYN="N">Child</DescriptorName>
            </MeshHeading>
            <MeshHeading>
                <DescriptorName MajorTopicYN="N">Heart Defects, Congenital</DescriptorName>
                <QualifierName MajorTopicYN="Y">surgery</QualifierName>
            </MeshHeading>
            <MeshHeading>
                <DescriptorName MajorTopicYN="N">Heart Valve Diseases</DescriptorName>
                <QualifierName MajorTopicYN="N">congenital</QualifierName>
                <QualifierName MajorTopicYN="Y">surgery</QualifierName>
            </MeshHeading>
            <MeshHeading>
                <DescriptorName MajorTopicYN="Y">Heart Valve Prosthesis</DescriptorName>
            </MeshHeading>
            <MeshHeading>
                <DescriptorName MajorTopicYN="N">Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation</DescriptorName>
                <QualifierName MajorTopicYN="Y">methods</QualifierName>
            </MeshHeading>
            <MeshHeading>
                <DescriptorName MajorTopicYN="N">Heart Ventricles</DescriptorName>
            </MeshHeading>
            <MeshHeading>
                <DescriptorName MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName>
            </MeshHeading>
            <MeshHeading>
                <DescriptorName MajorTopicYN="N">Pulmonary Artery</DescriptorName>
            </MeshHeading>
            <MeshHeading>
                <DescriptorName MajorTopicYN="N">Surgical Procedures, Minimally Invasive</DescriptorName>
            </MeshHeading>
            <MeshHeading>
                <DescriptorName MajorTopicYN="N">Tissue Engineering</DescriptorName>
            </MeshHeading>
        </MeshHeadingList>
        <NumberOfReferences>56</NumberOfReferences>
    </MedlineCitation>
    <PubmedData>
        <History>
            <PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed">
                <Year>2006</Year>
                <Month>12</Month>
                <Day>19</Day>
                <Hour>9</Hour>
                <Minute>0</Minute>
            </PubMedPubDate>
            <PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline">
                <Year>2007</Year>
                <Month>1</Month>
                <Day>31</Day>
                <Hour>9</Hour>
                <Minute>0</Minute>
            </PubMedPubDate>
        </History>
        <PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus>
        <ArticleIdList>
            <ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1586/14779072.4.6.861</ArticleId>
            <ArticleId IdType="pubmed">17173502</ArticleId>
        </ArticleIdList>
    </PubmedData>
</PubmedArticle>


<PubmedArticle>
    <MedlineCitation Owner="NLM" Status="In-Process">
        <PMID>17150154</PMID>
        <DateCreated>
            <Year>2006</Year>
            <Month>12</Month>
            <Day>07</Day>
        </DateCreated>
        <Article PubModel="Print">
            <Journal>
                <ISSN IssnType="Print">1708-5381</ISSN>
                <JournalIssue CitedMedium="Print">
                    <Volume>14</Volume>
                    <Issue>6</Issue>
                    <PubDate>
                        <MedlineDate>2006 Nov-Dec</MedlineDate>
                    </PubDate>
                </JournalIssue>
                <Title>Vascular</Title>
            </Journal>
            <ArticleTitle>Development of a tissue-engineered bypass graft seeded with stem cells.</ArticleTitle>
            <Pagination>
                <MedlinePgn>338-42</MedlinePgn>
            </Pagination>
            <Abstract>
                <AbstractText>The gold standard conduit for bypass of diseased small-diameter arteries remains autologous vascular tissue. In the absence of such tissue, patients are offered bypass with prosthetic material, with far less durable results. Vascular tissue engineering, the creation of a vascular conduit by seeding a tubular scaffold with various cells, may offer an alternative approach to this difficult situation. Herein we review some of the significant challenges that remain in designing an ideal vascular conduit and outline potential solutions offered by a graft created by seeding natural vascular tissue (decellularized vein allograft) with readily available autologous cells (adipose-derived stem cells).</AbstractText>
            </Abstract>
            <Affiliation>Department of Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.</Affiliation>
            <AuthorList CompleteYN="Y">
                <Author ValidYN="Y">
                    <LastName>DiMuzio</LastName>
                    <ForeName>Paul</ForeName>
                    <Initials>P</Initials>
                </Author>
                <Author ValidYN="Y">
                    <LastName>Fischer</LastName>
                    <ForeName>Lauren</ForeName>
                    <Initials>L</Initials>
                </Author>
                <Author ValidYN="Y">
                    <LastName>McIlhenny</LastName>
                    <ForeName>Stephen</ForeName>
                    <Initials>S</Initials>
                </Author>
                <Author ValidYN="Y">
                    <LastName>DiMatteo</LastName>
                    <ForeName>Christopher</ForeName>
                    <Initials>C</Initials>
                </Author>
                <Author ValidYN="Y">
                    <LastName>Golesorhki</LastName>
                    <ForeName>Negar</ForeName>
                    <Initials>N</Initials>
                </Author>
                <Author ValidYN="Y">
                    <LastName>Grabo</LastName>
                    <ForeName>Daniel</ForeName>
                    <Initials>D</Initials>
                </Author>
                <Author ValidYN="Y">
                    <LastName>Tarola</LastName>
                    <ForeName>Nicholas</ForeName>
                    <Initials>N</Initials>
                </Author>
                <Author ValidYN="Y">
                    <LastName>Mericli</LastName>
                    <ForeName>Alexander</ForeName>
                    <Initials>A</Initials>
                </Author>
                <Author ValidYN="Y">
                    <LastName>Shapiro</LastName>
                    <ForeName>Irving</ForeName>
                    <Initials>I</Initials>
                </Author>
                <Author ValidYN="Y">
                    <LastName>Tulenko</LastName>
                    <ForeName>Thomas</ForeName>
                    <Initials>T</Initials>
                </Author>
            </AuthorList>
            <Language>eng</Language>
            <PublicationTypeList>
                <PublicationType>Journal Article</PublicationType>
                <PublicationType>Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural</PublicationType>
                <PublicationType>Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</PublicationType>
            </PublicationTypeList>
        </Article>
        <MedlineJournalInfo>
            <Country>Canada</Country>
            <MedlineTA>Vascular</MedlineTA>
            <NlmUniqueID>101196722</NlmUniqueID>
        </MedlineJournalInfo>
        <CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset>
    </MedlineCitation>
    <PubmedData>
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            <PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed">
                <Year>2006</Year>
                <Month>12</Month>
                <Day>8</Day>
                <Hour>9</Hour>
                <Minute>0</Minute>
            </PubMedPubDate>
            <PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline">
                <Year>2006</Year>
                <Month>12</Month>
                <Day>8</Day>
                <Hour>9</Hour>
                <Minute>0</Minute>
            </PubMedPubDate>
        </History>
        <PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus>
        <ArticleIdList>
            <ArticleId IdType="pubmed">17150154</ArticleId>
        </ArticleIdList>
    </PubmedData>
</PubmedArticle>


<PubmedArticle>
    <MedlineCitation Owner="NLM" Status="MEDLINE">
        <PMID>16918275</PMID>
        <DateCreated>
            <Year>2006</Year>
            <Month>08</Month>
            <Day>21</Day>
        </DateCreated>
        <DateCompleted>
            <Year>2006</Year>
            <Month>10</Month>
            <Day>06</Day>
        </DateCompleted>
        <Article PubModel="Print">
            <Journal>
                <ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1744-8344</ISSN>
                <JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet">
                    <Volume>4</Volume>
                    <Issue>4</Issue>
                    <PubDate>
                        <Year>2006</Year>
                        <Month>Jul</Month>
                    </PubDate>
                </JournalIssue>
                <Title>Expert review of cardiovascular therapy</Title>
            </Journal>
            <ArticleTitle>Surgical treatment of coronary multivessel disease.</ArticleTitle>
            <Pagination>
                <MedlinePgn>569-81</MedlinePgn>
            </Pagination>
            <Abstract>
                <AbstractText>Coronary artery bypass grafting has had a significant impact on the treatment of angina, and has been the 'gold standard' since 1969. Its use and efficacy has been increased by revascularization in cardiac arrest and the use of the internal mammary artery. In parallel, catheter techniques have evolved by means of balloon dilatation and additional stenting. This has effected the referral to surgery despite the development of new arterialization techniques and minimally invasive surgery. As competing techniques, an acceptable equilibrium between surgery and stenting will be found within the next years.</AbstractText>
            </Abstract>
            <Affiliation>University Hopsital for Cardiac Surgery Salzburg, Müllner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria. o.stanger@salk.at</Affiliation>
            <AuthorList CompleteYN="Y">
                <Author ValidYN="Y">
                    <LastName>Stanger</LastName>
                    <ForeName>Olaf</ForeName>
                    <Initials>O</Initials>
                </Author>
                <Author ValidYN="Y">
                    <LastName>Unger</LastName>
                    <ForeName>Felix</ForeName>
                    <Initials>F</Initials>
                </Author>
            </AuthorList>
            <Language>eng</Language>
            <PublicationTypeList>
                <PublicationType>Journal Article</PublicationType>
                <PublicationType>Review</PublicationType>
            </PublicationTypeList>
        </Article>
        <MedlineJournalInfo>
            <Country>England</Country>
            <MedlineTA>Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther</MedlineTA>
            <NlmUniqueID>101182328</NlmUniqueID>
        </MedlineJournalInfo>
        <CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset>
        <MeshHeadingList>
            <MeshHeading>
                <DescriptorName MajorTopicYN="N">Angioplasty, Transluminal, Percutaneous Coronary</DescriptorName>
            </MeshHeading>
            <MeshHeading>
                <DescriptorName MajorTopicYN="N">Clinical Competence</DescriptorName>
            </MeshHeading>
            <MeshHeading>
                <DescriptorName MajorTopicYN="N">Coronary Artery Bypass, Off-Pump</DescriptorName>
            </MeshHeading>
            <MeshHeading>
                <DescriptorName MajorTopicYN="N">Coronary Disease</DescriptorName>
                <QualifierName MajorTopicYN="N">physiopathology</QualifierName>
                <QualifierName MajorTopicYN="Y">surgery</QualifierName>
            </MeshHeading>
            <MeshHeading>
                <DescriptorName MajorTopicYN="N">Coronary Vessels</DescriptorName>
                <QualifierName MajorTopicYN="N">surgery</QualifierName>
            </MeshHeading>
            <MeshHeading>
                <DescriptorName MajorTopicYN="N">Endarterectomy</DescriptorName>
                <QualifierName MajorTopicYN="N">methods</QualifierName>
            </MeshHeading>
            <MeshHeading>
                <DescriptorName MajorTopicYN="N">Endoscopy</DescriptorName>
            </MeshHeading>
            <MeshHeading>
                <DescriptorName MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName>
            </MeshHeading>
            <MeshHeading>
                <DescriptorName MajorTopicYN="N">Internal Mammary-Coronary Artery Anastomosis</DescriptorName>
            </MeshHeading>
            <MeshHeading>
                <DescriptorName MajorTopicYN="Y">Myocardial Revascularization</DescriptorName>
                <QualifierName MajorTopicYN="N">methods</QualifierName>
            </MeshHeading>
            <MeshHeading>
                <DescriptorName MajorTopicYN="N">Radial Artery</DescriptorName>
                <QualifierName MajorTopicYN="N">transplantation</QualifierName>
            </MeshHeading>
            <MeshHeading>
                <DescriptorName MajorTopicYN="N">Robotics</DescriptorName>
            </MeshHeading>
            <MeshHeading>
                <DescriptorName MajorTopicYN="N">Surgical Procedures, Minimally Invasive</DescriptorName>
            </MeshHeading>
            <MeshHeading>
                <DescriptorName MajorTopicYN="N">Tissue Engineering</DescriptorName>
            </MeshHeading>
            <MeshHeading>
                <DescriptorName MajorTopicYN="N">Tissue and Organ Harvesting</DescriptorName>
                <QualifierName MajorTopicYN="N">methods</QualifierName>
            </MeshHeading>
            <MeshHeading>
                <DescriptorName MajorTopicYN="N">Vascular Patency</DescriptorName>
            </MeshHeading>
            <MeshHeading>
                <DescriptorName MajorTopicYN="N">Wound Healing</DescriptorName>
            </MeshHeading>
        </MeshHeadingList>
        <NumberOfReferences>155</NumberOfReferences>
    </MedlineCitation>
    <PubmedData>
        <History>
            <PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed">
                <Year>2006</Year>
                <Month>8</Month>
                <Day>22</Day>
                <Hour>9</Hour>
                <Minute>0</Minute>
            </PubMedPubDate>
            <PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline">
                <Year>2006</Year>
                <Month>10</Month>
                <Day>7</Day>
                <Hour>9</Hour>
                <Minute>0</Minute>
            </PubMedPubDate>
        </History>
        <PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus>
        <ArticleIdList>
            <ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1586/14779072.4.4.569</ArticleId>
            <ArticleId IdType="pubmed">16918275</ArticleId>
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