--
-- STRINGS
-- Test various data entry syntaxes.
--
-- SQL string continuation syntax
-- E021-03 character string literals

SELECT
    'first line' ' - next line' ' - third line' AS "Three lines to one";

-- illegal string continuation syntax
SELECT
    'first line' ' - next line'
    /* this comment is not allowed here */
    ' - third line' AS "Illegal comment within continuation";

-- Unicode escapes
SET standard_conforming_strings TO ON;

SELECT
    U & 'd\0061t\+000061' AS U & "d\0061t\+000061";

SELECT
    U & 'd!0061t\+000061' UESCAPE '!' AS U & "d*0061t\+000061" UESCAPE '*';

SELECT
    U & ' \' UESCAPE ' ! ' AS "tricky";
 SELECT ' tricky ' AS U&"\" UESCAPE ' ! ';
 
 SELECT U&' wrong: 061 ';
 SELECT U&' wrong: + 0061 ';
 SELECT U&' wrong: + 0061 ' UESCAPE ' + ';
 
 SET standard_conforming_strings TO off;
 
 SELECT U&' d 0061t + 000061 ' AS U&"d\0061t\+000061";
 SELECT U&' d ! 0061t + 000061 ' UESCAPE ' ! ' AS U&"d*0061t\+000061" UESCAPE ' * ';
 
 SELECT U&' '\' UESCAPE '!' AS "tricky";

SELECT
    'tricky' AS U & "\" UESCAPE '!';
 
 SELECT U&'wrong: \061';
 SELECT U&'wrong: \+0061';
 SELECT U&'wrong: +0061' UESCAPE '+';
 
 RESET standard_conforming_strings;
 
 -- bytea
 SET bytea_output TO hex;
 SELECT E'\\xDeAdBeEf'::bytea;
 SELECT E'\\x De Ad Be Ef '::bytea;
 SELECT E'\\xDeAdBeE'::bytea;
 SELECT E'\\xDeAdBeEx'::bytea;
 SELECT E'\\xDe00BeEf'::bytea;
 SELECT E'DeAdBeEf'::bytea;
 SELECT E'De\\000dBeEf'::bytea;
 SELECT E'De\123dBeEf'::bytea;
 SELECT E'De\\123dBeEf'::bytea;
 SELECT E'De\\678dBeEf'::bytea;
 
 SET bytea_output TO escape;
 SELECT E'\\xDeAdBeEf'::bytea;
 SELECT E'\\x De Ad Be Ef '::bytea;
 SELECT E'\\xDe00BeEf'::bytea;
 SELECT E'DeAdBeEf'::bytea;
 SELECT E'De\\000dBeEf'::bytea;
 SELECT E'De\\123dBeEf'::bytea;
 
 --
 -- test conversions between various string types
 -- E021-10 implicit casting among the character data types
 --
 
 SELECT CAST(f1 AS text) AS " text(char) " FROM CHAR_TBL;
 
 SELECT CAST(f1 AS text) AS " text(varchar) " FROM VARCHAR_TBL;
 
 SELECT CAST(name 'namefield' AS text) AS " text(name) ";
 
 -- since this is an explicit cast, it should truncate w/o error:
 SELECT CAST(f1 AS char(10)) AS " char(text) " FROM TEXT_TBL;
 -- note: implicit-cast case is tested in char.sql
 
 SELECT CAST(f1 AS char(20)) AS " char(text) " FROM TEXT_TBL;
 
 SELECT CAST(f1 AS char(10)) AS " char(varchar) " FROM VARCHAR_TBL;
 
 SELECT CAST(name 'namefield' AS char(10)) AS " char(name) ";
 
 SELECT CAST(f1 AS varchar) AS " varchar(text) " FROM TEXT_TBL;
 
 SELECT CAST(f1 AS varchar) AS " varchar(char) " FROM CHAR_TBL;
 
 SELECT CAST(name 'namefield' AS varchar) AS " varchar(name) ";
 
 --
 -- test SQL string functions
 -- E### and T### are feature reference numbers from SQL99
 --
 
 -- E021-09 trim function
 SELECT TRIM(BOTH FROM '  bunch o blanks  ') = 'bunch o blanks' AS " bunch o blanks ";
 
 SELECT TRIM(LEADING FROM '  bunch o blanks  ') = 'bunch o blanks  ' AS " bunch o blanks ";
 
 SELECT TRIM(TRAILING FROM '  bunch o blanks  ') = '  bunch o blanks' AS " bunch o blanks ";
 
 SELECT TRIM(BOTH 'x' FROM 'xxxxxsome Xsxxxxx') = 'some Xs' AS " SOME Xs ";
 
 -- E021-06 substring expression
 SELECT SUBSTRING('1234567890' FROM 3) = '34567890' AS " 34567890 ";
 
 SELECT SUBSTRING('1234567890' FROM 4 FOR 3) = '456' AS " 456 ";
 
 -- T581 regular expression substring (with SQL99's bizarre regexp syntax)
 SELECT SUBSTRING('abcdefg' FROM 'a#" (b_d) # "%' FOR '#') AS " bcd ";
 
 -- No match should return NULL
 SELECT SUBSTRING('abcdefg' FROM '#" (b_d) # "%' FOR '#') IS NULL AS " TRUE ";
 
 -- Null inputs should return NULL
 SELECT SUBSTRING('abcdefg' FROM '(b|c)' FOR NULL) IS NULL AS " TRUE ";
 SELECT SUBSTRING(NULL FROM '(b|c)' FOR '#') IS NULL AS " TRUE ";
 SELECT SUBSTRING('abcdefg' FROM NULL FOR '#') IS NULL AS " TRUE ";
 
 -- PostgreSQL extension to allow omitting the escape character;
 -- here the regexp is taken as Posix syntax
 SELECT SUBSTRING('abcdefg' FROM 'c.e') AS " cde ";
 
 -- With a parenthesized subexpression, return only what matches the subexpr
 SELECT SUBSTRING('abcdefg' FROM 'b(.*)f') AS " cde ";
 
 -- PostgreSQL extension to allow using back reference in replace string;
 SELECT regexp_replace('1112223333', E'(\\d{3})(\\d{3})(\\d{4})', E'(\\1) \\2-\\3');
 SELECT regexp_replace('AAA   BBB   CCC   ', E'\\s+', ' ', 'g');
 SELECT regexp_replace('AAA', '^|$', 'Z', 'g');
 SELECT regexp_replace('AAA aaa', 'A+', 'Z', 'gi');
 -- invalid regexp option
 SELECT regexp_replace('AAA aaa', 'A+', 'Z', 'z');
 
 -- set so we can tell NULL from empty string
 \pset null '\\N'
 
 -- return all matches from regexp
 SELECT regexp_matches('foobarbequebaz', $re$(bar)(beque)$re$);
 
 -- test case insensitive
 SELECT regexp_matches('foObARbEqUEbAz', $re$(bar)(beque)$re$, 'i');
 
 -- global option - more than one match
 SELECT regexp_matches('foobarbequebazilbarfbonk', $re$(b[^b]+)(b[^b]+)$re$, 'g');
 
 -- empty capture group (matched empty string)
 SELECT regexp_matches('foobarbequebaz', $re$(bar)(.*)(beque)$re$);
 -- no match
 SELECT regexp_matches('foobarbequebaz', $re$(bar)(.+)(beque)$re$);
 -- optional capture group did not match, null entry in array
 SELECT regexp_matches('foobarbequebaz', $re$(bar)(.+)?(beque)$re$);
 
 -- no capture groups
 SELECT regexp_matches('foobarbequebaz', $re$barbeque$re$);
 
 -- start/end-of-line matches are of zero length
 SELECT regexp_matches('foo' || chr(10) || 'bar' || chr(10) || 'bequq' || chr(10) || 'baz', '^', 'mg');
 SELECT regexp_matches('foo' || chr(10) || 'bar' || chr(10) || 'bequq' || chr(10) || 'baz', '$', 'mg');
 SELECT regexp_matches('1' || chr(10) || '2' || chr(10) || '3' || chr(10) || '4' || chr(10), '^.?', 'mg');
 SELECT regexp_matches(chr(10) || '1' || chr(10) || '2' || chr(10) || '3' || chr(10) || '4' || chr(10), '.?$', 'mg');
 SELECT regexp_matches(chr(10) || '1' || chr(10) || '2' || chr(10) || '3' || chr(10) || '4', '.?$', 'mg');
 
 -- give me errors
 SELECT regexp_matches('foobarbequebaz', $re$(bar)(beque)$re$, 'gz');
 SELECT regexp_matches('foobarbequebaz', $re$(barbeque$re$);
 SELECT regexp_matches('foobarbequebaz', $re$(bar)(beque){2,1}$re$);
 
 -- split string on regexp
 SELECT foo, length(foo) FROM regexp_split_to_table('the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog', $re$\s+$re$) AS foo;
 SELECT regexp_split_to_array('the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog', $re$\s+$re$);
 
 SELECT foo, length(foo) FROM regexp_split_to_table('the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog', $re$\s*$re$) AS foo;
 SELECT regexp_split_to_array('the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog', $re$\s*$re$);
 SELECT foo, length(foo) FROM regexp_split_to_table('the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog', '') AS foo;
 SELECT regexp_split_to_array('the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog', '');
 -- case insensitive
 SELECT foo, length(foo) FROM regexp_split_to_table('thE QUick bROWn FOx jUMPs ovEr The lazy dOG', 'e', 'i') AS foo;
 SELECT regexp_split_to_array('thE QUick bROWn FOx jUMPs ovEr The lazy dOG', 'e', 'i');
 -- no match of pattern
 SELECT foo, length(foo) FROM regexp_split_to_table('the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog', 'nomatch') AS foo;
 SELECT regexp_split_to_array('the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog', 'nomatch');
 -- some corner cases
 SELECT regexp_split_to_array('123456','1');
 SELECT regexp_split_to_array('123456','6');
 SELECT regexp_split_to_array('123456','.');
 SELECT regexp_split_to_array('123456','');
 SELECT regexp_split_to_array('123456','(?:)');
 SELECT regexp_split_to_array('1','');
 -- errors
 SELECT foo, length(foo) FROM regexp_split_to_table('thE QUick bROWn FOx jUMPs ovEr The lazy dOG', 'e', 'zippy') AS foo;
 SELECT regexp_split_to_array('thE QUick bROWn FOx jUMPs ovEr The lazy dOG', 'e', 'iz');
 -- global option meaningless for regexp_split
 SELECT foo, length(foo) FROM regexp_split_to_table('thE QUick bROWn FOx jUMPs ovEr The lazy dOG', 'e', 'g') AS foo;
 SELECT regexp_split_to_array('thE QUick bROWn FOx jUMPs ovEr The lazy dOG', 'e', 'g');
 
 -- change NULL-display back
 \pset null ''
 
 -- E021-11 position expression
 SELECT POSITION('4' IN '1234567890') = '4' AS " 4 ";
 
 SELECT POSITION('5' IN '1234567890') = '5' AS " 5 ";
 
 -- T312 character overlay function
 SELECT OVERLAY('abcdef' PLACING '45' FROM 4) AS " abc45f ";
 
 SELECT OVERLAY('yabadoo' PLACING 'daba' FROM 5) AS " yabadaba ";
 
 SELECT OVERLAY('yabadoo' PLACING 'daba' FROM 5 FOR 0) AS " yabadabadoo ";
 
 SELECT OVERLAY('babosa' PLACING 'ubb' FROM 2 FOR 4) AS " bubba ";
 
 --
 -- test LIKE
 -- Be sure to form every test as a LIKE/NOT LIKE pair.
 --
 
 -- simplest examples
 -- E061-04 like predicate
 SELECT 'hawkeye' LIKE 'h%' AS " TRUE ";
 SELECT 'hawkeye' NOT LIKE 'h%' AS " FALSE ";
 
 SELECT 'hawkeye' LIKE 'H%' AS " FALSE ";
 SELECT 'hawkeye' NOT LIKE 'H%' AS " TRUE ";
 
 SELECT 'hawkeye' LIKE 'indio%' AS " FALSE ";
 SELECT 'hawkeye' NOT LIKE 'indio%' AS " TRUE ";
 
 SELECT 'hawkeye' LIKE 'h%eye' AS " TRUE ";
 SELECT 'hawkeye' NOT LIKE 'h%eye' AS " FALSE ";
 
 SELECT 'indio' LIKE '_ndio' AS " TRUE ";
 SELECT 'indio' NOT LIKE '_ndio' AS " FALSE ";
 
 SELECT 'indio' LIKE 'in__o' AS " TRUE ";
 SELECT 'indio' NOT LIKE 'in__o' AS " FALSE ";
 
 SELECT 'indio' LIKE 'in_o' AS " FALSE ";
 SELECT 'indio' NOT LIKE 'in_o' AS " TRUE ";
 
 -- unused escape character
 SELECT 'hawkeye' LIKE 'h%' ESCAPE '#' AS " TRUE ";
 SELECT 'hawkeye' NOT LIKE 'h%' ESCAPE '#' AS " FALSE ";
 
 SELECT 'indio' LIKE 'ind_o' ESCAPE '$' AS " TRUE ";
 SELECT 'indio' NOT LIKE 'ind_o' ESCAPE '$' AS " FALSE ";
 
 -- escape character
 -- E061-05 like predicate with escape clause
 SELECT 'h%' LIKE 'h#%' ESCAPE '#' AS " TRUE ";
 SELECT 'h%' NOT LIKE 'h#%' ESCAPE '#' AS " FALSE ";
 
 SELECT 'h%wkeye' LIKE 'h#%' ESCAPE '#' AS " FALSE ";
 SELECT 'h%wkeye' NOT LIKE 'h#%' ESCAPE '#' AS " TRUE ";
 
 SELECT 'h%wkeye' LIKE 'h#%%' ESCAPE '#' AS " TRUE ";
 SELECT 'h%wkeye' NOT LIKE 'h#%%' ESCAPE '#' AS " FALSE ";
 
 SELECT 'h%awkeye' LIKE 'h#%a%k%e' ESCAPE '#' AS " TRUE ";
 SELECT 'h%awkeye' NOT LIKE 'h#%a%k%e' ESCAPE '#' AS " FALSE ";
 
 SELECT 'indio' LIKE '_ndio' ESCAPE '$' AS " TRUE ";
 SELECT 'indio' NOT LIKE '_ndio' ESCAPE '$' AS " FALSE ";
 
 SELECT 'i_dio' LIKE 'i$_d_o' ESCAPE '$' AS " TRUE ";
 SELECT 'i_dio' NOT LIKE 'i$_d_o' ESCAPE '$' AS " FALSE ";
 
 SELECT 'i_dio' LIKE 'i$_nd_o' ESCAPE '$' AS " FALSE ";
 SELECT 'i_dio' NOT LIKE 'i$_nd_o' ESCAPE '$' AS " TRUE ";
 
 SELECT 'i_dio' LIKE 'i$_d%o' ESCAPE '$' AS " TRUE ";
 SELECT 'i_dio' NOT LIKE 'i$_d%o' ESCAPE '$' AS " FALSE ";
 
 -- escape character same as pattern character
 SELECT 'maca' LIKE 'm%aca' ESCAPE '%' AS " TRUE ";
 SELECT 'maca' NOT LIKE 'm%aca' ESCAPE '%' AS " FALSE ";
 
 SELECT 'ma%a' LIKE 'm%a%%a' ESCAPE '%' AS " TRUE ";
 SELECT 'ma%a' NOT LIKE 'm%a%%a' ESCAPE '%' AS " FALSE ";
 
 SELECT 'bear' LIKE 'b_ear' ESCAPE '_' AS " TRUE ";
 SELECT 'bear' NOT LIKE 'b_ear' ESCAPE '_' AS " FALSE ";
 
 SELECT 'be_r' LIKE 'b_e__r' ESCAPE '_' AS " TRUE ";
 SELECT 'be_r' NOT LIKE 'b_e__r' ESCAPE '_' AS " FALSE ";
 
 SELECT 'be_r' LIKE '__e__r' ESCAPE '_' AS " FALSE ";
 SELECT 'be_r' NOT LIKE '__e__r' ESCAPE '_' AS " TRUE ";
 
 
 --
 -- test ILIKE (case-insensitive LIKE)
 -- Be sure to form every test as an ILIKE/NOT ILIKE pair.
 --
 
 SELECT 'hawkeye' ILIKE 'h%' AS " TRUE ";
 SELECT 'hawkeye' NOT ILIKE 'h%' AS " FALSE ";
 
 SELECT 'hawkeye' ILIKE 'H%' AS " TRUE ";
 SELECT 'hawkeye' NOT ILIKE 'H%' AS " FALSE ";
 
 SELECT 'hawkeye' ILIKE 'H%Eye' AS " TRUE ";
 SELECT 'hawkeye' NOT ILIKE 'H%Eye' AS " FALSE ";
 
 SELECT 'Hawkeye' ILIKE 'h%' AS " TRUE ";
 SELECT 'Hawkeye' NOT ILIKE 'h%' AS " FALSE ";
 
 --
 -- test %/_ combination cases, cf bugs #4821 and #5478
 --
 
 SELECT 'foo' LIKE '_%' as t, 'f' LIKE '_%' as t, '' LIKE '_%' as f;
 SELECT 'foo' LIKE '%_' as t, 'f' LIKE '%_' as t, '' LIKE '%_' as f;
 
 SELECT 'foo' LIKE '__%' as t, 'foo' LIKE '___%' as t, 'foo' LIKE '____%' as f;
 SELECT 'foo' LIKE '%__' as t, 'foo' LIKE '%___' as t, 'foo' LIKE '%____' as f;
 
 SELECT 'jack' LIKE '%____%' AS t;
 
 
 --
 -- basic tests of LIKE with indexes
 --
 
 CREATE TABLE texttest (a text PRIMARY KEY, b int);
 SELECT * FROM texttest WHERE a LIKE '%1%';
 
 CREATE TABLE byteatest (a bytea PRIMARY KEY, b int);
 SELECT * FROM byteatest WHERE a LIKE '%1%';
 
 DROP TABLE texttest, byteatest;
 
 
 --
 -- test implicit type conversion
 --
 
 -- E021-07 character concatenation
 SELECT 'unknown' || ' and unknown' AS " || unknown types ";
 
 SELECT text 'text' || ' and unknown' AS " || text TO unknown TYPE ";
 
 SELECT char(20) 'characters' || ' and text' AS " || char TO unknown TYPE ";
 
 SELECT text 'text' || char(20) ' and characters' AS " || text TO char ";
 
 SELECT text 'text' || varchar ' and varchar' AS " || text TO varchar ";
 
 --
 -- test substr with toasted text values
 --
 CREATE TABLE toasttest(f1 text);
 
 insert into toasttest values(repeat('1234567890',10000));
 insert into toasttest values(repeat('1234567890',10000));
 
 --
 -- Ensure that some values are uncompressed, to test the faster substring
 -- operation used in that case
 --
 alter table toasttest alter column f1 set storage external;
 insert into toasttest values(repeat('1234567890',10000));
 insert into toasttest values(repeat('1234567890',10000));
 
 -- If the starting position is zero or less, then return from the start of the string
 -- adjusting the length to be consistent with the " negative START " per SQL.
 SELECT substr(f1, -1, 5) from toasttest;
 
 -- If the length is less than zero, an ERROR is thrown.
 SELECT substr(f1, 5, -1) from toasttest;
 
 -- If no third argument (length) is provided, the length to the end of the
 -- string is assumed.
 SELECT substr(f1, 99995) from toasttest;
 
 -- If start plus length is > string length, the result is truncated to
 -- string length
 SELECT substr(f1, 99995, 10) from toasttest;
 
 TRUNCATE TABLE toasttest;
 INSERT INTO toasttest values (repeat('1234567890',300));
 INSERT INTO toasttest values (repeat('1234567890',300));
 INSERT INTO toasttest values (repeat('1234567890',300));
 INSERT INTO toasttest values (repeat('1234567890',300));
 -- expect >0 blocks
 SELECT pg_relation_size(reltoastrelid) = 0 AS is_empty
   FROM pg_class where relname = 'toasttest';
 
 TRUNCATE TABLE toasttest;
 ALTER TABLE toasttest set (toast_tuple_target = 4080);
 INSERT INTO toasttest values (repeat('1234567890',300));
 INSERT INTO toasttest values (repeat('1234567890',300));
 INSERT INTO toasttest values (repeat('1234567890',300));
 INSERT INTO toasttest values (repeat('1234567890',300));
 -- expect 0 blocks
 SELECT pg_relation_size(reltoastrelid) = 0 AS is_empty
   FROM pg_class where relname = 'toasttest';
 
 DROP TABLE toasttest;
 
 --
 -- test substr with toasted bytea values
 --
 CREATE TABLE toasttest(f1 bytea);
 
 insert into toasttest values(decode(repeat('1234567890',10000),'escape'));
 insert into toasttest values(decode(repeat('1234567890',10000),'escape'));
 
 --
 -- Ensure that some values are uncompressed, to test the faster substring
 -- operation used in that case
 --
 alter table toasttest alter column f1 set storage external;
 insert into toasttest values(decode(repeat('1234567890',10000),'escape'));
 insert into toasttest values(decode(repeat('1234567890',10000),'escape'));
 
 -- If the starting position is zero or less, then return from the start of the string
 -- adjusting the length to be consistent with the " negative START " per SQL.
 SELECT substr(f1, -1, 5) from toasttest;
 
 -- If the length is less than zero, an ERROR is thrown.
 SELECT substr(f1, 5, -1) from toasttest;
 
 -- If no third argument (length) is provided, the length to the end of the
 -- string is assumed.
 SELECT substr(f1, 99995) from toasttest;
 
 -- If start plus length is > string length, the result is truncated to
 -- string length
 SELECT substr(f1, 99995, 10) from toasttest;
 
 DROP TABLE toasttest;
 
 -- test internally compressing datums
 
 -- this tests compressing a datum to a very small size which exercises a
 -- corner case in packed-varlena handling: even though small, the compressed
 -- datum must be given a 4-byte header because there are no bits to indicate
 -- compression in a 1-byte header
 
 CREATE TABLE toasttest (c char(4096));
 INSERT INTO toasttest VALUES('x');
 SELECT length(c), c::text FROM toasttest;
 SELECT c FROM toasttest;
 DROP TABLE toasttest;
 
 --
 -- test length
 --
 
 SELECT length('abcdef') AS " length_6 ";
 
 --
 -- test strpos
 --
 
 SELECT strpos('abcdef', 'cd') AS " pos_3 ";
 
 SELECT strpos('abcdef', 'xy') AS " pos_0 ";
 
 --
 -- test replace
 --
 SELECT replace('abcdef', 'de', '45') AS " abc45f ";
 
 SELECT replace('yabadabadoo', 'ba', '123') AS " ya123da123doo ";
 
 SELECT replace('yabadoo', 'bad', '') AS " yaoo ";
 
 --
 -- test split_part
 --
 select split_part('joeuser@mydatabase','@',0) AS " an error ";
 
 select split_part('joeuser@mydatabase','@',1) AS " joeuser ";
 
 select split_part('joeuser@mydatabase','@',2) AS " mydatabase ";
 
 select split_part('joeuser@mydatabase','@',3) AS " empty string ";
 
 select split_part('@joeuser@mydatabase@','@',2) AS " joeuser ";
 
 --
 -- test to_hex
 --
 select to_hex(256*256*256 - 1) AS " ffffff ";
 
 select to_hex(256::bigint*256::bigint*256::bigint*256::bigint - 1) AS " ffffffff ";
 
 --
 -- MD5 test suite - from IETF RFC 1321
 -- (see: ftp://ftp.rfc-editor.org/in-notes/rfc1321.txt)
 --
 select md5('') = 'd41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e' AS " TRUE ";
 
 select md5('a') = '0cc175b9c0f1b6a831c399e269772661' AS " TRUE ";
 
 select md5('abc') = '900150983cd24fb0d6963f7d28e17f72' AS " TRUE ";
 
 select md5('message digest') = 'f96b697d7cb7938d525a2f31aaf161d0' AS " TRUE ";
 
 select md5('abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz') = 'c3fcd3d76192e4007dfb496cca67e13b' AS " TRUE ";
 
 select md5('ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789') = 'd174ab98d277d9f5a5611c2c9f419d9f' AS " TRUE ";
 
 select md5('12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890') = '57edf4a22be3c955ac49da2e2107b67a' AS " TRUE ";
 
 select md5(''::bytea) = 'd41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e' AS " TRUE ";
 
 select md5('a'::bytea) = '0cc175b9c0f1b6a831c399e269772661' AS " TRUE ";
 
 select md5('abc'::bytea) = '900150983cd24fb0d6963f7d28e17f72' AS " TRUE ";
 
 select md5('message digest'::bytea) = 'f96b697d7cb7938d525a2f31aaf161d0' AS " TRUE ";
 
 select md5('abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'::bytea) = 'c3fcd3d76192e4007dfb496cca67e13b' AS " TRUE ";
 
 select md5('ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789'::bytea) = 'd174ab98d277d9f5a5611c2c9f419d9f' AS " TRUE ";
 
 select md5('12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890'::bytea) = '57edf4a22be3c955ac49da2e2107b67a' AS " TRUE;

--
-- SHA-2
--

SET bytea_output TO hex;

SELECT
    sha224 ('');

SELECT
    sha224 ('The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.');

SELECT
    sha256 ('');

SELECT
    sha256 ('The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.');

SELECT
    sha384 ('');

SELECT
    sha384 ('The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.');

SELECT
    sha512 ('');

SELECT
    sha512 ('The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.');

--
-- test behavior of escape_string_warning and standard_conforming_strings options
--

SET escape_string_warning = OFF;

SET standard_conforming_strings = OFF;

SHOW escape_string_warning;

SHOW standard_conforming_strings;

SET escape_string_warning = ON;

SET standard_conforming_strings = ON;

SHOW escape_string_warning;

SHOW standard_conforming_strings;

SELECT
    'a\bcd' AS f1,
    'a\b''cd' AS f2,
    'a\b''''cd' AS f3,
    'abcd\'   as f4, ' 'ab\' 'cd' AS f5,
    '\\' as f6;
    
    set standard_conforming_strings = off;
    
    select ' a bcd ' as f1, ' a b\'cd ' as f2, ' a 'b\' '' cd ' as f3, ' abcd '\' AS f4,
    'ab\\\'cd' AS f5,
    '\\\\' as f6;
    
    set escape_string_warning = off;
    set standard_conforming_strings = on;
    
    select ' a bcd ' as f1, ' a b '' cd ' as f2, ' a b '''' cd ' as f3, ' 'abcd\' AS f4,
    'ab\'' cd ' as f5, ' '\' AS f6;

SET standard_conforming_strings = OFF;

SELECT
    'a\\bcd' AS f1,
    'a\\b\'cd' AS f2,
    'a\\b\'''cd' AS f3,
    'abcd\\'   as f4, ' ab \'cd ' as f5, ' '\' AS f6;

--
-- Additional string functions
--

SET bytea_output TO escape;

SELECT
    initcap('hi THOMAS');

SELECT
    lpad('hi', 5, 'xy');

SELECT
    lpad('hi', 5);

SELECT
    lpad('hi', - 5, 'xy');

SELECT
    lpad('hello', 2);

SELECT
    lpad('hi', 5, '');

SELECT
    rpad('hi', 5, 'xy');

SELECT
    rpad('hi', 5);

SELECT
    rpad('hi', - 5, 'xy');

SELECT
    rpad('hello', 2);

SELECT
    rpad('hi', 5, '');

SELECT
    ltrim('zzzytrim', 'xyz');

SELECT
    translate('', '14', 'ax');

SELECT
    translate('12345', '14', 'ax');

SELECT
    ascii('x');

SELECT
    ascii('');

SELECT
    chr(65);

SELECT
    chr(0);

SELECT
    repeat('Pg', 4);

SELECT
    repeat('Pg', - 4);

SELECT
    trim(E'\\000'::bytea FROM E'\\000Tom\\000'::bytea);

SELECT
    btrim(E'\\000trim\\000'::bytea, E'\\000'::bytea);

SELECT
    btrim(''::bytea, E'\\000'::bytea);

SELECT
    btrim(E'\\000trim\\000'::bytea, ''::bytea);

SELECT
    encode(overlay(E'Th\\000omas'::bytea PLACING E'Th\\001omas'::bytea FROM 2), 'escape');

SELECT
    encode(overlay(E'Th\\000omas'::bytea PLACING E'\\002\\003'::bytea FROM 8), 'escape');

SELECT
    encode(overlay(E'Th\\000omas'::bytea PLACING E'\\002\\003'::bytea FROM 5 FOR 3), 'escape');

