if not modules then modules = { } end modules ['l-unicode'] = {
    version   = 1.001,
    comment   = "companion to luat-lib.mkiv",
    author    = "Hans Hagen, PRAGMA-ADE, Hasselt NL",
    copyright = "PRAGMA ADE / ConTeXt Development Team",
    license   = "see context related readme files"
}

-- floor(b/256)  => rshift(b, 8)
-- floor(b/1024) => rshift(b,10)

-- in lua 5.3:

-- utf8.char(···)         : concatinated
-- utf8.charpatt          : "[\0-\x7F\xC2-\xF4][\x80-\xBF]*"
-- utf8.codes(s)          : for p, c in utf8.codes(s) do body end
-- utf8.codepoint(s [, i [, j]])
-- utf8.len(s [, i])
-- utf8.offset(s, n [, i])

-- todo: utf.sub replacement (used in syst-aux)
-- we put these in the utf namespace:

-- used     : byte char len lower sub upper
-- not used : dump find format gmatch gfind gsub match rep reverse

-- utf  = utf or (unicode and unicode.utf8) or { }

-- not supported:
--
-- dump, find, format, gfind, gmatch, gsub, lower, match, rep, reverse, upper

utf     = utf or { }
unicode = nil

if not string.utfcharacters then

    -- New: this gmatch hack is taken from the Lua 5.2 book. It's about two times slower
    -- than the built-in string.utfcharacters.

    local gmatch = string.gmatch

    function string.characters(str)
        return gmatch(str,".[\128-\191]*")
    end


end

utf.characters = string.utfcharacters

-- string.utfvalues
-- string.utfcharacters
-- string.characters
-- string.characterpairs
-- string.bytes
-- string.bytepairs
-- string.utflength
-- string.utfvalues
-- string.utfcharacters

local type = type
local char, byte, format, sub, gmatch = string.char, string.byte, string.format, string.sub, string.gmatch
local concat = table.concat
local P, C, R, Cs, Ct, Cmt, Cc, Carg, Cp = lpeg.P, lpeg.C, lpeg.R, lpeg.Cs, lpeg.Ct, lpeg.Cmt, lpeg.Cc, lpeg.Carg, lpeg.Cp

local lpegmatch       = lpeg.match
local patterns        = lpeg.patterns
local tabletopattern  = lpeg.utfchartabletopattern

local bytepairs       = string.bytepairs

local finder          = lpeg.finder
local replacer        = lpeg.replacer

local p_utftype       = patterns.utftype
local p_utfstricttype = patterns.utfstricttype
local p_utfoffset     = patterns.utfoffset
local p_utf8character = patterns.utf8character
local p_utf8char      = patterns.utf8char
local p_utf8byte      = patterns.utf8byte
local p_utfbom        = patterns.utfbom
local p_newline       = patterns.newline
local p_whitespace    = patterns.whitespace

-- if not unicode then
--     unicode = { utf = utf } -- for a while
-- end

if not utf.char then

    utf.char = string.utfcharacter or (utf8 and utf8.char)

    if not utf.char then

        -- no multiples

        local char = string.char

        if bit32 then

            local rshift  = bit32.rshift

            function utf.char(n)
                if n < 0x80 then
                    -- 0aaaaaaa : 0x80
                    return char(n)
                elseif n < 0x800 then
                    -- 110bbbaa : 0xC0 : n >> 6
                    -- 10aaaaaa : 0x80 : n & 0x3F
                    return char(
                        0xC0 + rshift(n,6),
                        0x80 + (n % 0x40)
                    )
                elseif n < 0x10000 then
                    -- 1110bbbb : 0xE0 :  n >> 12
                    -- 10bbbbaa : 0x80 : (n >>  6) & 0x3F
                    -- 10aaaaaa : 0x80 :  n        & 0x3F
                    return char(
                        0xE0 + rshift(n,12),
                        0x80 + (rshift(n,6) % 0x40),
                        0x80 + (n % 0x40)
                    )
                elseif n < 0x200000 then
                    -- 11110ccc : 0xF0 :  n >> 18
                    -- 10ccbbbb : 0x80 : (n >> 12) & 0x3F
                    -- 10bbbbaa : 0x80 : (n >>  6) & 0x3F
                    -- 10aaaaaa : 0x80 :  n        & 0x3F
                    -- dddd     : ccccc - 1
                    return char(
                        0xF0 +  rshift(n,18),
                        0x80 + (rshift(n,12) % 0x40),
                        0x80 + (rshift(n,6) % 0x40),
                        0x80 + (n % 0x40)
                    )
                else
                    return ""
                end
            end

        else

            local floor = math.floor

            function utf.char(n)
                if n < 0x80 then
                    return char(n)
                elseif n < 0x800 then
                    return char(
                        0xC0 + floor(n/0x40),
                        0x80 + (n % 0x40)
                    )
                elseif n < 0x10000 then
                    return char(
                        0xE0 + floor(n/0x1000),
                        0x80 + (floor(n/0x40) % 0x40),
                        0x80 + (n % 0x40)
                    )
                elseif n < 0x200000 then
                    return char(
                        0xF0 +  floor(n/0x40000),
                        0x80 + (floor(n/0x1000) % 0x40),
                        0x80 + (floor(n/0x40) % 0x40),
                        0x80 + (n % 0x40)
                    )
                else
                    return ""
                end
            end

        end

    end

end

if not utf.byte then

    utf.byte = string.utfvalue or (utf8 and utf8.codepoint)

    if not utf.byte then

        function utf.byte(c)
            return lpegmatch(p_utf8byte,c)
        end

    end

end

local utfchar, utfbyte = utf.char, utf.byte

-- As we want to get rid of the (unmaintained) utf library we implement our own
-- variants (in due time an independent module):

function utf.filetype(data)
    return data and lpegmatch(p_utftype,data) or "unknown"
end

local toentities = Cs (
    (
        patterns.utf8one
            + (
                patterns.utf8two
              + patterns.utf8three
              + patterns.utf8four
            ) / function(s) local b = utfbyte(s) if b < 127 then return s else return format("&#%X;",b) end end
    )^0
)

patterns.toentities = toentities

function utf.toentities(str)
    return lpegmatch(toentities,str)
end

-- local utfchr = { } -- 60K -> 2.638 M extra mem but currently not called that often (on latin)
--
-- setmetatable(utfchr, { __index = function(t,k) local v = utfchar(k) t[k] = v return v end } )
--
-- collectgarbage("collect")
-- local u = collectgarbage("count")*1024
-- local t = os.clock()
-- for i=1,1000 do
--     for i=1,600 do
--         local a = utfchr[i]
--     end
-- end
-- print(os.clock()-t,collectgarbage("count")*1024-u)

-- collectgarbage("collect")
-- local t = os.clock()
-- for i=1,1000 do
--     for i=1,600 do
--         local a = utfchar(i)
--     end
-- end
-- print(os.clock()-t,collectgarbage("count")*1024-u)

-- local byte = string.byte
-- local utfchar = utf.char

local one  = P(1)
local two  = C(1) * C(1)
local four = C(R(utfchar(0xD8),utfchar(0xFF))) * C(1) * C(1) * C(1)

local pattern = P("\254\255") * Cs( (
                    four  / function(a,b,c,d)
                                local ab = 0xFF * byte(a) + byte(b)
                                local cd = 0xFF * byte(c) + byte(d)
                                return utfchar((ab-0xD800)*0x400 + (cd-0xDC00) + 0x10000)
                            end
                  + two   / function(a,b)
                                return utfchar(byte(a)*256 + byte(b))
                            end
                  + one
                )^1 )
              + P("\255\254") * Cs( (
                    four  / function(b,a,d,c)
                                local ab = 0xFF * byte(a) + byte(b)
                                local cd = 0xFF * byte(c) + byte(d)
                                return utfchar((ab-0xD800)*0x400 + (cd-0xDC00) + 0x10000)
                            end
                  + two   / function(b,a)
                                return utfchar(byte(a)*256 + byte(b))
                            end
                  + one
                )^1 )

function string.toutf(s) -- in string namespace
    return lpegmatch(pattern,s) or s -- todo: utf32
end

local validatedutf = Cs (
    (
        patterns.utf8one
      + patterns.utf8two
      + patterns.utf8three
      + patterns.utf8four
      + P(1) / "�"
    )^0
)

patterns.validatedutf = validatedutf

function utf.is_valid(str)
    return type(str) == "string" and lpegmatch(validatedutf,str) or false
end

if not utf.len then

    utf.len = string.utflength or (utf8 and utf8.len)

    if not utf.len then

        -- -- alternative 1: 0.77
        --
        -- local utfcharcounter = utfbom^-1 * Cs((p_utf8character/'!')^0)
        --
        -- function utf.len(str)
        --     return #lpegmatch(utfcharcounter,str or "")
        -- end
        --
        -- -- alternative 2: 1.70
        --
        -- local n = 0
        --
        -- local utfcharcounter = utfbom^-1 * (p_utf8character/function() n = n + 1 end)^0 -- slow
        --
        -- function utf.length(str)
        --     n = 0
        --     lpegmatch(utfcharcounter,str or "")
        --     return n
        -- end
        --
        -- -- alternative 3: 0.24 (native unicode.utf8.len: 0.047)

        -- local n = 0
        --
        -- -- local utfcharcounter = lpeg.patterns.utfbom^-1 * P ( ( Cp() * (
        -- --     patterns.utf8one  ^1 * Cc(1)
        -- --   + patterns.utf8two  ^1 * Cc(2)
        -- --   + patterns.utf8three^1 * Cc(3)
        -- --   + patterns.utf8four ^1 * Cc(4) ) * Cp() / function(f,d,t) n = n + (t - f)/d end
        -- --  )^0 ) -- just as many captures as below
        --
        -- -- local utfcharcounter = lpeg.patterns.utfbom^-1 * P ( (
        -- --     (Cmt(patterns.utf8one  ^1,function(_,_,s) n = n + #s   return true end))
        -- --   + (Cmt(patterns.utf8two  ^1,function(_,_,s) n = n + #s/2 return true end))
        -- --   + (Cmt(patterns.utf8three^1,function(_,_,s) n = n + #s/3 return true end))
        -- --   + (Cmt(patterns.utf8four ^1,function(_,_,s) n = n + #s/4 return true end))
        -- -- )^0 ) -- not interesting as it creates strings but sometimes faster
        --
        -- -- The best so far:
        --
        -- local utfcharcounter = utfbom^-1 * P ( (
        --     Cp() * (patterns.utf8one  )^1 * Cp() / function(f,t) n = n +  t - f    end
        --   + Cp() * (patterns.utf8two  )^1 * Cp() / function(f,t) n = n + (t - f)/2 end
        --   + Cp() * (patterns.utf8three)^1 * Cp() / function(f,t) n = n + (t - f)/3 end
        --   + Cp() * (patterns.utf8four )^1 * Cp() / function(f,t) n = n + (t - f)/4 end
        -- )^0 )

        -- function utf.len(str)
        --     n = 0
        --     lpegmatch(utfcharcounter,str or "")
        --     return n
        -- end

        local n, f = 0, 1

        local utfcharcounter = patterns.utfbom^-1 * Cmt (
            Cc(1) * patterns.utf8one  ^1
          + Cc(2) * patterns.utf8two  ^1
          + Cc(3) * patterns.utf8three^1
          + Cc(4) * patterns.utf8four ^1,
            function(_,t,d) -- due to Cc no string captures, so faster
                n = n + (t - f)/d
                f = t
                return true
            end
        )^0

        function utf.len(str)
            n, f = 0, 1
            lpegmatch(utfcharcounter,str or "")
            return n
        end

        -- -- these are quite a bit slower:

        -- utfcharcounter = utfbom^-1 * (Cmt(P(1) * R("\128\191")^0, function() n = n + 1 return true end))^0 -- 50+ times slower
        -- utfcharcounter = utfbom^-1 * (Cmt(P(1), function() n = n + 1 return true end) * R("\128\191")^0)^0 -- 50- times slower

    end

end

utf.length = utf.len

if not utf.sub then

    -- inefficient as lpeg just copies ^n

    -- local function sub(str,start,stop)
    --     local pattern = p_utf8character^-(start-1) * C(p_utf8character^-(stop-start+1))
    --     inspect(pattern)
    --     return lpegmatch(pattern,str) or ""
    -- end

    -- local b, e, n, first, last = 0, 0, 0, 0, 0
    --
    -- local function slide(s,p)
    --     n = n + 1
    --     if n == first then
    --         b = p
    --         if not last then
    --             return nil
    --         end
    --     end
    --     if n == last then
    --         e = p
    --         return nil
    --     else
    --         return p
    --     end
    -- end
    --
    -- local pattern = Cmt(p_utf8character,slide)^0
    --
    -- function utf.sub(str,start,stop) -- todo: from the end
    --     if not start then
    --         return str
    --     end
    --     b, e, n, first, last = 0, 0, 0, start, stop
    --     lpegmatch(pattern,str)
    --     if not stop then
    --         return sub(str,b)
    --     else
    --         return sub(str,b,e-1)
    --     end
    -- end

    -- print(utf.sub("Hans Hagen is my name"))
    -- print(utf.sub("Hans Hagen is my name",5))
    -- print(utf.sub("Hans Hagen is my name",5,10))

    local utflength = utf.length

    -- also negative indices, upto 10 times slower than a c variant

    local b, e, n, first, last = 0, 0, 0, 0, 0

    local function slide_zero(s,p)
        n = n + 1
        if n >= last then
            e = p - 1
        else
            return p
        end
    end

    local function slide_one(s,p)
        n = n + 1
        if n == first then
            b = p
        end
        if n >= last then
            e = p - 1
        else
            return p
        end
    end

    local function slide_two(s,p)
        n = n + 1
        if n == first then
            b = p
        else
            return true
        end
    end

    local pattern_zero  = Cmt(p_utf8character,slide_zero)^0
    local pattern_one   = Cmt(p_utf8character,slide_one )^0
    local pattern_two   = Cmt(p_utf8character,slide_two )^0

    local pattern_first = C(p_utf8character)

    function utf.sub(str,start,stop)
        if not start then
            return str
        end
        if start == 0 then
            start = 1
        end
        if not stop then
            if start < 0 then
                local l = utflength(str) -- we can inline this function if needed
                start = l + start
            else
                start = start - 1
            end
            b, n, first = 0, 0, start
            lpegmatch(pattern_two,str)
            if n >= first then
                return sub(str,b)
            else
                return ""
            end
        end
        if start < 0 or stop < 0 then
            local l = utf.length(str)
            if start < 0 then
                start = l + start
                if start <= 0 then
                    start = 1
                else
                    start = start + 1
                end
            end
            if stop < 0 then
                stop = l + stop
                if stop == 0 then
                    stop = 1
                else
                    stop = stop + 1
                end
            end
        end
        if start == 1 and stop == 1 then
            return lpegmatch(pattern_first,str) or ""
        elseif start > stop then
            return ""
        elseif start > 1 then
            b, e, n, first, last = 0, 0, 0, start - 1, stop
            lpegmatch(pattern_one,str)
            if n >= first and e == 0 then
                e = #str
            end
            return sub(str,b,e)
        else
            b, e, n, last = 1, 0, 0, stop
            lpegmatch(pattern_zero,str)
            if e == 0 then
                e = #str
            end
            return sub(str,b,e)
        end
    end

    -- local n = 100000
    -- local str = string.rep("123456àáâãäå",100)
    --
    -- for i=-15,15,1 do
    --     for j=-15,15,1 do
    --         if utf.xsub(str,i,j) ~= utf.sub(str,i,j) then
    --             print("error",i,j,"l>"..utf.xsub(str,i,j),"s>"..utf.sub(str,i,j))
    --         end
    --     end
    --     if utf.xsub(str,i) ~= utf.sub(str,i) then
    --         print("error",i,"l>"..utf.xsub(str,i),"s>"..utf.sub(str,i))
    --     end
    -- end

    -- print(" 1, 7",utf.xsub(str, 1, 7),utf.sub(str, 1, 7))
    -- print(" 0, 7",utf.xsub(str, 0, 7),utf.sub(str, 0, 7))
    -- print(" 0, 9",utf.xsub(str, 0, 9),utf.sub(str, 0, 9))
    -- print(" 4   ",utf.xsub(str, 4   ),utf.sub(str, 4   ))
    -- print(" 0   ",utf.xsub(str, 0   ),utf.sub(str, 0   ))
    -- print(" 0, 0",utf.xsub(str, 0, 0),utf.sub(str, 0, 0))
    -- print(" 4, 4",utf.xsub(str, 4, 4),utf.sub(str, 4, 4))
    -- print(" 4, 0",utf.xsub(str, 4, 0),utf.sub(str, 4, 0))
    -- print("-3, 0",utf.xsub(str,-3, 0),utf.sub(str,-3, 0))
    -- print(" 0,-3",utf.xsub(str, 0,-3),utf.sub(str, 0,-3))
    -- print(" 5,-3",utf.xsub(str,-5,-3),utf.sub(str,-5,-3))
    -- print("-3   ",utf.xsub(str,-3   ),utf.sub(str,-3   ))

end

-- a replacement for simple gsubs:

-- function utf.remapper(mapping)
--     local pattern = Cs((p_utf8character/mapping)^0)
--     return function(str)
--         if not str or str == "" then
--             return ""
--         else
--             return lpegmatch(pattern,str)
--         end
--     end, pattern
-- end

function utf.remapper(mapping,option,action) -- static also returns a pattern
    local variant = type(mapping)
    if variant == "table" then
        action = action or mapping
        if option == "dynamic" then
            local pattern = false
            table.setmetatablenewindex(mapping,function(t,k,v) rawset(t,k,v) pattern = false end)
            return function(str)
                if not str or str == "" then
                    return ""
                else
                    if not pattern then
                        pattern = Cs((tabletopattern(mapping)/action + p_utf8character)^0)
                    end
                    return lpegmatch(pattern,str)
                end
            end
        elseif option == "pattern" then
            return Cs((tabletopattern(mapping)/action + p_utf8character)^0)
     -- elseif option == "static" then
        else
            local pattern = Cs((tabletopattern(mapping)/action + p_utf8character)^0)
            return function(str)
                if not str or str == "" then
                    return ""
                else
                    return lpegmatch(pattern,str)
                end
            end, pattern
        end
    elseif variant == "function" then
        if option == "pattern" then
            return Cs((p_utf8character/mapping + p_utf8character)^0)
        else
            local pattern = Cs((p_utf8character/mapping + p_utf8character)^0)
            return function(str)
                if not str or str == "" then
                    return ""
                else
                    return lpegmatch(pattern,str)
                end
            end, pattern
        end
    else
        -- is actually an error
        return function(str)
            return str or ""
        end
    end
end

-- local remap = utf.remapper { a = 'd', b = "c", c = "b", d = "a" }
-- print(remap("abcd 1234 abcd"))

function utf.replacer(t) -- no precheck, always string builder
    local r = replacer(t,false,false,true)
    return function(str)
        return lpegmatch(r,str)
    end
end

function utf.subtituter(t) -- with precheck and no building if no match
    local f = finder  (t)
    local r = replacer(t,false,false,true)
    return function(str)
        local i = lpegmatch(f,str)
        if not i then
            return str
        elseif i > #str then
            return str
        else
         -- return sub(str,1,i-2) .. lpegmatch(r,str,i-1) -- slower
            return lpegmatch(r,str)
        end
    end
end

-- inspect(utf.split("a b c d"))
-- inspect(utf.split("a b c d",true))

local utflinesplitter     = p_utfbom^-1 * lpeg.tsplitat(p_newline)
local utfcharsplitter_ows = p_utfbom^-1 * Ct(C(p_utf8character)^0)
local utfcharsplitter_iws = p_utfbom^-1 * Ct((p_whitespace^1 + C(p_utf8character))^0)
local utfcharsplitter_raw = Ct(C(p_utf8character)^0)

patterns.utflinesplitter  = utflinesplitter

function utf.splitlines(str)
    return lpegmatch(utflinesplitter,str or "")
end

function utf.split(str,ignorewhitespace) -- new
    if ignorewhitespace then
        return lpegmatch(utfcharsplitter_iws,str or "")
    else
        return lpegmatch(utfcharsplitter_ows,str or "")
    end
end

function utf.totable(str) -- keeps bom
    return lpegmatch(utfcharsplitter_raw,str)
end

-- 0  EF BB BF      UTF-8
-- 1  FF FE         UTF-16-little-endian
-- 2  FE FF         UTF-16-big-endian
-- 3  FF FE 00 00   UTF-32-little-endian
-- 4  00 00 FE FF   UTF-32-big-endian
--
-- \000 fails in <= 5.0 but is valid in >=5.1 where %z is depricated

-- utf.name = {
--     [0] = 'utf-8',
--     [1] = 'utf-16-le',
--     [2] = 'utf-16-be',
--     [3] = 'utf-32-le',
--     [4] = 'utf-32-be'
-- }
--
-- function utf.magic(f)
--     local str = f:read(4)
--     if not str then
--         f:seek('set')
--         return 0
--  -- elseif find(str,"^%z%z\254\255") then            -- depricated
--  -- elseif find(str,"^\000\000\254\255") then        -- not permitted and bugged
--     elseif find(str,"\000\000\254\255",1,true) then  -- seems to work okay (TH)
--         return 4
--  -- elseif find(str,"^\255\254%z%z") then            -- depricated
--  -- elseif find(str,"^\255\254\000\000") then        -- not permitted and bugged
--     elseif find(str,"\255\254\000\000",1,true) then  -- seems to work okay (TH)
--         return 3
--     elseif find(str,"^\254\255") then
--         f:seek('set',2)
--         return 2
--     elseif find(str,"^\255\254") then
--         f:seek('set',2)
--         return 1
--     elseif find(str,"^\239\187\191") then
--         f:seek('set',3)
--         return 0
--     else
--         f:seek('set')
--         return 0
--     end
-- end

function utf.magic(f) -- not used
    local str = f:read(4) or ""
    local off = lpegmatch(p_utfoffset,str)
    if off < 4 then
        f:seek('set',off)
    end
    return lpegmatch(p_utftype,str)
end

local utf16_to_utf8_be, utf16_to_utf8_le
local utf32_to_utf8_be, utf32_to_utf8_le

local utf_16_be_getbom = patterns.utfbom_16_be^-1
local utf_16_le_getbom = patterns.utfbom_16_le^-1
local utf_32_be_getbom = patterns.utfbom_32_be^-1
local utf_32_le_getbom = patterns.utfbom_32_le^-1

local utf_16_be_linesplitter = utf_16_be_getbom * lpeg.tsplitat(patterns.utf_16_be_nl)
local utf_16_le_linesplitter = utf_16_le_getbom * lpeg.tsplitat(patterns.utf_16_le_nl)
local utf_32_be_linesplitter = utf_32_be_getbom * lpeg.tsplitat(patterns.utf_32_be_nl)
local utf_32_le_linesplitter = utf_32_le_getbom * lpeg.tsplitat(patterns.utf_32_le_nl)

-- we have three possibilities: bytepairs (using tables), gmatch (using tables), gsub and
-- lpeg. Bytepairs are the fastert but as soon as we need to remove bombs and so the gain
-- is less due to more testing. Also, we seldom have to convert utf16 so we don't care to
-- much about a few  milliseconds more runtime. The lpeg variant is upto 20% slower but
-- still pretty fast.
--
-- for historic resone we keep the bytepairs variants around .. beware they don't grab the
-- bom like the lpegs do so they're not dropins in the functions that follow
--
-- utf16_to_utf8_be = function(s)
--     if not s then
--         return nil
--     elseif s == "" then
--         return ""
--     end
--     local result, r, more = { }, 0, 0
--     for left, right in bytepairs(s) do
--         if right then
--             local now = 256*left + right
--             if more > 0 then
--                 now = (more-0xD800)*0x400 + (now-0xDC00) + 0x10000 -- the 0x10000 smells wrong
--                 more = 0
--                 r = r + 1
--                 result[r] = utfchar(now)
--             elseif now >= 0xD800 and now <= 0xDBFF then
--                 more = now
--             else
--                 r = r + 1
--                 result[r] = utfchar(now)
--             end
--         end
--     end
--     return concat(result)
-- end
--
-- local utf16_to_utf8_be_t = function(t)
--     if not t then
--         return nil
--     elseif type(t) == "string" then
--         t = lpegmatch(utf_16_be_linesplitter,t)
--     end
--     local result = { } -- we reuse result
--     for i=1,#t do
--         local s = t[i]
--         if s ~= "" then
--             local r, more = 0, 0
--             for left, right in bytepairs(s) do
--                 if right then
--                     local now = 256*left + right
--                     if more > 0 then
--                         now = (more-0xD800)*0x400 + (now-0xDC00) + 0x10000
--                         more = 0
--                         r = r + 1
--                         result[r] = utfchar(now)
--                     elseif now >= 0xD800 and now <= 0xDBFF then
--                         more = now
--                     else
--                         r = r + 1
--                         result[r] = utfchar(now)
--                     end
--                 end
--             end
--             t[i] = concat(result,"",1,r) -- we reused tmp, hence t
--         end
--     end
--     return t
-- end
--
-- utf16_to_utf8_le = function(s)
--     if not s then
--         return nil
--     elseif s == "" then
--         return ""
--     end
--     local result, r, more = { }, 0, 0
--     for left, right in bytepairs(s) do
--         if right then
--             local now = 256*right + left
--             if more > 0 then
--                 now = (more-0xD800)*0x400 + (now-0xDC00) + 0x10000
--                 more = 0
--                 r = r + 1
--                 result[r] = utfchar(now)
--             elseif now >= 0xD800 and now <= 0xDBFF then
--                 more = now
--             else
--                 r = r + 1
--                 result[r] = utfchar(now)
--             end
--         end
--     end
--     return concat(result)
-- end
--
-- local utf16_to_utf8_le_t = function(t)
--     if not t then
--         return nil
--     elseif type(t) == "string" then
--         t = lpegmatch(utf_16_le_linesplitter,t)
--     end
--     local result = { } -- we reuse result
--     for i=1,#t do
--         local s = t[i]
--         if s ~= "" then
--             local r, more = 0, 0
--             for left, right in bytepairs(s) do
--                 if right then
--                     local now = 256*right + left
--                     if more > 0 then
--                         now = (more-0xD800)*0x400 + (now-0xDC00) + 0x10000
--                         more = 0
--                         r = r + 1
--                         result[r] = utfchar(now)
--                     elseif now >= 0xD800 and now <= 0xDBFF then
--                         more = now
--                     else
--                         r = r + 1
--                         result[r] = utfchar(now)
--                     end
--                 end
--             end
--             t[i] = concat(result,"",1,r) -- we reused tmp, hence t
--         end
--     end
--     return t
-- end
--
-- local utf32_to_utf8_be_t = function(t)
--     if not t then
--         return nil
--     elseif type(t) == "string" then
--         t = lpegmatch(utflinesplitter,t)
--     end
--     local result = { } -- we reuse result
--     for i=1,#t do
--         local r, more = 0, -1
--         for a,b in bytepairs(t[i]) do
--             if a and b then
--                 if more < 0 then
--                     more = 256*256*256*a + 256*256*b
--                 else
--                     r = r + 1
--                     result[t] = utfchar(more + 256*a + b)
--                     more = -1
--                 end
--             else
--                 break
--             end
--         end
--         t[i] = concat(result,"",1,r)
--     end
--     return t
-- end
--
-- local utf32_to_utf8_le_t = function(t)
--     if not t then
--         return nil
--     elseif type(t) == "string" then
--         t = lpegmatch(utflinesplitter,t)
--     end
--     local result = { } -- we reuse result
--     for i=1,#t do
--         local r, more = 0, -1
--         for a,b in bytepairs(t[i]) do
--             if a and b then
--                 if more < 0 then
--                     more = 256*b + a
--                 else
--                     r = r + 1
--                     result[t] = utfchar(more + 256*256*256*b + 256*256*a)
--                     more = -1
--                 end
--             else
--                 break
--             end
--         end
--         t[i] = concat(result,"",1,r)
--     end
--     return t
-- end

local more = 0

local p_utf16_to_utf8_be = C(1) * C(1) /function(left,right)
    local now = 256*byte(left) + byte(right)
    if more > 0 then
        now = (more-0xD800)*0x400 + (now-0xDC00) + 0x10000
        more = 0
        return utfchar(now)
    elseif now >= 0xD800 and now <= 0xDBFF then
        more = now
        return "" -- else the c's end up in the stream
    else
        return utfchar(now)
    end
end

local p_utf16_to_utf8_le = C(1) * C(1) /function(right,left)
    local now = 256*byte(left) + byte(right)
    if more > 0 then
        now = (more-0xD800)*0x400 + (now-0xDC00) + 0x10000
        more = 0
        return utfchar(now)
    elseif now >= 0xD800 and now <= 0xDBFF then
        more = now
        return "" -- else the c's end up in the stream
    else
        return utfchar(now)
    end
end
local p_utf32_to_utf8_be = C(1) * C(1) * C(1) * C(1) /function(a,b,c,d)
    return utfchar(256*256*256*byte(a) + 256*256*byte(b) + 256*byte(c) + byte(d))
end

local p_utf32_to_utf8_le = C(1) * C(1) * C(1) * C(1) /function(a,b,c,d)
    return utfchar(256*256*256*byte(d) + 256*256*byte(c) + 256*byte(b) + byte(a))
end

p_utf16_to_utf8_be = P(true) / function() more = 0 end * utf_16_be_getbom * Cs(p_utf16_to_utf8_be^0)
p_utf16_to_utf8_le = P(true) / function() more = 0 end * utf_16_le_getbom * Cs(p_utf16_to_utf8_le^0)
p_utf32_to_utf8_be = P(true) / function() more = 0 end * utf_32_be_getbom * Cs(p_utf32_to_utf8_be^0)
p_utf32_to_utf8_le = P(true) / function() more = 0 end * utf_32_le_getbom * Cs(p_utf32_to_utf8_le^0)

patterns.utf16_to_utf8_be = p_utf16_to_utf8_be
patterns.utf16_to_utf8_le = p_utf16_to_utf8_le
patterns.utf32_to_utf8_be = p_utf32_to_utf8_be
patterns.utf32_to_utf8_le = p_utf32_to_utf8_le

utf16_to_utf8_be = function(s)
    if s and s ~= "" then
        return lpegmatch(p_utf16_to_utf8_be,s)
    else
        return s
    end
end

local utf16_to_utf8_be_t = function(t)
    if not t then
        return nil
    elseif type(t) == "string" then
        t = lpegmatch(utf_16_be_linesplitter,t)
    end
    for i=1,#t do
        local s = t[i]
        if s ~= "" then
            t[i] = lpegmatch(p_utf16_to_utf8_be,s)
        end
    end
    return t
end

utf16_to_utf8_le = function(s)
    if s and s ~= "" then
        return lpegmatch(p_utf16_to_utf8_le,s)
    else
        return s
    end
end

local utf16_to_utf8_le_t = function(t)
    if not t then
        return nil
    elseif type(t) == "string" then
        t = lpegmatch(utf_16_le_linesplitter,t)
    end
    for i=1,#t do
        local s = t[i]
        if s ~= "" then
            t[i] = lpegmatch(p_utf16_to_utf8_le,s)
        end
    end
    return t
end

utf32_to_utf8_be = function(s)
    if s and s ~= "" then
        return lpegmatch(p_utf32_to_utf8_be,s)
    else
        return s
    end
end

local utf32_to_utf8_be_t = function(t)
    if not t then
        return nil
    elseif type(t) == "string" then
        t = lpegmatch(utf_32_be_linesplitter,t)
    end
    for i=1,#t do
        local s = t[i]
        if s ~= "" then
            t[i] = lpegmatch(p_utf32_to_utf8_be,s)
        end
    end
    return t
end

utf32_to_utf8_le = function(s)
    if s and s ~= "" then
        return lpegmatch(p_utf32_to_utf8_le,s)
    else
        return s
    end
end

local utf32_to_utf8_le_t = function(t)
    if not t then
        return nil
    elseif type(t) == "string" then
        t = lpegmatch(utf_32_le_linesplitter,t)
    end
    for i=1,#t do
        local s = t[i]
        if s ~= "" then
            t[i] = lpegmatch(p_utf32_to_utf8_le,s)
        end
    end
    return t
end

utf.utf16_to_utf8_le_t = utf16_to_utf8_le_t
utf.utf16_to_utf8_be_t = utf16_to_utf8_be_t
utf.utf32_to_utf8_le_t = utf32_to_utf8_le_t
utf.utf32_to_utf8_be_t = utf32_to_utf8_be_t

utf.utf16_to_utf8_le   = utf16_to_utf8_le
utf.utf16_to_utf8_be   = utf16_to_utf8_be
utf.utf32_to_utf8_le   = utf32_to_utf8_le
utf.utf32_to_utf8_be   = utf32_to_utf8_be

function utf.utf8_to_utf8_t(t)
    return type(t) == "string" and lpegmatch(utflinesplitter,t) or t
end

function utf.utf16_to_utf8_t(t,endian)
    return endian and utf16_to_utf8_be_t(t) or utf16_to_utf8_le_t(t) or t
end

function utf.utf32_to_utf8_t(t,endian)
    return endian and utf32_to_utf8_be_t(t) or utf32_to_utf8_le_t(t) or t
end

local function little(b)
    if b < 0x10000 then
        return char(b%256,rshift(b,8))
    else
        b = b - 0x10000
        local b1 = rshift(b,10) + 0xD800
        local b2 = b%1024 + 0xDC00
        return char(b1%256,rshift(b1,8),b2%256,rshift(b2,8))
    end
end

local function big(b)
    if b < 0x10000 then
        return char(rshift(b,8),b%256)
    else
        b = b - 0x10000
        local b1 = rshift(b,10) + 0xD800
        local b2 = b%1024 + 0xDC00
        return char(rshift(b1,8),b1%256,rshift(b2,8),b2%256)
    end
end

local l_remap = Cs((p_utf8byte/little+P(1)/"")^0)
local b_remap = Cs((p_utf8byte/big   +P(1)/"")^0)

local function utf8_to_utf16_be(str,nobom)
    if nobom then
        return lpegmatch(b_remap,str)
    else
        return char(254,255) .. lpegmatch(b_remap,str)
    end
end

local function utf8_to_utf16_le(str,nobom)
    if nobom then
        return lpegmatch(l_remap,str)
    else
        return char(255,254) .. lpegmatch(l_remap,str)
    end
end

utf.utf8_to_utf16_be = utf8_to_utf16_be
utf.utf8_to_utf16_le = utf8_to_utf16_le

function utf.utf8_to_utf16(str,littleendian,nobom)
    if littleendian then
        return utf8_to_utf16_le(str,nobom)
    else
        return utf8_to_utf16_be(str,nobom)
    end
end

local pattern = Cs (
    (p_utf8byte           / function(unicode          ) return format(  "0x%04X",          unicode) end) *
    (p_utf8byte * Carg(1) / function(unicode,separator) return format("%s0x%04X",separator,unicode) end)^0
)

function utf.tocodes(str,separator)
    return lpegmatch(pattern,str,1,separator or " ")
end

function utf.ustring(s)
    return format("U+%05X",type(s) == "number" and s or utfbyte(s))
end

function utf.xstring(s)
    return format("0x%05X",type(s) == "number" and s or utfbyte(s))
end

function utf.toeight(str)
    if not str or str == "" then
        return nil
    end
    local utftype = lpegmatch(p_utfstricttype,str)
    if utftype == "utf-8" then
        return sub(str,4)               -- remove the bom
    elseif utftype == "utf-16-be" then
        return utf16_to_utf8_be(str)    -- bom gets removed
    elseif utftype == "utf-16-le" then
        return utf16_to_utf8_le(str)    -- bom gets removed
    else
        return str
    end
end

--

do

    local p_nany = p_utf8character / ""
    local cache  = { }

    function utf.count(str,what)
        if type(what) == "string" then
            local p = cache[what]
            if not p then
                p = Cs((P(what)/" " + p_nany)^0)
                cache[p] = p
            end
            return #lpegmatch(p,str)
        else -- 4 times slower but still faster than / function
            return #lpegmatch(Cs((P(what)/" " + p_nany)^0),str)
        end
    end

end

if not string.utfvalues then

    -- So, a logical next step is to check for the values variant. It over five times
    -- slower than the built-in string.utfvalues. I optimized it a bit for n=0,1.

    ----- wrap, yield, gmatch = coroutine.wrap, coroutine.yield, string.gmatch
    local find =  string.find

    local dummy = function()
        -- we share this one
    end

    -- function string.utfvalues(str)
    --     local n = #str
    --     if n == 0 then
    --         return wrap(dummy)
    --     elseif n == 1 then
    --         return wrap(function() yield(utfbyte(str)) end)
    --     else
    --         return wrap(function() for s in gmatch(str,".[\128-\191]*") do
    --             yield(utfbyte(s))
    --         end end)
    --     end
    -- end
    --
    -- faster:

    function string.utfvalues(str)
        local n = #str
        if n == 0 then
            return dummy
        elseif n == 1 then
            return function() return utfbyte(str) end
        else
            local p = 1
         -- local n = #str
            return function()
             -- if p <= n then -- slower than the last find
                    local b, e = find(str,".[\128-\191]*",p)
                    if b then
                        p = e + 1
                        return utfbyte(sub(str,b,e))
                    end
             -- end
            end
        end
    end

    -- slower:
    --
    -- local pattern = C(p_utf8character) * Cp()
    -- ----- pattern = p_utf8character/utfbyte * Cp()
    -- ----- pattern = p_utf8byte * Cp()
    --
    -- function string.utfvalues(str) -- one of the cases where a find is faster than an lpeg
    --     local n = #str
    --     if n == 0 then
    --         return dummy
    --     elseif n == 1 then
    --         return function() return utfbyte(str) end
    --     else
    --         local p = 1
    --         return function()
    --             local s, e = lpegmatch(pattern,str,p)
    --             if e then
    --                 p = e
    --                 return utfbyte(s)
    --              -- return s
    --             end
    --         end
    --     end
    -- end

end

utf.values = string.utfvalues

function utf.chrlen(u) -- u is number
    return
        (u < 0x80 and 1) or
        (u < 0xE0 and 2) or
        (u < 0xF0 and 3) or
        (u < 0xF8 and 4) or
        (u < 0xFC and 5) or
        (u < 0xFE and 6) or 0
end

-- hashing saves a little but not that much in practice
--
-- local utf32 = table.setmetatableindex(function(t,k) local v = toutf32(k) t[k] = v return v end)

if bit32 then

    local extract = bit32.extract
    local char    = string.char

    function utf.toutf32string(n)
        if n <= 0xFF then
            return
                char(n) ..
                "\000\000\000"
        elseif n <= 0xFFFF then
            return
                char(extract(n, 0,8)) ..
                char(extract(n, 8,8)) ..
                "\000\000"
        elseif n <= 0xFFFFFF then
            return
                char(extract(n, 0,8)) ..
                char(extract(n, 8,8)) ..
                char(extract(n,16,8)) ..
                "\000"
        else
            return
                char(extract(n, 0,8)) ..
                char(extract(n, 8,8)) ..
                char(extract(n,16,8)) ..
                char(extract(n,24,8))
        end
    end

end

-- goodie:

local len = utf.len
local rep = rep

function string.utfpadd(s,n)
    if n and n ~= 0 then
        local l = len(s)
        if n > 0 then
            local d = n - l
            if d > 0 then
                return rep(c or " ",d) .. s
            end
        else
            local d = - n - l
            if d > 0 then
                return s .. rep(c or " ",d)
            end
        end
    end
    return s
end

-- goodies

do

    local utfcharacters = utf.characters or string.utfcharacters
    local utfchar       = utf.char       or string.utfcharacter

    lpeg.UP = P

    if utfcharacters then

        function lpeg.US(str)
            local p = P(false)
            for uc in utfcharacters(str) do
                p = p + P(uc)
            end
            return p
        end

    else

        function lpeg.US(str)
            local p = P(false)
            local f = function(uc)
                p = p + P(uc)
            end
            lpegmatch((p_utf8char/f)^0,str)
            return p
        end

    end

    local range = p_utf8byte * p_utf8byte + Cc(false) -- utf8byte is already a capture

    function lpeg.UR(str,more)
        local first, last
        if type(str) == "number" then
            first = str
            last = more or first
        else
            first, last = lpegmatch(range,str)
            if not last then
                return P(str)
            end
        end
        if first == last then
            return P(str)
        end
        if not utfchar then
            utfchar = utf.char -- maybe delayed
        end
        if utfchar and (last - first < 8) then -- a somewhat arbitrary criterium
            local p = P(false)
            for i=first,last do
                p = p + P(utfchar(i))
            end
            return p -- nil when invalid range
        else
            local f = function(b)
                return b >= first and b <= last
            end
            -- tricky, these nested captures
            return p_utf8byte / f -- nil when invalid range
        end
    end

    -- print(lpeg.match(lpeg.Cs((C(lpeg.UR("αω"))/{ ["χ"] = "OEPS" })^0),"αωχαω"))

end
