GNU Scientific Library – Reference Manual: Minimization Algorithms using Derivatives

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### 38.8 Minimization Algorithms using Derivatives

The minimization algorithms described in this section make use of both the function and its derivative. They require an initial guess for the location of the minimum. There is no absolute guarantee of convergence—the function must be suitable for this technique and the initial guess must be sufficiently close to the minimum for it to work.

Derivative Solver: gsl_multifit_fdfsolver_lmsder

  This is a robust and efficient version of the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm as implemented in the scaled LMDER routine in MINPACK. Minpack was written by Jorge J. Moré, Burton S. Garbow and Kenneth E. Hillstrom.

  The algorithm uses a generalized trust region to keep each step under control. In order to be accepted a proposed new position x' must satisfy the condition |D (x' - x)| < \delta, where D is a diagonal scaling matrix and \delta is the size of the trust region. The components of D are computed internally, using the column norms of the Jacobian to estimate the sensitivity of the residual to each component of x. This improves the behavior of the algorithm for badly scaled functions.

  On each iteration the algorithm attempts to minimize the linear system |F + J p| subject to the constraint |D p| < \Delta. The solution to this constrained linear system is found using the Levenberg-Marquardt method.

  The proposed step is now tested by evaluating the function at the resulting point, x'. If the step reduces the norm of the function sufficiently, and follows the predicted behavior of the function within the trust region, then it is accepted and the size of the trust region is increased. If the proposed step fails to improve the solution, or differs significantly from the expected behavior within the trust region, then the size of the trust region is decreased and another trial step is computed.

  The algorithm also monitors the progress of the solution and returns an error if the changes in the solution are smaller than the machine precision. The possible error codes are,

  `GSL_ETOLF`

    the decrease in the function falls below machine precision

  `GSL_ETOLX`

    the change in the position vector falls below machine precision

  `GSL_ETOLG`

    the norm of the gradient, relative to the norm of the function, falls below machine precision

  `GSL_ENOPROG`

    the routine has made 10 or more attempts to find a suitable trial step without success (but subsequent calls can be made to continue the search).15

  These error codes indicate that further iterations will be unlikely to change the solution from its current value.

Derivative Solver: gsl_multifit_fdfsolver_lmder

  This is an unscaled version of the LMDER algorithm. The elements of the diagonal scaling matrix D are set to 1. This algorithm may be useful in circumstances where the scaled version of LMDER converges too slowly, or the function is already scaled appropriately.

#### Footnotes

### (15)

The return code `GSL_CONTINUE` was used for this case in versions prior to 1.14.

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