Author: David Goodger
Date: 2006-04-04

# reStructuredText Directives

Author: | David Goodger
Contact: | goodger@python.org
Revision: | 4499
Date: | 2006-04-04
Copyright: | This document has been placed in the public domain.

Contents

- Admonitions
  - Specific Admonitions
  - Generic Admonition
- Images
  - Image
  - Figure
- Body Elements
  - Topic
  - Sidebar
  - Line Block
  - Parsed Literal Block
  - Rubric
  - Epigraph
  - Highlights
  - Pull-Quote
  - Compound Paragraph
  - Container
- Tables
  - Table
  - CSV Table
  - List Table
- Document Parts
  - Table of Contents
  - Automatic Section Numbering
  - Document Header & Footer
- References
  - Target Footnotes
  - Footnotes
  - Citations
- HTML-Specific
  - Meta
  - Imagemap
- Directives for Substitution Definitions
  - Replacement Text
  - Unicode Character Codes
  - Date
- Miscellaneous
  - Including an External Document Fragment
  - Raw Data Pass-Through
  - Class
  - Custom Interpreted Text Roles
  - Setting the Default Interpreted Text Role
  - Metadata Document Title
  - Restructuredtext-Test-Directive

This document describes the directives implemented in the reference reStructuredText parser.

Directives have the following syntax:

    +-------+-------------------------------+
    | ".. " | directive type "::" directive |
    +-------+ block                         |
            |                               |
            +-------------------------------+

Directives begin with an explicit markup start (two periods and a space), followed by the directive type and two colons (collectively, the "directive marker"). The directive block begins immediately after the directive marker, and includes all subsequent indented lines. The directive block is divided into arguments, options (a field list), and content (in that order), any of which may appear. See the Directives section in the reStructuredText Markup Specification for syntax details.

Descriptions below list "doctree elements" (document tree element names; XML DTD generic identifiers) corresponding to individual directives. For details on the hierarchy of elements, please see The Docutils Document Tree and the Docutils Generic DTD XML document type definition. For directive implementation details, see Creating reStructuredText Directives.

# Admonitions

## Specific Admonitions

Directive Types: | "attention", "caution", "danger", "error", "hint", "important", "note", "tip", "warning", "admonition"
Doctree Elements: | attention, caution, danger, error, hint, important, note, tip, warning, admonition, title
Directive Arguments: | None.
Directive Options: | None.
Directive Content: | Interpreted as body elements.

Admonitions are specially marked "topics" that can appear anywhere an ordinary body element can. They contain arbitrary body elements. Typically, an admonition is rendered as an offset block in a document, sometimes outlined or shaded, with a title matching the admonition type. For example:

    .. DANGER::
       Beware killer rabbits!

This directive might be rendered something like this:

    +------------------------+
    |        !DANGER!        |
    |                        |
    | Beware killer rabbits! |
    +------------------------+

The following admonition directives have been implemented:

- attention
- caution
- danger
- error
- hint
- important
- note
- tip
- warning

Any text immediately following the directive indicator (on the same line and/or indented on following lines) is interpreted as a directive block and is parsed for normal body elements. For example, the following "note" admonition directive contains one paragraph and a bullet list consisting of two list items:

    .. note:: This is a note admonition.
       This is the second line of the first paragraph.

       - The note contains all indented body elements
         following.
       - It includes this bullet list.

## Generic Admonition

Directive Type: | "admonition"
Doctree Elements: | admonition, title
Directive Arguments: | One, required (admonition title)
Directive Options: | Possible.
Directive Content: | Interpreted as body elements.

This is a generic, titled admonition. The title may be anything the author desires.

The author-supplied title is also used as a "classes" attribute value after being converted into a valid identifier form (down-cased; non-alphanumeric characters converted to single hyphens; "admonition-" prefixed). For example, this admonition:

    .. admonition:: And, by the way...

       You can make up your own admonition too.

becomes the following document tree (pseudo-XML):

    <document source="test data">
        <admonition classes="admonition-and-by-the-way">
            <title>
                And, by the way...
            <paragraph>
                You can make up your own admonition too.

The following option is recognized:

`class` : text
  Override the computed "classes" attribute value. See the class directive below.

# Images

There are two image directives: "image" and "figure".

## Image

Directive Type: | "image"
Doctree Element: | image
Directive Arguments: | One, required (image URI).
Directive Options: | Possible.
Directive Content: | None.

An "image" is a simple picture:

    .. image:: picture.png

The URI for the image source file is specified in the directive argument. As with hyperlink targets, the image URI may begin on the same line as the explicit markup start and target name, or it may begin in an indented text block immediately following, with no intervening blank lines. If there are multiple lines in the link block, they are stripped of leading and trailing whitespace and joined together.

Optionally, the image link block may contain a flat field list, the image options. For example:

    .. image:: picture.jpeg
       :height: 100
       :width: 200
       :scale: 50
       :alt: alternate text
       :align: right

The following options are recognized:

`alt` : text
  Alternate text: a short description of the image, displayed by applications that cannot display images, or spoken by applications for visually impaired users.
`height` : integer

  The desired height of the image in pixels, used to reserve space or scale the image vertically. When the "scale" option is also specified, they are combined. For example, a height of 200 and a scale of 50 is equivalent to a height of 100 with no scale.

  New in Docutils 0.3.10: It is also possible to specify a length value.

`width` : integer

  The width of the image in pixels, used to reserve space or scale the image horizontally. As with "height" above, when the "scale" option is also specified, they are combined.

  New in Docutils 0.3.10: It is also possible to specify a length or percentage value (which is relative to the current line width).

`scale` : integer

  The uniform scaling factor of the image, a percentage (but no "%" symbol is required or allowed). "100" means full-size, and is equivalent to omitting a "scale" option.

  If no "height" or "width" options are specified, PIL [1] may be used to determine them, if PIL is installed and the image file is available.

`align` : "top", "middle", "bottom", "left", "center", or "right"
  The alignment of the image, equivalent to the HTML `<img>` tag's "align" attribute. The values "top", "middle", and "bottom" control an image's vertical alignment (relative to the text baseline); they are only useful for inline images (substitutions). The values "left", "center", and "right" control an image's horizontal alignment, allowing the image to float and have the text flow around it. The specific behavior depends upon the browser or rendering software used.
`target` : text (URI or reference name)
  Makes the image into a hyperlink reference ("clickable"). The option argument may be a URI (relative or absolute), or a reference name with underscore suffix (e.g. `name_`).
`class` : text
  Set a "classes" attribute value on the image element. See the class directive below.

## Figure

Directive Type: | "figure"
Doctree Elements: | figure, image, caption, legend
Directive Arguments: | One, required (image URI).
Directive Options: | Possible.
Directive Content: | Interpreted as the figure caption and an optional legend.

A "figure" consists of image data (including image options), an optional caption (a single paragraph), and an optional legend (arbitrary body elements):

    .. figure:: picture.png
       :scale: 50
       :alt: map to buried treasure

       This is the caption of the figure (a simple paragraph).

       The legend consists of all elements after the caption.  In this
       case, the legend consists of this paragraph and the following
       table:

       +-----------------------+-----------------------+
       | Symbol                | Meaning               |
       +=======================+=======================+
       | .. image:: tent.png   | Campground            |
       +-----------------------+-----------------------+
       | .. image:: waves.png  | Lake                  |
       +-----------------------+-----------------------+
       | .. image:: peak.png   | Mountain              |
       +-----------------------+-----------------------+

There must be blank lines before the caption paragraph and before the legend. To specify a legend without a caption, use an empty comment ("..") in place of the caption.

The "figure" directive supports all of the options of the "image" directive (see image options above). In addition, the following options are recognized:

`figwidth` : integer or "image"

  The width of the figure in pixels, to limit the horizontal space used. A special value of "image" is allowed, in which case the included image's actual width is used (requires PIL [1]). If the image file is not found or the required software is unavailable, this option is ignored.

  Sets the "width" attribute of the "figure" doctree element.

  This option does not scale the included image; use the "width" image option for that.

      +---------------------------+
      |        figure             |
      |                           |
      |<------ figwidth --------->|
      |                           |
      |  +---------------------+  |
      |  |     image           |  |
      |  |                     |  |
      |  |<--- width --------->|  |
      |  +---------------------+  |
      |                           |
      |The figure's caption should|
      |wrap at this width.        |
      +---------------------------+

`figclass` : text
  Set a "classes" attribute value on the figure element. See the class directive below.
`align` : "left", "center", or "right"
  The horizontal alignment of the figure, allowing the image to float and have the text flow around it. The specific behavior depends upon the browser or rendering software used.

[1] | (1, 2) Python Imaging Library.

# Body Elements

## Topic

Directive Type: | "topic"
Doctree Element: | topic
Directive Arguments: | 1, required (topic title).
Directive Options: | Possible.
Directive Content: | Interpreted as the topic body.

A topic is like a block quote with a title, or a self-contained section with no subsections. Use the "topic" directive to indicate a self-contained idea that is separate from the flow of the document. Topics may occur anywhere a section or transition may occur. Body elements and topics may not contain nested topics.

The directive's sole argument is interpreted as the topic title; the next line must be blank. All subsequent lines make up the topic body, interpreted as body elements. For example:

    .. topic:: Topic Title

        Subsequent indented lines comprise
        the body of the topic, and are
        interpreted as body elements.

The following option is recognized:

`class` : text
  Set a "classes" attribute value on the topic element. See the class directive below.

## Sidebar

Directive Type: | "sidebar"
Doctree Element: | sidebar
Directive Arguments: | One, required (sidebar title).
Directive Options: | Possible.
Directive Content: | Interpreted as the sidebar body.

Sidebars are like miniature, parallel documents that occur inside other documents, providing related or reference material. A sidebar is typically offset by a border and "floats" to the side of the page; the document's main text may flow around it. Sidebars can also be likened to super-footnotes; their content is outside of the flow of the document's main text.

Sidebars may occur anywhere a section or transition may occur. Body elements (including sidebars) may not contain nested sidebars.

The directive's sole argument is interpreted as the sidebar title, which may be followed by a subtitle option (see below); the next line must be blank. All subsequent lines make up the sidebar body, interpreted as body elements. For example:

    .. sidebar:: Sidebar Title
       :subtitle: Optional Sidebar Subtitle

       Subsequent indented lines comprise
       the body of the sidebar, and are
       interpreted as body elements.

The following options are recognized:

`subtitle` : text
  The sidebar's subtitle.
`class` : text
  Set a "classes" attribute value on the sidebar element. See the class directive below.

## Line Block

Deprecated

The "line-block" directive is deprecated. Use the line block syntax instead.

Directive Type: | "line-block"
Doctree Element: | line_block
Directive Arguments: | None.
Directive Options: | Possible.
Directive Content: | Becomes the body of the line block.

The "line-block" directive constructs an element where line breaks and initial indentation is significant and inline markup is supported. It is equivalent to a parsed literal block with different rendering: typically in an ordinary serif typeface instead of a typewriter/monospaced face, and not automatically indented. (Have the line-block directive begin a block quote to get an indented line block.) Line blocks are useful for address blocks and verse (poetry, song lyrics), where the structure of lines is significant. For example, here's a classic:

    "To Ma Own Beloved Lassie: A Poem on her 17th Birthday", by
    Ewan McTeagle (for Lassie O'Shea):

        .. line-block::

            Lend us a couple of bob till Thursday.
            I'm absolutely skint.
            But I'm expecting a postal order and I can pay you back
                as soon as it comes.
            Love, Ewan.

The following option is recognized:

`class` : text
  Set a "classes" attribute value on the line_block element. See the class directive below.

## Parsed Literal Block

Directive Type: | "parsed-literal"
Doctree Element: | literal_block
Directive Arguments: | None.
Directive Options: | Possible.
Directive Content: | Becomes the body of the literal block.

Unlike an ordinary literal block, the "parsed-literal" directive constructs a literal block where the text is parsed for inline markup. It is equivalent to a line block with different rendering: typically in a typewriter/monospaced typeface, like an ordinary literal block. Parsed literal blocks are useful for adding hyperlinks to code examples.

However, care must be taken with the text, because inline markup is recognized and there is no protection from parsing. Backslash-escapes may be necessary to prevent unintended parsing. And because the markup characters are removed by the parser, care must also be taken with vertical alignment. Parsed "ASCII art" is tricky, and extra whitespace may be necessary.

For example, all the element names in this content model are links:

    .. parsed-literal::

       ( (title_, subtitle_?)?,
         decoration_?,
         (docinfo_, transition_?)?,
         `%structure.model;`_ )

The following option is recognized:

`class` : text
  Set a "classes" attribute value on the literal_block element. See the class directive below.

## Rubric

Directive Type: | "rubric"
Doctree Element: | rubric
Directive Arguments: | 1, required (rubric text).
Directive Options: | Possible.
Directive Content: | None.

> rubric n. 1. a title, heading, or the like, in a manuscript, book, statute, etc., written or printed in red or otherwise distinguished from the rest of the text. ...

> —Random House Webster's College Dictionary, 1991

The "rubric" directive inserts a "rubric" element into the document tree. A rubric is like an informal heading that doesn't correspond to the document's structure.

The following option is recognized:

`class` : text
  Set a "classes" attribute value on the rubric element. See the class directive below.

## Epigraph

Directive Type: | "epigraph"
Doctree Element: | block_quote
Directive Arguments: | None.
Directive Options: | None.
Directive Content: | Interpreted as the body of the block quote.

An epigraph is an apposite (suitable, apt, or pertinent) short inscription, often a quotation or poem, at the beginning of a document or section.

The "epigraph" directive produces an "epigraph"-class block quote. For example, this input:

    .. epigraph::

       No matter where you go, there you are.

       -- Buckaroo Banzai

becomes this document tree fragment:

    <block_quote classes="epigraph">
        <paragraph>
            No matter where you go, there you are.
        <attribution>
            Buckaroo Banzai

## Highlights

Directive Type: | "highlights"
Doctree Element: | block_quote
Directive Arguments: | None.
Directive Options: | None.
Directive Content: | Interpreted as the body of the block quote.

Highlights summarize the main points of a document or section, often consisting of a list.

The "highlights" directive produces a "highlights"-class block quote. See Epigraph above for an analogous example.

## Pull-Quote

Directive Type: | "pull-quote"
Doctree Element: | block_quote
Directive Arguments: | None.
Directive Options: | None.
Directive Content: | Interpreted as the body of the block quote.

A pull-quote is a small selection of text "pulled out and quoted", typically in a larger typeface. Pull-quotes are used to attract attention, especially in long articles.

The "pull-quote" directive produces a "pull-quote"-class block quote. See Epigraph above for an analogous example.

## Compound Paragraph

Directive Type: | "compound"
Doctree Element: | compound
Directive Arguments: | None.
Directive Options: | Possible.
Directive Content: | Interpreted as body elements.

(New in Docutils 0.3.6)

The "compound" directive is used to create a compound paragraph, which is a single logical paragraph containing multiple physical body elements such as simple paragraphs, literal blocks, tables, lists, etc., instead of directly containing text and inline elements. For example:

    .. compound::

       The 'rm' command is very dangerous.  If you are logged
       in as root and enter ::

           cd /
           rm -rf *

       you will erase the entire contents of your file system.

In the example above, a literal block is "embedded" within a sentence that begins in one physical paragraph and ends in another.

Note

The "compound" directive is not a generic block-level container like HTML's `<div>` element. Do not use it only to group a sequence of elements, or you may get unexpected results.

If you need a generic block-level container, please use the container directive, described below.

Compound paragraphs are typically rendered as multiple distinct text blocks, with the possibility of variations to emphasize their logical unity:

- If paragraphs are rendered with a first-line indent, only the first physical paragraph of a compound paragraph should have that indent -- second and further physical paragraphs should omit the indents;
- vertical spacing between physical elements may be reduced;
- and so on.

The following option is recognized:

`class` : text
  Set a "classes" attribute value on the compound element. See the class directive below.

## Container

Directive Type: | "container"
Doctree Element: | container
Directive Arguments: | One or more, optional (class names).
Directive Options: | None.
Directive Content: | Interpreted as body elements.

(New in Docutils 0.3.10)

The "container" directive surrounds its contents (arbitrary body elements) with a generic block-level "container" element. Combined with the optional "classes" attribute argument(s), this is an extension mechanism for users & applications. For example:

    .. container:: custom

       This paragraph might be rendered in a custom way.

Parsing the above results in the following pseudo-XML:

    <container classes="custom">
        <paragraph>
            This paragraph might be rendered in a custom way.

The "container" directive is the equivalent of HTML's `<div>` element. It may be used to group a sequence of elements for user- or application-specific purposes.

# Tables

Formal tables need more structure than the reStructuredText syntax supplies. Tables may be given titles with the table directive. Sometimes reStructuredText tables are inconvenient to write, or table data in a standard format is readily available. The csv-table directive supports CSV data.

## Table

Directive Type: | "table"
Doctree Element: | table
Directive Arguments: | 1, optional (table title).
Directive Options: | Possible.
Directive Content: | A normal reStructuredText table.

(New in Docutils 0.3.1)

The "table" directive is used to create a titled table, to associate a title with a table:

    .. table:: Truth table for "not"

       =====  =====
         A    not A
       =====  =====
       False  True
       True   False
       =====  =====

The following option is recognized:

`class` : text
  Set a "classes" attribute value on the table element. See the class directive below.

## CSV Table

Directive Type: | "csv-table"
Doctree Element: | table
Directive Arguments: | 1, optional (table title).
Directive Options: | Possible.
Directive Content: | A CSV (comma-separated values) table.

Warning

The "csv-table" directive's ":file:" and ":url:" options represent a potential security holes. They can be disabled with the "file_insertion_enabled" runtime setting.

Note

The "csv-table" directive requires the `csv.py` module of the Python standard library, which was added in Python 2.3. It will not work with earlier versions of Python. Using the "csv-table" directive in a document will make the document incompatible with systems using Python 2.1 or 2.2.

(New in Docutils 0.3.4)

The "csv-table" directive is used to create a table from CSV (comma-separated values) data. CSV is a common data format generated by spreadsheet applications and commercial databases. The data may be internal (an integral part of the document) or external (a separate file).

Example:

    .. csv-table:: Frozen Delights!
       :header: "Treat", "Quantity", "Description"
       :widths: 15, 10, 30

       "Albatross", 2.99, "On a stick!"
       "Crunchy Frog", 1.49, "If we took the bones out, it wouldn't be
       crunchy, now would it?"
       "Gannet Ripple", 1.99, "On a stick!"

Block markup and inline markup within cells is supported. Line ends are recognized within cells.

Working limitations:

- Whitespace delimiters are supported only for external CSV files.
- There is no support for checking that the number of columns in each row is the same. However, this directive supports CSV generators that do not insert "empty" entries at the end of short rows, by automatically adding empty entries.

The following options are recognized:

`class` : text
  Set a "classes" attribute value on the table element. See the class directive below.
`widths` : integer [, integer...]
  A comma- or space-separated list of relative column widths. The default is equal-width columns (100%/#columns).
`header-rows` : integer
  The number of rows of CSV data to use in the table header. Defaults to 0.
`stub-columns` : integer
  The number of table columns to use as stubs (row titles, on the left). Defaults to 0.
`header` : CSV data
  Supplemental data for the table header, added independently of and before any `header-rows` from the main CSV data. Must use the same CSV format as the main CSV data.
`file` : string (newlines removed)
  The local filesystem path to a CSV data file.
`url` : string (whitespace removed)
  An Internet URL reference to a CSV data file.
`encoding` : name of text encoding
  The text encoding of the external CSV data (file or URL). Defaults to the document's encoding (if specified).
`delim` : char | "tab" | "space"
  A one-character string used to separate fields. Defaults to `,` (comma). May be specified as a Unicode code point; see the unicode directive for syntax details.
`quote` : char
  A one-character string used to quote elements containing the delimiter or which start with the quote character. Defaults to `"` (quote). May be specified as a Unicode code point; see the unicode directive for syntax details.
`keepspace` : flag
  Treat whitespace immediately following the delimiter as significant. The default is to ignore such whitespace.
`escape` : char

  A one-character string used to escape the delimiter or quote characters. May be specified as a Unicode code point; see the unicode directive for syntax details. Used when the delimiter is used in an unquoted field, or when quote characters are used within a field. The default is to double-up the character, e.g. "He said, ""Hi!"""

## List Table

Directive Type: | "list-table"
Doctree Element: | table
Directive Arguments: | 1, optional (table title).
Directive Options: | Possible.
Directive Content: | A uniform two-level bullet list.

(New in Docutils 0.3.8. This is an initial implementation; further ideas may be implemented in the future.)

The "list-table" directive is used to create a table from data in a uniform two-level bullet list. "Uniform" means that each sublist (second-level list) must contain the same number of list items.

Example:

    .. list-table:: Frozen Delights!
       :widths: 15 10 30
       :header-rows: 1

       * - Treat
         - Quantity
         - Description
       * - Albatross
         - 2.99
         - On a stick!
       * - Crunchy Frog
         - 1.49
         - If we took the bones out, it wouldn't be
           crunchy, now would it?
       * - Gannet Ripple
         - 1.99
         - On a stick!

The following options are recognized:

`class` : text
  Set a "classes" attribute value on the table element. See the class directive below.
`widths` : integer [integer...]
  A comma- or space-separated list of relative column widths. The default is equal-width columns (100%/#columns).
`header-rows` : integer
  The number of rows of list data to use in the table header. Defaults to 0.
`stub-columns` : integer
  The number of table columns to use as stubs (row titles, on the left). Defaults to 0.

# Document Parts

## Table of Contents

Directive Type: | "contents"
Doctree Elements: | pending, topic
Directive Arguments: | One, optional: title.
Directive Options: | Possible.
Directive Content: | None.

The "contents" directive generates a table of contents (TOC) in a topic. Topics, and therefore tables of contents, may occur anywhere a section or transition may occur. Body elements and topics may not contain tables of contents.

Here's the directive in its simplest form:

    .. contents::

Language-dependent boilerplate text will be used for the title. The English default title text is "Contents".

An explicit title may be specified:

    .. contents:: Table of Contents

The title may span lines, although it is not recommended:

    .. contents:: Here's a very long Table of
       Contents title

Options may be specified for the directive, using a field list:

    .. contents:: Table of Contents
       :depth: 2

If the default title is to be used, the options field list may begin on the same line as the directive marker:

    .. contents:: :depth: 2

The following options are recognized:

`depth` : integer
  The number of section levels that are collected in the table of contents. The default is unlimited depth.
`local` : flag (empty)
  Generate a local table of contents. Entries will only include subsections of the section in which the directive is given. If no explicit title is given, the table of contents will not be titled.
`backlinks` : "entry" or "top" or "none"
  Generate links from section headers back to the table of contents entries, the table of contents itself, or generate no backlinks.
`class` : text
  Set a "classes" attribute value on the topic element. See the class directive below.

## Automatic Section Numbering

Directive Type: | "sectnum" or "section-autonumbering" (synonyms)
Doctree Elements: | pending, generated
Directive Arguments: | None.
Directive Options: | Possible.
Directive Content: | None.

The "sectnum" (or "section-autonumbering") directive automatically numbers sections and subsections in a document. Section numbers are of the "multiple enumeration" form, where each level has a number, separated by periods. For example, the title of section 1, subsection 2, subsubsection 3 would have "1.2.3" prefixed.

The "sectnum" directive does its work in two passes: the initial parse and a transform. During the initial parse, a "pending" element is generated which acts as a placeholder, storing any options internally. At a later stage in the processing, the "pending" element triggers a transform, which adds section numbers to titles. Section numbers are enclosed in a "generated" element, and titles have their "auto" attribute set to "1".

The following options are recognized:

`depth` : integer
  The number of section levels that are numbered by this directive. The default is unlimited depth.
`prefix` : string
  An arbitrary string that is prefixed to the automatically generated section numbers. It may be something like "3.2.", which will produce "3.2.1", "3.2.2", "3.2.2.1", and so on. Note that any separating punctuation (in the example, a period, ".") must be explicitly provided. The default is no prefix.
`suffix` : string
  An arbitrary string that is appended to the automatically generated section numbers. The default is no suffix.
`start` : integer
  The value that will be used for the first section number. Combined with `prefix`, this may be used to force the right numbering for a document split over several source files. The default is 1.

## Document Header & Footer

Directive Types: | "header" and "footer"
Doctree Elements: | decoration, header, footer
Directive Arguments: | None.
Directive Options: | None.
Directive Content: | Interpreted as body elements.

(New in Docutils 0.3.8)

The "header" and "footer" directives create document decorations, useful for page navigation, notes, time/datestamp, etc. For example:

    .. header:: This space for rent.

This will add a paragraph to the document header, which will appear at the top of the generated web page or at the top of every printed page.

These directives may be used multiple times, cumulatively. There is currently support for only one header and footer.

Note

While it is possible to use the "header" and "footer" directives to create navigational elements for web pages, you should be aware that Docutils is meant to be used for document processing, and that a navigation bar is not typically part of a document.

Thus, you may soon find Docutils' abilities to be insufficient for these purposes. At that time, you should consider using a templating system (like ht2html) rather than the "header" and "footer" directives.

In addition to the use of these directives to populate header and footer content, content may also be added automatically by the processing system. For example, if certain runtime settings are enabled, the document footer is populated with processing information such as a datestamp, a link to the Docutils website, etc.

# References

## Target Footnotes

Directive Type: | "target-notes"
Doctree Elements: | pending, footnote, footnote_reference
Directive Arguments: | None.
Directive Options: | Possible.
Directive Content: | None.

The "target-notes" directive creates a footnote for each external target in the text, and corresponding footnote references after each reference. For every explicit target (of the form, `.. _target name: URL`) in the text, a footnote will be generated containing the visible URL as content.

The following option is recognized:

`class` : text
  Set a "classes" attribute value on all footnote_reference elements. See the class directive below.

## Footnotes

NOT IMPLEMENTED YET

Directive Type: | "footnotes"
Doctree Elements: | pending, topic
Directive Arguments: | None?
Directive Options: | Possible?
Directive Content: | None.

@@@

## Citations

NOT IMPLEMENTED YET

Directive Type: | "citations"
Doctree Elements: | pending, topic
Directive Arguments: | None?
Directive Options: | Possible?
Directive Content: | None.

@@@

# HTML-Specific

## Meta

Directive Type: | "meta"
Doctree Element: | meta (non-standard)
Directive Arguments: | None.
Directive Options: | None.
Directive Content: | Must contain a flat field list.

The "meta" directive is used to specify HTML metadata stored in HTML META tags. "Metadata" is data about data, in this case data about web pages. Metadata is used to describe and classify web pages in the World Wide Web, in a form that is easy for search engines to extract and collate.

Within the directive block, a flat field list provides the syntax for metadata. The field name becomes the contents of the "name" attribute of the META tag, and the field body (interpreted as a single string without inline markup) becomes the contents of the "content" attribute. For example:

    .. meta::
       :description: The reStructuredText plaintext markup language
       :keywords: plaintext, markup language

This would be converted to the following HTML:

    <meta name="description"
        content="The reStructuredText plaintext markup language">
    <meta name="keywords" content="plaintext, markup language">

Support for other META attributes ("http-equiv", "scheme", "lang", "dir") are provided through field arguments, which must be of the form "attr=value":

    .. meta::
       :description lang=en: An amusing story
       :description lang=fr: Un histoire amusant

And their HTML equivalents:

    <meta name="description" lang="en" content="An amusing story">
    <meta name="description" lang="fr" content="Un histoire amusant">

Some META tags use an "http-equiv" attribute instead of the "name" attribute. To specify "http-equiv" META tags, simply omit the name:

    .. meta::
       :http-equiv=Content-Type: text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1

HTML equivalent:

    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type"
         content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">

## Imagemap

NOT IMPLEMENTED YET

Non-standard element: imagemap.

# Directives for Substitution Definitions

The directives in this section may only be used in substitution definitions. They may not be used directly, in standalone context. The image directive may be used both in substitution definitions and in the standalone context.

## Replacement Text

Directive Type: | "replace"
Doctree Element: | Text & inline elements
Directive Arguments: | None.
Directive Options: | None.
Directive Content: | A single paragraph; may contain inline markup.

The "replace" directive is used to indicate replacement text for a substitution reference. It may be used within substitution definitions only. For example, this directive can be used to expand abbreviations:

    .. |reST| replace:: reStructuredText

    Yes, |reST| is a long word, so I can't blame anyone for wanting to
    abbreviate it.

As reStructuredText doesn't support nested inline markup, the only way to create a reference with styled text is to use substitutions with the "replace" directive:

    I recommend you try |Python|_.

    .. |Python| replace:: Python, *the* best language around
    .. _Python: http://www.python.org/

## Unicode Character Codes

Directive Type: | "unicode"
Doctree Element: | Text
Directive Arguments: | One or more, required (Unicode character codes, optional text, and comments).
Directive Options: | Possible.
Directive Content: | None.

The "unicode" directive converts Unicode character codes (numerical values) to characters, and may be used in substitution definitions only.

The arguments, separated by spaces, can be:

- character codes as
  - decimal numbers or
  - hexadecimal numbers, prefixed by `0x`, `x`, `\x`, `U+`, `u`, or `\u` or as XML-style hexadecimal character entities, e.g. `&#x1a2b;`
- text, which is used as-is.

Text following " .. " is a comment and is ignored. The spaces between the arguments are ignored and thus do not appear in the output. Hexadecimal codes are case-insensitive.

For example, the following text:

    Copyright |copy| 2003, |BogusMegaCorp (TM)| |---|
    all rights reserved.

    .. |copy| unicode:: 0xA9 .. copyright sign
    .. |BogusMegaCorp (TM)| unicode:: BogusMegaCorp U+2122
       .. with trademark sign
    .. |---| unicode:: U+02014 .. em dash
       :trim:

results in:

> Copyright © 2003, BogusMegaCorp™—all rights reserved.

The following options are recognized:

`ltrim` : flag
  Whitespace to the left of the substitution reference is removed.
`rtrim` : flag
  Whitespace to the right of the substitution reference is removed.
`trim` : flag
  Equivalent to `ltrim` plus `rtrim`; whitespace on both sides of the substitution reference is removed.

## Date

Directive Type: | "date"
Doctree Element: | Text
Directive Arguments: | One, optional (date format).
Directive Options: | None.
Directive Content: | None.

The "date" directive generates the current local date and inserts it into the document as text. This directive may be used in substitution definitions only.

The optional directive content is interpreted as the desired date format, using the same codes as Python's time.strftime function. The default format is "%Y-%m-%d" (ISO 8601 date), but time fields can also be used. Examples:

    .. |date| date::
    .. |time| date:: %H:%M

    Today's date is |date|.

    This document was generated on |date| at |time|.

# Miscellaneous

## Including an External Document Fragment

Directive Type: | "include"
Doctree Elements: | depend on data being included
Directive Arguments: | One, required (path to the file to include).
Directive Options: | Possible.
Directive Content: | None.

Warning

The "include" directive represents a potential security hole. It can be disabled with the "file_insertion_enabled" runtime setting.

The "include" directive reads a reStructuredText-formatted text file and parses it in the current document's context at the point of the directive. The directive argument is the path to the file to be included, relative to the document containing the directive. For example:

    This first example will be parsed at the document level, and can
    thus contain any construct, including section headers.

    .. include:: inclusion.txt

    Back in the main document.

        This second example will be parsed in a block quote context.
        Therefore it may only contain body elements.  It may not
        contain section headers.

        .. include:: inclusion.txt

If an included document fragment contains section structure, the title adornments must match those of the master document.

Standard data files intended for inclusion in reStructuredText documents are distributed with the Docutils source code, located in the "docutils" package in the `docutils/parsers/rst/include` directory. To access these files, use the special syntax for standard "include" data files, angle brackets around the file name:

    .. include:: <isonum.txt>

The current set of standard "include" data files consists of sets of substitution definitions. See reStructuredText Standard Substitution Definition Sets for details of the available standard data files.

The following options are recognized:

`literal` : flag (empty)
  The entire included text is inserted into the document as a single literal block (useful for program listings).
`encoding` : name of text encoding
  The text encoding of the external data file. Defaults to the document's encoding (if specified).

## Raw Data Pass-Through

Directive Type: | "raw"
Doctree Element: | raw
Directive Arguments: | One or more, required (output format types).
Directive Options: | Possible.
Directive Content: | Stored verbatim, uninterpreted. None (empty) if a "file" or "url" option given.

Warning

The "raw" directive represents a potential security hole. It can be disabled with the "raw_enabled" or "file_insertion_enabled" runtime settings.

Caution!

The "raw" directive is a stop-gap measure allowing the author to bypass reStructuredText's markup. It is a "power-user" feature that should not be overused or abused. The use of "raw" ties documents to specific output formats and makes them less portable.

If you often need to use the "raw" directive or a "raw"-derived interpreted text role, that is a sign either of overuse/abuse or that functionality may be missing from reStructuredText. Please describe your situation in a message to the Docutils-users mailing list.

The "raw" directive indicates non-reStructuredText data that is to be passed untouched to the Writer. The names of the output formats are given in the directive arguments. The interpretation of the raw data is up to the Writer. A Writer may ignore any raw output not matching its format.

For example, the following input would be passed untouched by an HTML Writer:

    .. raw:: html

       <hr width=50 size=10>

A LaTeX Writer could insert the following raw content into its output stream:

    .. raw:: latex

       \setlength{\parindent}{0pt}

Raw data can also be read from an external file, specified in a directive option. In this case, the content block must be empty. For example:

    .. raw:: html
       :file: inclusion.html

The following options are recognized:

`file` : string (newlines removed)
  The local filesystem path of a raw data file to be included.
`url` : string (whitespace removed)
  An Internet URL reference to a raw data file to be included.
`encoding` : name of text encoding
  The text encoding of the external raw data (file or URL). Defaults to the document's encoding (if specified).

## Class

Directive Type: | "class"
Doctree Element: | pending
Directive Arguments: | One or more, required (class names / attribute values).
Directive Options: | None.
Directive Content: | Optional. If present, it is interpreted as body elements.

The "class" directive sets the "classes" attribute value on its content or on the first immediately following non-comment element [2]. For details of the "classes" attribute, see its entry in The Docutils Document Tree. The directive argument consists of one or more space-separated class names, which are converted to lowercase and all non-alphanumeric characters are converted to hyphens. (For the rationale, see below.)

Examples:

    .. class:: special

    This is a "special" paragraph.

    .. class:: exceptional remarkable

    An Exceptional Section
    ======================

    This is an ordinary paragraph.

    .. class:: multiple

       First paragraph.

       Second paragraph.

The text above is parsed and transformed into this doctree fragment:

    <paragraph classes="special">
        This is a "special" paragraph.
    <section classes="exceptional remarkable">
        <title>
            An Exceptional Section
        <paragraph>
            This is an ordinary paragraph.
        <paragraph classes="multiple">
            First paragraph.
        <paragraph classes="multiple">
            Second paragraph.

[2] | To set a "classes" attribute value on a block quote, the "class" directive must be followed by an empty comment:
    .. class:: highlights
    ..

        Block quote text.
An empty comment is required to terminate the directive to allow the indented text to be parsed as a block quote. Without the empty comment, the indented text would be interpreted as the "class" directive's content, and the classes would be applied to each element (paragraphi, in this case) individually, instead of to the block quote as a whole.

Rationale for "classes" Attribute Value Conversion

Docutils identifiers are converted to conform to the regular expression `[a-z](-?[a-z0-9]+)*`. For CSS compatibility, identifiers (the "classes" and "id" attributes) should have no underscores, colons, or periods. Hyphens may be used.

- The HTML 4.01 spec defines identifiers based on SGML tokens:

  > ID and NAME tokens must begin with a letter ([A-Za-z]) and may be followed by any number of letters, digits ([0-9]), hyphens ("-"), underscores ("_"), colons (":"), and periods (".").

- However the CSS1 spec defines identifiers based on the "name" token, a tighter interpretation ("flex" tokenizer notation below; "latin1" and "escape" 8-bit characters have been replaced with XML entities):

      unicode     \\[0-9a-f]{1,4}
      latin1      [&iexcl;-&yuml;]
      escape      {unicode}|\\[ -~&iexcl;-&yuml;]
      nmchar      [-a-z0-9]|{latin1}|{escape}
      name        {nmchar}+

The CSS1 "nmchar" rule does not include underscores ("_"), colons (":"), or periods ("."), therefore "classes" and "id" attributes should not contain these characters. They should be replaced with hyphens ("-"). Combined with HTML's requirements (the first character must be a letter; no "unicode", "latin1", or "escape" characters), this results in the `[a-z](-?[a-z0-9]+)*` pattern.

## Custom Interpreted Text Roles

Directive Type: | "role"
Doctree Element: | None; affects subsequent parsing.
Directive Arguments: | Two; one required (new role name), one optional (base role name, in parentheses).
Directive Options: | Possible (depends on base role).
Directive Content: | depends on base role.

(New in Docutils 0.3.2)

The "role" directive dynamically creates a custom interpreted text role and registers it with the parser. This means that after declaring a role like this:

    .. role:: custom

the document may use the new "custom" role:

    An example of using :custom:`interpreted text`

This will be parsed into the following document tree fragment:

    <paragraph>
        An example of using
        <inline classes="custom">
            interpreted text

The role must be declared in a document before it can be used.

The new role may be based on an existing role, specified as a second argument in parentheses (whitespace optional):

    .. role:: custom(emphasis)

    :custom:`text`

The parsed result is as follows:

    <paragraph>
        <emphasis classes="custom">
            text

If no base role is explicitly specified, a generic custom role is automatically used. Subsequent interpreted text will produce an "inline" element with a "classes" attribute, as in the first example above.

With most roles, the ":class:" option can be used to set a "classes" attribute that is different from the role name. For example:

    .. role:: custom
       :class: special

    :custom:`interpreted text`

This is the parsed result:

    <paragraph>
        <inline classes="special">
            interpreted text

The following option is recognized by the "role" directive for most base roles:

`class` : text
  Set the "classes" attribute value on the element produced (`inline`, or element associated with a base class) when the custom interpreted text role is used. If no directive options are specified, a "class" option with the directive argument (role name) as the value is implied. See the class directive above.

Specific base roles may support other options and/or directive content. See the reStructuredText Interpreted Text Roles document for details.

## Setting the Default Interpreted Text Role

Directive Type: | "default-role"
Doctree Element: | None; affects subsequent parsing.
Directive Arguments: | One, optional (new default role name).
Directive Options: | None.
Directive Content: | None.

(New in Docutils 0.3.10)

The "default-role" directive sets the default interpreted text role, the role that is used for interpreted text without an explicit role. For example, after setting the default role like this:

    .. default-role:: subscript

any subsequent use of implicit-role interpreted text in the document will use the "subscript" role:

    An example of a `default` role.

This will be parsed into the following document tree fragment:

    <paragraph>
        An example of a
        <subscript>
            default
         role.

Custom roles may be used (see the "role" directive above), but it must have been declared in a document before it can be set as the default role. See the reStructuredText Interpreted Text Roles document for details of built-in roles.

The directive may be used without an argument to restore the initial default interpreted text role, which is application-dependent. The initial default interpreted text role of the standard reStructuredText parser is "title-reference".

## Metadata Document Title

Directive Type: | "title"
Doctree Element: | None.
Directive Arguments: | 1, required (the title text).
Directive Options: | None.
Directive Content: | None.

The "title" directive specifies the document title as metadata, which does not become part of the document body. It overrides a document-supplied title. For example, in HTML output the metadata document title appears in the title bar of the browser window.

## Restructuredtext-Test-Directive

Directive Type: | "restructuredtext-test-directive"
Doctree Element: | system_warning
Directive Arguments: | None.
Directive Options: | None.
Directive Content: | Interpreted as a literal block.

This directive is provided for test purposes only. (Nobody is expected to type in a name that long!) It is converted into a level-1 (info) system message showing the directive data, possibly followed by a literal block containing the rest of the directive block.