
=head1 NAME

Prima internal architecture

=head1 DESCRIPTION

This documents elucidates the internal structures
of the Prima toolkit, its loading considerations,
object and class representation and C coding style.

=head1 Bootstrap

=head2 Initializing

For a perl script, Prima is no more but an average module
that uses DynaLoader. As 'use Prima' code gets executed, a bootstrap
procedure boot_Prima() is called. This procedure initializes
all internal structures and built-in Prima classes. It also
initializes all system-dependent structures, calling
window_subsystem_init(). After that point Prima module
is ready to use. All wrapping code for built-in functionality 
that can be seen from perl is located into two modules -
Prima::Const and Prima::Classes.

=head2 Constants

Prima defines lot of constants for different purposes 
( e.g. colors, font styles etc). Prima does not
follow perl naming conventions here, on the reason of simplicity.
It is ( arguably ) easier to write cl::White rather than Prima::cl::White.
As perl constants are functions to be called once ( that means that a constant's
value is not defined until it used first ), Prima registers these functions
during boot_Prima stage. As soon as perl code tries to get a constant's value,
an AUTOLOAD function is called, which is binded inside Prima::Const.
Constants are widely used both in C and perl code, and are defined in apricot.h
in that way so perl constant definition comes along with C one.
As an example file event constants set is described here.

 apricot.h:
   #define FE(const_name) CONSTANT(fe,const_name)
   START_TABLE(fe,UV)
   #define feRead      1
   FE(Read)
   #define feWrite     2
   FE(Write)
   #define feException 4
   FE(Exception)
   END_TABLE(fe,UV)
   #undef FE

 Const.pm:
   package fe; *AUTOLOAD = \&Prima::Const::AUTOLOAD;

This code creates a structure of UV's ( unsigned integers ) and
a register_fe_constants() function, which should be called at
boot_Prima stage. This way feRead becomes C analog to
fe::Read in perl.

=head1 Classes and methods

=head2 Virtual method tables

Prima implementation of classes uses virtual method tables, or VMTs, in order to
make the classes inheritable and their methods overrideable. The VMTs are
usual C structs, that contain pointers to functions.
Set of these functions represents a class. This chapter is not about OO 
programming, you have to find a good book on it if you are not familiar with 
the OO concepts, but in short, because Prima is written on C, not on C++,
it uses its own classes and objects implementation, so all object syntax
is devised from scratch.

Built-in classes already contain all information needed for method 
overloading, but when a new class is derived from existing one, 
new VMT is have to be created as well. The actual sub-classing
is performed inside build_dynamic_vmt() and build_static_vmt(). 
gimme_the_vmt() function creates new VMT instance on the fly and 
caches the result for every new class that is derived from Prima class.


=head2 C to Perl and Perl to C calling routines

Majority of Prima methods is written in C using XS perl 
routines, which represent a natural ( from a perl programmer's view ) way 
of C to Perl communication.
L<perlguts> manpage describes these functions and macros.

NB - Do not mix XS calls to xs language ( L<perlxs> manpage) - the latter
is a meta-language for simplification of coding tasks and is not used
in Prima implementation.

It was decided not to code every function with XS calls, but instead
use special wrapper functions ( also called "thunks") for every function 
that is called from within perl. Thunks are generated automatically
by gencls tool ( L<prima-gencls> manpage ), and typical Prima method
consists of three functions, two of which are thunks.

First function, say Class_init(char*), would initialize a class ( for example).
It is written fully in C, so in order to be called from perl code 
a registration step must be taken for a second function,
Class_init_FROMPERL(), that would look like

   newXS( "Prima::Class::init", Class_init_FROMPERL, "Prima::Class");

Class_init_FROMPERL() is a first thunk, that translates the parameters
passed from perl to C and the result back from C function to perl.
This step is almost fully automatized, so one never bothers about writing
XS code, the gencls utility creates the thunks code automatically.

Many C methods are called from within Prima C code using VMTs, but
it is possible to override these methods from perl code. The
actions for such a situation when a function is called from C but is
an overridden method therefore must be taken. On that occasion the third function
Class_init_REDEFINED() is declared. Its task is a reverse from Class_init_FROMPERL() -
it conveys all C parameters to perl and return values from a perl function
back to C. This thunk is also generated automatically by gencls tool.

As one can notice, only basic data types can be converted between C and perl,
and at some point automated routines do not help. In such a situation
data conversion code is written manually and is included into core C files.
In the class declaration files these methods are prepended with 'public' or 'weird'
modifiers, when methods with no special data handling needs use 'method' or
'static' modifiers. 

NB - functions that are not allowed to be seen from perl have 'c_only' modifier,
and therefore do not need thunk wrapping. These functions can nevertheless 
be overridden from C.

=head2 Built-in classes

Prima defines the following built-in classes: (in hierarchy order)

    Object
        Component
                AbstractMenu
                        AccelTable
                        Menu
                        Popup
                Clipboard
                Drawable
                        DeviceBitmap
                        Printer
                        Image
                                Icon
                File
                Timer
                Widget
                        Application
                        Window
        

These classes can be seen from perl with Prima:: prefix.
Along with these, Utils class is defined. Its only 
difference is that it cannot be used as a prototype for an
object, and used merely as a package that binds functions.
Classes that are not intended to be an object prototype
marked with 'package' prefix, when others are marked with 'object'
(see prima-gencls manpage).

=head1 Objects

This chapter deals only with Prima::Object descendants, pure
perl objects are not of interest here, so the 'object' term is
thereafter referenced to Prima::Object descendant object.
Prima employs blessed hashes for its objects.

=head2 Creation

All built-in object classes and their descendants can be used for
creating objects with perl semantics. Perl objects are created
by calling bless(), but it is not enough to create
Prima objects. Every Prima::Object descendant class therefore is 
equipped with create() method, that allocates object instance 
and calls bless() itself. Parameters that come with create() call
are formed into a hash and passed to init() method, that is also
present on every object. Note the fact that although perl-coded init()
returns the hash, it not seen in C code. This is a special 
consideration for the methods that have 'HV * profile' as a last 
parameter in their class declaration. The corresponding thunk 
copies the hash content back to perl stack, using parse_hv() 
and push_hv() functions. 

Objects can be created from perl by using following code example:

   $obj = Prima::SampleObject-> create( 
       name  => "Sample",
       index => 10,
   );

and from C:
   
   Handle obj;
   HV * profile = newHV();
   pset_c( name, "Sample");
   pset_i( index, 10);
   obj = Object_create("SampleObject", profile);
   sv_free( obj);


Convenience pset_XX macros assign a value of XX type to 
the hash key given as a first parameter, to a hash variable
named profile. C<pset_i> works with integers, C<pset_c> - with strings, etc.

=head2 Destruction

As well as create() method, every object class has destroy() method.
Object can be destroyed either from perl 

   $obj-> destroy

or from C

   Object_destroy( obj);

An object can be automatically destructed when its reference count
is reached 0. Note that the auto destruction would never happen
if the object's reference count is not lowered after its
creation. The code
   
   --SvREFCNT( SvRV( PAnyObject(object)-> mate)); 

is required if the object is to be returned to perl.
If that code is not called, the object still could be 
destroyed explicitly, but it's reference would still live, 
resulting in memory leak problem.

For user code it is sufficient to overload done() and/or cleanup()
methods, or just onDestroy notifications. It is highly recommended
to avoid overloading destroy method, since it can be called 
in re-entrant fashion.

=head2 Data instance

All object data after the creation represent an object instance.
All Prima objects are blessed hashes, and the hash key
__CMATE___ holds a C pointer to a memory which is occupied
by C data instance, or "mate". It keeps all object variables
and a pointer to VMT. Every object has its own copy of data instance,
but the VMTs can be shared. In order to reach to C data instance
gimme_the_mate() function is used. As a first parameter it accepts
a scalar (SV*), which is expected to be a reference to a hash, and 
returns the C data instance if the scalar is a Prima object.

=head2 Object life stages

It was decided to divide object life stage in several steps.
Every stage is mirrored into PObject(self)-> stage integer variable,
which can be one of csXXX constants.
Currently it has six: 

=over

=item csConstructing

Initial stage, is set until create() is finished.
Right after init() is completed, setup() method 
is called. 

=item csNormal

After create() is finished and before destroy() started.
If an object is csNormal and csConstructing stage,
Object_alive() result would be non-zero.

=item csDestroying

destroy() started. This stage includes calling of cleanup()
and done() routines.

=item csFrozen

cleanup() started.

=item csFinalizing

done() started

=item csDead

Destroy finished

=back 


=head1 Coding techniques

=head2 Accessing object data

C coding has no specific conventions, except
when a code is an object method. Object syntax
for accessing object instance data is also fairly standard.
For example, accessing component's field called 'name'
can be done in several ways:

 ((PComponent) self)-> name; // classic C
 PComponent(self)-> name;    // using PComponent() macro from apricot.h
 var-> name;                 // using local var() macro

Object code could to be called also in several ways:

 (((PComponent) self)-> self)-> get_name( self); // classic C
 CComponent(self)-> get_name( self);             // using CComponent() macro from apricot.h
 my-> get_name( self);                           // using local my() macro

This calling is preferred, comparing to direct call
of Component_get_name(), primarily because get_name() is
a method and can be overridden from user code.

=head2 Calling perl code

call_perl_indirect() function accepts object, it's method name
and parameters list with parameter format string. It has several
wrappers for easier use, which are:

   call_perl( Handle self, char * method, char * format, ...)
   sv_call_perl( SV * object, char * method, char * format, ...)
   cv_call_perl( SV * object, SV * code_reference, char * format, ...)

each character of format string represents a parameters type,
and characters can be:

   'i' - integer
   's' - char *
   'n' - float
   'H' - Handle
   'S' - SV *
   'P' - Point
   'R' - Rect

The format string can be prepended with '<' character, in which
case SV * scalar ( always scalar, even if code returns nothing
or array ) value is returned. The caller is responsible of 
freeing the return value.

=head2 Exceptions

As descriped in L<perlguts> manpage, G_EVAL flag is used
in perl_call_sv() and perl_call_method() to indicate that
an eventual exception should never be propagated automatically.
The caller checks if the exception was taken place by
evaluating

        SvTRUE( GvSV( errgv))

statement. It is guaranteed to be false if there was no
exception condition. But in some situations, namely,
when no perl_call_* functions are called or error value
is already assigned before calling code, there is a wrapping
technique that keeps previous error message and looks like:

    dG_EVAL_ARGS;                       // define arguments
    ....
    OPEN_G_EVAL;                        // open brackets
    // call code
    perl_call_method( ... | G_EVAL);    // G_EVAL is necessary
    if ( SvTRUE( GvSV( errgv)) {
        PUTBACK_G_EVAL;                 // assign $@
        CLOSE_G_EVAL;                   // close brackets
        croak( SvPV( GvSV( errgv), na));// propagate exception
        // no code is executed after croak
    }
    CLOSE_G_EVAL;                       // close brackets
    ...


=head2 Object protection

After the object destroy stage is completed, it is possible 
that object's data instance is gone,
and even simple stage check might cause segmentation fault.
To avoid this, use bracketign functions called C<protect_object()> 
and C<unprotect_object()>.
protect_object() increments reference count to the object instance,
thus delaying its freeing until decrementing unprotect_object() is called.

All C code that references to an object must check for its stage
after every routine that calls perl, because object might be destroyed
inside this call. Typical code example would be like:

   function( Handle object) {
        int stage;
        protect_object( object);

        // call some perl code
        perl_call_method( object, "test", ...);

        stage = PObject(object)-> stage;
        unprotect_object( object);
        if ( stage == csDead) return;
        
        // proceed with the object
   }


Usual C code never checks for object stage before
the call, because gimme_the_mate() function returns NULL
if object's stage is csDead, and majority of Prima C code
is prepended with this call, thus rejecting invalid references 
on early stage. If it is desired to get the
C mate even for objects in csDead stage, use C<gimme_the_real_mate()>
function instead.

=head2 init

Object's method init() is responsible for setting all initial properties to 
the object, but all code that is executed inside init must be aware that
the object's stage is csConstructing. init() consists of two parts:
calling of ancestor's init() and setting properties. Examples are
many in both C and perl code, but in short it looks like:

   void
   Class_init( Handle self, HV * profile)
   {
      inherited init( self, profile);
      my-> set_index( pget_i( index));
      my-> set_name( pget_c( name));
   }

pget_XX macros call croak() if the profile key is not
present into profile, but the mechanism guarantees that
all keys that are listed in profile_default() are conveyed to
init(). For explicit checking of key presence pexists() macro
is used, and pdelete() is used for key deletion, alhough is it not
recommended to use pdelete() inside init().

=head2 Object creation and returning

As described is previous sections, there are some
precautions to be taken into account when an object gets created from C code.
As an example would serve a piece of real code from DeviceBitmap.c:

   static 
   Handle xdup( Handle self, char * className)
   {
      Handle h;
      PDrawable i;

      // allocate a parameters hash
      HV * profile = newHV();

      // set all necessary arguments
      pset_H( owner,        var-> owner);
      pset_i( width,        var-> w);
      pset_i( height,       var-> h);
      pset_i( type,         var-> monochrome ? imBW : imRGB);

      // create object
      h = Object_create( className, profile);

      // free profile, do not need it anymore
      sv_free(( SV *) profile);

      i = ( PDrawable) h;
      i-> self-> begin_paint( h);
      i-> self-> put_image( h, 0, 0, self);
      i-> self-> end_paint( h);

      // decrement reference count
      --SvREFCNT( SvRV( i-> mate));
      return h;
   }


Note that all code that would use this xdup(), have to
increase and decrease object's reference count if some perl
functions are to be executed before returning object to perl,
otherwise it might be destroyed before it's time.

       Handle x = xdup( self, "Prima::Image");
       ++SvREFCNT( SvRV( PAnyObject(x)-> mate)); // Code without these
       CImage( x)-> type( x, imbpp1);
       --SvREFCNT( SvRV( PAnyObject(x)-> mate)); // brackets is unsafe
       return x;


=head2 Attaching objects

The newly created object returned from C would be destroyed
due perl's garbage cleaning mechanism right away, unless the
object value would be assigned to a scalar, for exmaple.
Thus
   
    $c = Prima::Object-> create();

and
    Prima::Object-> create;

have different results. But for some classes, namely Widget
ant it's descendants, and also for Timer, AbstractMenu, Printer
and Clipboard the code above would have same result - the 
objects would not be killed. That is because these objects
call Component_attach() during init-stage, automatically
increasing their reference count. Component_attach() and 
its reverse Component_detach() account list of objects, 
attributed to each other. Object can be attached to multiple
objects, but only once.

=head2 Notifications

All Prima::Component descendants are equipped with the mechanism 
that allows multiple user callbacks routines to be called on 
different events. This mechanism is used heavily in event-driven
programming. Component_notify() is used to call user notifications,
and its format string has same format as accepted by perl_call_indirect().
The only difference that it always has to be prepended with '<s', - 
this way the call success flag is set, and first paramster have to 
be the name of the notification.

    Component_notify( self, "<sH", "Paint", self);
    Component_notify( self, "<sPii", "MouseDown", self, point, int, int);

Notifications mechanism accounts the reference list, similar
to attach-detach mechanism, because all notifications can
be attributed to different objects. The membership in this
list does not affect the reference counting.

=head2 Multiple property setting

Prima::Object method set() is designed to assign
several properties at one time. Sometimes it is
more convenient to write
   
   $c-> set( index => 10, name  => "Sample" );

than to invoke several methods one by one. set()
performs this calling itself, but for performance reasons
it is possible to overload this method and code special 
conditions for multiple assignment. As an example, Prima::Image
type conversion code is exemplified:

   void
   Image_set( Handle self, HV * profile)
   {
      ...
      if ( pexist( type))
      {
         int newType = pget_i( type);
         if ( !itype_supported( newType))
            warn("RTC0100: Invalid image type requested (%08x) in Image::set_type", newType);
         else 
            if ( !opt_InPaint)
               my-> reset( self, newType, pexist( palette) ? pget_sv( palette) : my->get_palette( self));
         pdelete( palette);
         pdelete( type);
      }
      ...
      inherited set ( self, profile);
   }

If type conversion is performed along with palette change, some effeciency
is gained by supplying both 'type' and 'palette' parameters at a time.
Moreover, because ordering of the fields is not determined by default
( although that be done by supplying '__ORDER__' hash key to set() }, it
can easily be discovered that

    $image-> type( $a);
    $image-> palette( $b);

and 

    $image-> palette( $b);
    $image-> type( $a);

produce different results. Therefore it might be only solution to
code Class_set() explicitly.

If it is desired to specify exact order how atomic properties have to be called,
__ORDER__ anonymouse array have to be added to set() parameters.

   $image-> set(
      owner => $xxx,
      type  => 24,
      __ORDER__ => [qw( type owner)],
   );


=head1 API reference

=head2 Variables

=over

=item primaObjects, PHash

Hash with all prima objects, where keys are their data instances
 
=item application, Handle

Pointer to an application. There can be only one Application
instance at a time, or none at all.

=back

=head2 Macros and functions

=over

=item dG_EVAL_ARGS

Defines variable for $@ value storage 

=item OPEN_G_EVAL, CLOSE_G_EVAL

Brackets for exception catching

=item PUTBACK_G_EVAL

On error condition, concatenates $@ with value stored in
dG_EVAL_ARGS variable

=item build_static_vmt 

 Bool(void * vmt)

Caches pre-built VMT for further use

=item build_dynamic_vmt

 Bool( void * vmt, char * ancestorName, int ancestorVmtSize)

Creates a subclass from vmt and caches result under ancestorName key

=item gimme_the_vmt

 PVMT( const char *className);

Returns VMT pointer associated with class by name.

=item gimme_the_mate

 Handle( SV * perlObject)

Returns a C pointer to an object, if perlObject is a reference to a
Prima object. returns nilHandle if object's stage is csDead

=item gimme_the_real_mate

 Handle( SV * perlObject)

Returns a C pointer to an object, if perlObject is a reference to a
Prima object. Same as C<gimme_the_mate>, but does not care about
object's stage.

=item alloc1

 alloc1(type)

To be used instead (type*)(malloc(sizeof(type))

=item allocn

 allocn(type,n)

To be used instead (type*)(malloc((n)*sizeof(type))

=item alloc1z

Same as C<alloc1> but fills the allocated memory with zeros

=item allocnz

Same as C<allocn> but fills the allocated memory with zeros

=item prima_mallocz

Same as malloc() but fills the allocated memory with zeros

=item prima_hash_create

 PHash(void)

Creates an empty hash

=item prima_hash_destroy

 void(PHash self, Bool killAll);

Destroys a hash. If killAll is true, assumes that
every value in the hash is a dynamic memory pointer
and calls free() on each.

=item prima_hash_fetch

 void*( PHash self, const void *key, int keyLen);

Returns pointer to a value, if found, nil otherwise

=item prima_hash_delete

 void*( PHash self, const void *key, int keyLen, Bool kill);

Deletes hash key and returns associated value.
if kill is true, calls free() on the value and returns nil.


=item prima_hash_store

 void( PHash self, const void *key, int keyLen, void *val);

Stores new value into hash. If the key is already present, old
value is overwritten. 

=item  prima_hash_count

 int(PHash self)

Returns number of keys in the hash

=item prima_hash_first_that

 void * ( PHash self, void *action, void *params, int *pKeyLen, void **pKey);

Enumerates all hash entries, calling action procedure on each.
If action returns true, enumeration stops and the value is returned.
Otherwise nil is returned. action have to be function prototyped as

 Bool action_callback( void * value, int keyLen, void * key, void * params);
 
params is a pointer to an arbitrary user data

=item kind_of

 Bool( Handle object, void *cls);

Returns true, if the object is an exemplar of class cls or its descendant

=item PERL_CALL_METHOD, PERL_CALL_PV

To be used instead of perl_call_method and perl_call_pv, 
described in perlguts manpage. These functions aliased to a code 
with the workaround of perl bug which emerges when
G_EVAL flag is combined with G_SCALAR.

=item eval

 SV *( char *string)

Simplified perl_eval_pv() call.

=item  sv_query_method

 CV * ( SV * object, char *methodName, Bool cacheIt);

Returns perl pointer to a method searched by a scalar and a name
If cacheIt true, caches the hierarchy traverse result for a speedup.


=item  query_method

 CV * ( Handle object, char *methodName, Bool cacheIt);

Returns perl pointer to a method searched by an object and a name
If cacheIt true, caches the hierarchy traverse result for a speedup.

=item call_perl_indirect

 SV * ( Handle self, char *subName, const char *format, Bool cdecl, Bool coderef, va_list params);

Core function for calling Prima methods. Is used by following three 
functions, but never directly. Format is described in C<Calling perl code>
section.

=item call_perl

 SV * ( Handle self, char *subName, const char *format, ...); 

Calls method to an object

=item sv_call_perl

 SV * ( SV * mate, char *subName, const char *format, ...); 

Calls method to a scalar

=item cv_call_perl

 SV * ( SV * mate, Sv * coderef, const char *format, ...); 

Calls arbitrary perl code with mate as first parameter.
Used in notifications mechanism.

=item Object_create

 Handle( char * className, HV * profile); 

Creates an exemplar of className class with parameters 
in profile. Never returns nilHandle, throws an exception
instead.

=item create_object

 void*( const char *objClass, const char *format, ...);

Convenience wrapper to Object_create. Uses format 
specification that is described in C<Calling perl code>.

=item create_instance

 Handle( const char * className)

Convenience call to C<Object_create> with parameters in hash 'profile'.

=item Object_destroy

 void( Handle self);

Destroys object. One of Prima function that can be called in 
re-entrant fashion.

=item Object_alive

 void( Handle self);

Returns non-zero is object is alive, 0 otherwise.
In particular, current implementation returns 1 if
object's stage is csNormal and 2 if it is csConstructing.
Has no virtually use in C, only used in perl code.

=item protect_object 

 void( Handle obj);

restricts object pointer from deletion after Object_destroy().
Can be called several times on an object. 
Increments Object. protectCount.

=item unprotect_object 

 void( Handle obj);

Frees object pointer after Object. protectCount hits zero.
Can be called several times on an object.

=item parse_hv

 HV *( I32 ax, SV **sp, I32 items, SV **mark, int expected, const char *methodName);

Transfers argemants in perl stack to a newly created HV.

=item push_hv

 void ( I32 ax, SV **sp, I32 items, SV **mark, int callerReturns, HV *hv);

Puts all hv contents back to perl stack.

=item push_hv_for_REDEFINED

 SV **( SV **sp, HV *hv);

Puts hv content as arguments to perl code to be called

=item pop_hv_for_REDEFINED

 int ( SV **sp, int count, HV *hv, int shouldBe);

Reads result of executed perl code and stores them into hv.


=item pexist
 
 Bool(char*key)

Return true if a key is present into hash 'profile'

=item pdelete

 void(char*key)

Deletes a key in hash 'profile'

=item pget_sv, pget_i, pget_f, pget_c, pget_H, pget_B

 TYPE(char*key)

Returns value of ( SV*, int, float, char*, Handle or Bool)
that is associated to a key in hash 'profile'. Calls croak()
if key is not present.

=item pset_sv, pset_i, pset_f, pset_c, pset_H

 void( char*key, TYPE value)

Assigns value to a key in hash 'profile' and increments
reference count to a newly created scalar.

=item pset_b

 void( char*key, void* data, int length)

Assigns binary data to a key in hash 'profile' and increments
reference count to a newly created scalar.


=item pset_sv_noinc

 void(char* key, SV * sv)

Assigns scalar value to a key  in hash 'profile' without
reference count increment.

=item duplicate_string

 char*( const char *)

Returns copy of a string

=item list_create

 void ( PList self, int size, int delta);

Created list instance with a static List structure.

=item plist_create

 PList( int size, int delta);

Created list instance and returns newly allocated List structure.


=item list_destroy

 void( PList self);

Destroys list data.

=item plist_destroy

 void ( PList self);

Destroys list data and frees list instance.

=item list_add

 int( PList self, Handle item);

Adds new item into a list, returns its index or -1
on error.

=item list_insert_at

 int ( PList self, Handle item, int pos);

Inserts new item into a list at a given position, returns
its posistion or -1 on error.

=item list_at

 Handle ( PList self, int index);

Returns items that is located at given index or nilHandle 
if the index is out of range.


=item list_delete

 void( PList self, Handle item);

Removes the item from list.


=item list_delete_at

 void( PList self, int index);

Removes the item located at given index from a list.

=item list_delete_all

 void ( PList self, Bool kill);

Removes all items from the list. If kill is true,
calls free() on every item before.


=item list_first_that

 int( PList self, void * action, void * params);

Enumerates all list entries, calling action procedure on each.
If action returns true, enumeration stops and the index is returned.
Otherwise -1 is returned. action have to be function prototyped as

 Bool action_callback( Handle item, void * params);
 
params is a pointer to an arbitrary user data

=item list_index_of

 int( PList self, Handle item);

Returns the index of an item, or -1 if the item is not in the list.

=back
