FDISK(8)

NAME
fdisk - partition table maintenance program

SYNOPSIS
fdisk [-evy] [-A | -g | -i | -u] [-b blocks[@offset[:type]]] [-l blocks | -c cylinders -h heads -s sectors] [-f mbrfile] disk

DESCRIPTION
fdisk makes changes to the MBR and GPT tables found on some disks. On such disks sector 0 contains a 4-entry MBR partition table that divides the space. The GPT partition table, when present, starts at sector 1.

Each entry has a type. A type of 0xA6 indicates an OpenBSD MBR partition, which starts with its own 16-entry partition table known as a disklabel(5). This can be edited using disklabel(8).

Caution is advised when editing these tables, since some platforms use tricks to boot and may rely on specific configurations created at install time.

The options are as follows:

-A  Modifies existing GPT partitions to allocate all possible space to an OpenBSD partition and the optional -b partition. The free space is maximized by deleting all existing partitions except the boot partitions ‘APFS ISC’, ‘APFS’, ‘APFS Recovry’, ‘BIOS Boot’, ‘HiFive FSBL’ and ‘HiFive BBL’.

    If one of ‘APFS ISC’, ‘APFS’, or ‘APFS Recovry’ is detected then any existing ‘EFI system’ will also be preserved. If the preserved ‘EFI system’ partition has fewer blocks than the number requested with -b, the modification of the GPT is aborted.

-b blocks[@offset[:type]]
    Configures a special boot partition of the specified number of blocks, offset and type. offset defaults to the first available block, and type defaults to ‘EF’.

    The OpenBSD partition will follow the boot partition and use the remaining available space.

    Can only be used when initializing disk with -A, -g, or -i. If -A or -g is specified, only the blocks value is used.

    -c cylinders -h heads -s sectors Specifies an alternate BIOS geometry for fdisk to use. By default, an automatic calculation of disk size will be built using heuristics. These figures are taken from the in-core disklabel (see disklabel(8)), or values that /boot has passed to the kernel.

-e  Use the fdisk interactive editor to modify the partition table. See COMMAND MODE, below, for more information.

-f mbrfile
    Specifies an alternate MBR template file. The default file is /usr/mdec/mbr.

-g  A default GPT, including a protective MBR, will be written to disk. The default GPT has a single OpenBSD partition containing all available space not allocated by -b.

-i  A default MBR will be written to disk. The default MBR will be read from the file specified by -f, the default file /usr/mdec/mbr or the built-in default. Normally the default MBR has a single OpenBSD partition containing all available space not allocated by -b.

-l blocks
    Treat disk as if it has the specified number of blocks.

-u  Update MBR bootcode, preserving existing MBR partition table. The MBR bootcode extends from offset 0x000 to the start of the MBR partition table at offset 0x1BE. This is useful for writing new MBR bootcode onto an existing drive, and is equivalent to the DOS command “FDISK /MBR”. Note that this option will overwrite the NT disk signature, if present.

-v  Print the contents of the MBR, the Primary GPT and the Secondary GPT. Also print more detailed GPT header and partition entry information.

-y  Avoid asking yes/no questions when not desirable.

disk
    Specify the disk to operate on. It can be specified either by its full pathname or an abbreviated disk form. In its abbreviated form, the path to the device and the ‘r’ denoting "raw device" are omitted and the partition letter is optional. For example, the first IDE disk can be specified as either /dev/rwd0c, wd0c, or wd0.

TYPICAL LAYOUT
When called with no special flags, fdisk prints the partition table of the disk.

If disk does not contain a valid GPT, the contents of the MBR are displayed. For example:

    # fdisk sd0
    Disk: sd0      geometry: 121601/255/63 [1953525168 Sectors]
    Offset: 0      Signature: 0xAA55
               Starting       Ending      LBA Info:
     #: id     C  H  S -      C   H  S [     start:       size ]
    ------------------------------------------------------------------------
     0: 0B     0  1  1 -  26108   0 63 [        63:  419425020 ] FAT32
     1: 00     0  0  0 -      0   0  0 [         0:          0 ] unused
     2: 00     0  0  0 -      0   0  0 [         0:          0 ] unused
    *3: A6 26108  1  1 - 121600 254 63 [ 419425083: 1534094982 ] OpenBSD

This 1953525168 sector (931GB) disk drive is divided into two MBR partitions that span the whole disk. The first MBR partition is a 200GB FAT32 partition; the second is a 731GB OpenBSD MBR partition using the remainder of the disk. The fields of the output are:

#   Number identifying each MBR partition table entry. There are a total of four slots. ‘*’ denotes the MBR partition which is declared bootable.

id  MBR partition type identifier. OpenBSD reserves the magic number hexadecimal A6 (166 decimal).

C/H/S
    These fields provide the starting and ending address of the MBR partition in BIOS geometry.

start/size
    These fields provide the starting sector and size in sectors of the MBR partition in linear block addresses.

NOTE: The BIOS geometry sectors field (C/H/S) is “1 based”, but the LBA "start" field is “0 based”.

The CHS values will need to be in the BIOS's geometry for the system to be able to boot and use the drive correctly. These values must be kept correctly synchronized or a variety of problems develop which are very difficult to diagnose.

If disk contains a protective MBR and a valid GPT, the contents of the GPT are displayed. For example:

    Disk: sd2       Usable LBA: 64 to 7765952 [7766016 Sectors]
       #: type                                 [       start:         size ]
    ------------------------------------------------------------------------
       1: EFI Sys                              [          64:          960 ]
       3: OpenBSD                              [        1024:      7764929 ]

This 7766016 sector disk drive is divided into two partitions that span the whole disk. The first partition is a 960 sector EFI Sys partition; the second is a 7764929 sector OpenBSD partition using the remaining space. The fields of the output are:

#   Number identifying each partition table entry.

type
    The partition type identifier. If the type is recognized, the name of the type is displayed. Otherwise the type GUID is displayed.

start
    The sector the partition starts on.

size
    The number of sectors in the partition.

If the -v option is specified, the disk GUID and each partition's GUID and name are also displayed.

In either the MBR or GPT case the OpenBSD partition shown above is subdivided further using the functionality provided by disklabel(8), which provides OpenBSD partitions.

    # /dev/rsd0c:
    type: SCSI
    disk: SCSI disk
    label: WDC WD10EADS-65L
    duid: 085ef8d68623f5b3
    flags:
    bytes/sector: 512
    sectors/track: 63
    tracks/cylinder: 255
    sectors/cylinder: 16065
    cylinders: 121601
    total sectors: 1953525168
    boundstart: 419425083
    boundend: 1953520065
    drivedata: 0
    16 partitions:
    #                size           offset  fstype [fsize bsize  cpg]
      a:          2097125        419425083  4.2BSD   2048 16384    1
      b:          4715520        421522208    swap
      c:       1953525168                0  unused
      d:          8388608        426237728  4.2BSD   2048 16384    1
      e:         16771072        434626336  4.2BSD   2048 16384    1
      f:          4194304        451397408  4.2BSD   2048 16384    1
      g:          2097152        455591712  4.2BSD   2048 16384    1
      h:         20971520        457688864  4.2BSD   2048 16384    1
      i:        419425020               63   MSDOS
      j:          4194304        478660384  4.2BSD   2048 16384    1
      k:          4194304        482854688  4.2BSD   2048 16384    1
      l:        629145536        487049024  4.2BSD   4096 32768    1

These OpenBSD partitions are then mounted as follows using /etc/fstab:

    /dev/sd0a / ffs rw,softdep 1 1
    /dev/sd0d /tmp ffs rw,softdep,nodev,nosuid 1 2
    /dev/sd0e /var ffs rw,softdep,nodev,nosuid 1 2
    /dev/sd0f /usr ffs rw,softdep,nodev 1 2
    /dev/sd0g /usr/X11R6 ffs rw,softdep,nodev 1 2
    /dev/sd0h /usr/local ffs rw,softdep,nodev 1 2
    /dev/sd0i /mnt/example msdos rw,nodev,nosuid 1 2
    /dev/sd0j /usr/src ffs rw,softdep,nodev,nosuid 1 2
    /dev/sd0k /usr/obj ffs rw,softdep,nodev,nosuid 1 2
    /dev/sd0l /home ffs rw,softdep,nodev,nosuid 1 2

COMMAND MODE
The -e flag causes fdisk to enter an interactive command mode. The prompt contains information about the state of the edit process.

    disk*:1>

Where disk is the name of the disk being edited, ‘*’ means that the in-memory copy of the partition table has been modified, but not yet written to disk and 1 is the number of the boot block being edited. This number will be 2 when editing an extended MBR partition, 3 when editing an extended MBR partition within an extended MBR partition, and so on.

The list of commands and their explanations are given below. Commands may be abbreviated provided enough characters are given to ensure unambiguity.

?   A synonym for help.

help
    Display a list of commands that fdisk understands in the interactive edit mode.

manual
    Display this manual page.

reinit [gpt | mbr]
    Initialize the currently selected, in-memory copy of the boot block.

    By default an MBR is initialized. If gpt is specified, a protective MBR and a GPT are initialized.

edit #
    Edit a given table entry in the memory copy of the current boot block. Sizes may be adjusted in BIOS geometry mode (MBR only) or using sector offsets and sizes. A unit ‘b’, ‘k’, ‘m’, ‘g’, or ‘t’ may be appended to indicate bytes, kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, or terabytes. The special size value ‘*’ will cause the partition to be sized to use the remainder of the disk.

flag # [value]
    Make the given MBR partition table entry bootable and mark all others as not bootable (only one entry can be marked bootable). The bootable partition is denoted with ‘*’. If a value of 0 is given, the MBR partition is marked as not bootable, but no other MBR partitions are touched.

update
    Update the machine MBR bootcode and 0xAA55 signature in the memory copy of the currently selected MBR. Note that this option will overwrite an NT disk signature, if present. Not available when editing a GPT.

select #
    Select and load into memory the MBR pointed to by the extended MBR partition table entry in the current boot block. Not available when editing a GPT.

setpid #
    Change the partition identifier of the given partition table entry. This command is particularly useful for reassigning an existing partition to OpenBSD.

swap # #
    Swap two partition entries.

print [unit]
    Print the currently selected in-memory copy of the partition table to the terminal. A unit ‘b’, ‘k’, ‘m’, ‘g’, or ‘t’ may be appended to indicate bytes, kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, or terabytes. Otherwise the number of sectors is printed.

write
    Write the in-memory copy of the partition table to disk.

exit
    Exit the current level of fdisk, either returning to the previously selected in-memory copy of a MBR, or exiting the program if there is none.

quit
    Exit the current level of fdisk, either returning to the previously selected in-memory copy of a MBR, or exiting the program if there is none. Unlike exit it does write the modified block out.

abort
    Quit program without saving current changes.

FILES
/usr/mdec/mbr
    default MBR template

SEE ALSO
fstab(5), boot_amd64(8), boot_i386(8), boot_macppc(8), disklabel(8)

CAVEATS
Hand crafted disk layouts are highly error prone. It is common practice, though by no means required, that MBR partitions start on a cylinder boundary (generally head 0, sector 1, but head 1, sector 1 for track 0), and that MBR partitions also end at cylinder boundaries.