Main article: Consonant

    v
    d
    e

IPA pulmonic consonants chartchart image • Loudspeaker.svg audio
Place → 	Labial 	Coronal 	Dorsal 	Radical 	Glottal
↓ Manner 	Bila​bial 	Labio​dental 	Den​tal 	Alve​olar 	Post​alv. 	Retro​flex 	Pal​a​tal 	Ve​lar 	Uvu​lar 	Pha​ryn​geal 	Epi​glot​tal 	Glot​tal
Nasal 	m̥ 	m 		ɱ 		n̪ 	n̥ 	n 		n̠ 		ɳ 	ɲ̥ 	ɲ 	ŋ̊ 	ŋ 		ɴ 			
Plosive 	p 	b 	p̪ 	b̪ 	t̪ 	d̪ 	t 	d 		ʈ 	ɖ 	c 	ɟ 	k 	ɡ 	q 	ɢ 			ʡ 	ʔ 	
Fricative 	ɸ 	β 	f 	v 	θ 	ð 	s 	z 	ʃ 	ʒ 	ʂ 	ʐ 	ç 	ʝ 	x 	ɣ 	χ 	ʁ 	ħ 	ʕ 	ʜ 	ʢ 	h 	ɦ
Approximant 			ʋ 			ɹ 			ɻ 		j 		ɰ 			
Trill 		ʙ 				r 			ɽ͡r 				ʀ 			я * 	
Flap or tap 		ⱱ̟ 		ⱱ 			ɾ 			ɽ 				ɢ̆ 			ʡ̯ 	
Lateral Fric. 				ɬ 	ɮ 		ɭ˔̊ 		ʎ̥˔ 		ʟ̝̊ 	ʟ̝ 				
Lateral Appr. 					l 			ɭ 		ʎ 		ʟ 				
Lateral flap 					ɺ 			ɺ̠ 		ʎ̯ 					
Non-pulmonic consonants Clicks 	ʘ 	ǀ 	ǃ 	ǂ 	ǁ
Implosives 	ɓ 	ɗ 	ʄ 	ᶑ 	ɠ 	ʛ
Ejectives 	pʼ 	tʼ 	cʼ 	ʈʼ 	kʼ 	qʼ
fʼ 	θʼ 	sʼ 	ɬʼ 	xʼ 	χʼ
tsʼ 	tɬʼ 	cʎ̝̥ʼ 	tʃʼ 	ʈʂʼ 	kxʼ 	kʟ̝̊ʼ
Affricates p̪f 	b̪v 	ts 	dz 	tʃ 	dʒ 	tɕ 	dʑ 	ʈʂ 	ɖʐ
		tɬ 	dɮ 	cç 	ɟʝ 	cʎ̥˔ 		kʟ̝̊ 	
Co-articulated consonants Fricatives 	ɕ 	ʑ 	ɧ
Approximants 	ʍ 	w 	ɥ 	ɫ
Stops 	k͡p 	ɡ͡b 	ŋ͡m



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Blank vowel trapezoid.svg
•iy
•ɨʉ
•ɯu
•ɪʏ
•ɪ̈ʊ̈
•ʊ
•eø
•ɘɵ
•ɤo
•e̞ø̞
ə
•ɤ̞o̞
•ɛœ
•ɜɞ
•ʌɔ
•æ
ɐ
•aɶ
•ä
•ɑɒ
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C

Diacritics are small markings which are placed around the IPA letter in order to show a certain alteration or more specific description in the letter's pronunciation.[32] Sub-diacritics (markings normally placed below a letter) may be placed above a letter having a descender (informally called a tail), e.g. ŋ̊, ȷ̈.[32]

The dotless i, ⟨ı⟩, is used when the dot would interfere with the diacritic. Other IPA letters may appear as diacritic variants to represent phonetic detail: tˢ (fricative release), bʱ (breathy voice), ˀa (glottal onset), ᵊ (epenthetic schwa), oʊ (diphthongization). Additional diacritics were introduced in the Extensions to the IPA, which were designed principally for speech pathology.
View the diacritic table as an image
Syllabicity diacritics
◌̩ 	ɹ̩ n̩ 	Syllabic 	◌̯ 	e̯ ʊ̯ 	Non-syllabic
Consonant-release diacritics
◌ʰ 	tʰ 	Aspirated[a] 	◌̚ 	d̚ 	No audible release
◌ʱ 	dʱ
◌ⁿ 	dⁿ 	Nasal release 	◌ˡ 	dˡ 	Lateral release
Phonation diacritics
◌̥ 	n̥ d̥ 	Voiceless 	◌̬ 	s̬ t̬ 	Voiced
◌̤ 	b̤ a̤ 	Breathy voiced[b] 	◌̰ 	b̰ a̰ 	Creaky voiced
Articulation diacritics
◌̪ 	t̪ d̪ 	Dental 	◌̼ 	t̼ d̼ 	Linguolabial
◌̺ 	t̺ d̺ 	Apical 	◌̻ 	t̻ d̻ 	Laminal
◌̟ 	u̟ t̟ 	Advanced 	◌̠ 	i̠ t̠ 	Retracted
◌̈ 	ë ä 	Centralized 	◌̽ 	e̽ ɯ̽ 	Mid-centralized
◌̝ 	e̝ ɹ̝ 	Raised (ɹ̝ = voiced alveolar nonsibilant fricative)
◌˔ 	˔
◌̞ 	e̞ β̞ 	Lowered (β̞ = bilabial approximant)
◌˕ 	˕
Co-articulation diacritics
◌̹ 	ɔ̹ x̹ 	More rounded 	◌̜ 	ɔ̜ x̜ʷ 	Less rounded
◌ʷ 	tʷ dʷ 	Labialized or labio-velarized 	◌ʲ 	tʲ dʲ 	Palatalized
◌ˠ 	tˠ dˠ 	Velarized 	◌ˤ 	tˤ aˤ 	Pharyngealized
◌ᶣ 	tᶣ dᶣ 	Labio-palatalized 	◌̴ 	ɫ z̴ 	Velarized or pharyngealized
◌̘ 	e̘ o̘ 	Advanced tongue root 	◌̙ 	e̙ o̙ 	Retracted tongue root
◌̃ 	ẽ z̃ 	Nasalized 	◌˞ 	ɚ ɝ 	Rhotacized

Notes
    a^ With aspirated voiced consonants, the aspiration is also voiced. Many linguists prefer one of the diacritics dedicated to breathy voice.
    b^ Some linguists restrict this breathy-voice diacritic to sonorants, and transcribe obstruents as bʱ.

The state of the glottis can be finely transcribed with diacritics. A series of alveolar plosives ranging from an open to a closed glottis phonation are:
Open glottis 	[t] 	voiceless
	[d̤] 	breathy voice, also called murmured
	[d̥] 	slack voice
Sweet spot 	[d] 	modal voice
	[d̬] 	stiff voice
	[d̰] 	creaky voice
Closed glottis 	[ʔ͡t] 	glottal closure
[edit] Suprasegmentals

These symbols describe the features of a language above the level of individual consonants and vowels, such as prosody, tone, length, and stress, which often operate on syllables, words, or phrases: that is, elements such as the intensity, pitch, and gemination of the sounds of a language, as well as the rhythm and intonation of speech.[33] Although most of these symbols indicate distinctions that are phonemic at the word level, symbols also exist for intonation on a level greater than that of the word.[33]
View this table as an image
Length, stress, and rhythm
ˈa 	Primary stress (symbol goes
before stressed syllable) 	ˌa 	Secondary stress (symbol goes
before stressed syllable)
aː kː 	Long (long vowel or
geminate consonant) 	aˑ 	Half-long
ə̆ 	Extra-short 	a.a 	Syllable break
s‿a 	Linking (absence of a break)
Intonation
| 	Minor (foot) break 	‖ 	Major (intonation) break
↗ 	Global rise 	↘ 	Global fall
Tone diacritics and tone letters
ŋ̋ e̋ 	e˥ 	Extra high / top 	ꜛke 	Upstep
ŋ́ é 	e˦ 	High 	ŋ̌ ě 	Rise
ŋ̄ ē 	e˧ 	Mid 		
ŋ̀ è 	e˨ 	Low 	ŋ̂ ê 	Fall
ŋ̏ ȅ 	e˩ 	Extra low / bottom 	ꜜke 	Downstep

Finer distinctions of tone may be indicated by combining the tone diacritics and letters shown here, though not many fonts support this. The primary examples are high (mid) rising ɔ᷄, ɔ˧˥; low rising ɔ᷅, ɔ˩˧; high falling ɔ᷇, ɔ˥˧; low (mid) falling ɔ᷆, ɔ˧˩; peaking ɔ᷈, ɔ˧˥˧; and dipping ɔ᷉, ɔ˧˩˧. A work-around for diacritics sometimes seen when a language has more than one rising or falling tone, and the author does not wish to completely abandon the IPA, is to restrict generic rising ɔ̌ and falling ɔ̂ for the higher-pitched of the rising and falling tones, ɔ˥˧ and ɔ˧˥, and to use the non-standard subscript diacritics ɔ̗ and ɔ̖ for the lower-pitched rising and falling tones, ɔ˩˧ and ɔ˧˩. When a language has four level tones, the two mid tones are sometimes transcribed as high-mid ɔ̍ (non-standard) and low-mid ɔ̄.
