@c DO NOT EDIT!  Generated automatically by munge-texi.

@c Copyright (C) 1996, 1997, 2007 John W. Eaton
@c
@c This file is part of Octave.
@c
@c Octave is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
@c under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
@c Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or (at
@c your option) any later version.
@c 
@c Octave is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
@c ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
@c FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
@c for more details.
@c 
@c You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
@c along with Octave; see the file COPYING.  If not, see
@c <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

@node Input and Output
@chapter Input and Output

Octave supports several ways of reading and writing data to or from the
prompt or a file.  The most simple functions for data Input and Output
(I/O) are easy to use, but only provides a limited control of how
data is processed.  For more control, a set of functions modelled
after the C standard library are also provided by Octave.

@menu
* Basic Input and Output::      
* C-Style I/O Functions::       
@end menu

@node Basic Input and Output
@section Basic Input and Output

@c We could use a two-line introduction here...

@menu
* Terminal Output::             
* Terminal Input::              
* Simple File I/O::             
* Rational Approximations::
@end menu

@node Terminal Output
@subsection Terminal Output

Since Octave normally prints the value of an expression as soon as it
has been evaluated, the simplest of all I/O functions is a simple
expression.  For example, the following expression will display the
value of @samp{pi}

@example
pi
     @print{} pi = 3.1416
@end example

This works well as long as it is acceptable to have the name of the
variable (or @samp{ans}) printed along with the value.  To print the
value of a variable without printing its name, use the function
@code{disp}.

The @code{format} command offers some control over the way Octave prints
values with @code{disp} and through the normal echoing mechanism.

@anchor{doc-ans}
@defvr {Automatic Variable} ans
The most recently computed result that was not
explicitly assigned to a variable.  For example, after the expression

@example
3^2 + 4^2
@end example

@noindent
is evaluated, the value returned by @code{ans} is 25.
@end defvr


@anchor{doc-disp}
@deftypefn {Built-in Function} {} disp (@var{x})
Display the value of @var{x}.  For example,

@example
disp ("The value of pi is:"), disp (pi)

     @print{} the value of pi is:
     @print{} 3.1416
@end example

@noindent
Note that the output from @code{disp} always ends with a newline.

If an output value is requested, @code{disp} prints nothing and
returns the formatted output in a string.
@seealso{fdisp}
@end deftypefn


@anchor{doc-format}
@deffn {Command} format options
Control the format of the output produced by @code{disp} and Octave's
normal echoing mechanism.  Valid options are listed in the following
table.

@table @code
@item short
Octave will try to print numbers with at
least 5 significant figures within a field that is a maximum of 10
characters wide (not counting additional spacing that is added between
columns of a matrix).

If Octave is unable to format a matrix so that columns line up on the
decimal point and all the numbers fit within the maximum field width,
it switches to an @samp{e} format.

@item long
Octave will try to print numbers with at least 15 significant figures
within a field that is a maximum of 20 characters wide (not counting
additional spacing that is added between columns of a matrix).

As will the @samp{short} format, Octave will switch to an @samp{e}
format if it is unable to format a matrix so that columns line up on the
decimal point and all the numbers fit within the maximum field width.

@item long e
@itemx short e
The same as @samp{format long} or @samp{format short} but always display
output with an @samp{e} format.  For example, with the @samp{short e}
format, @code{pi} is displayed as @code{3.14e+00}.

@item long E
@itemx short E
The same as @samp{format long e} or @samp{format short e} but always
display output with an uppercase @samp{E} format.  For example, with
the @samp{long E} format, @code{pi} is displayed as
@code{3.14159265358979E+00}.
@item long g
@itemx short g
Choose between normal @samp{long} (or @samp{short}) and
@samp{long e} (or @samp{short e}) formats based on the magnitude
of the number.  For example, with the @samp{short g} format,
@code{pi .^ [2; 4; 8; 16; 32]} is displayed as

@example
@group
ans =

      9.8696
      97.409
      9488.5
  9.0032e+07
  8.1058e+15
@end group
@end example

@item long G
@itemx short G
The same as @samp{format long g} or @samp{format short g} but use an
uppercase @samp{E} format.  For example, with the @samp{short G} format,
@code{pi .^ [2; 4; 8; 16; 32]} is displayed as

@example
@group
ans =

      9.8696
      97.409
      9488.5
  9.0032E+07
  8.1058E+15
@end group
@end example

@item free
@itemx none
Print output in free format, without trying to line up columns of
matrices on the decimal point.  This also causes complex numbers to be
formatted like this @samp{(0.604194, 0.607088)} instead of like this
@samp{0.60419 + 0.60709i}.

@item bank
Print in a fixed format with two places to the right of the decimal
point.

@item +
@itemx + @var{chars}
@itemx plus
@itemx plus @var{chars}
Print a @samp{+} symbol for nonzero matrix elements and a space for zero
matrix elements.  This format can be very useful for examining the
structure of a large matrix.

The optional argument @var{chars} specifies a list of 3 characters to use
for printing values greater than zero, less than zero and equal to zero.
For example, with the @samp{+ "+-."} format, @code{[1, 0, -1; -1, 0, 1]}
is displayed as

@example
@group
ans =

+.-
-.+
@end group
@end example

@itemx native-hex
Print the hexadecimal representation numbers as they are stored in
memory.  For example, on a workstation which stores 8 byte real values
in IEEE format with the least significant byte first, the value of
@code{pi} when printed in @code{hex} format is @code{400921fb54442d18}.
This format only works for numeric values.

@item hex
The same as @code{native-hex}, but always print the most significant
byte first.
@item native-bit
Print the bit representation of numbers as stored in memory.
For example, the value of @code{pi} is

@example
@group
01000000000010010010000111111011
01010100010001000010110100011000
@end group
@end example

(shown here in two 32 bit sections for typesetting purposes) when
printed in bit format on a workstation which stores 8 byte real values
in IEEE format with the least significant byte first.  This format only
works for numeric types.
@item bit
The same as @code{native-bit}, but always print the most significant
bits first.
@item compact
Remove extra blank space around column number labels.
@item loose
Insert blank lines above and below column number labels (this is the
default).
@item rat
Print a rational approximation. That is the values are approximated
by one small integer divided by another.
@end table

By default, Octave will try to print numbers with at least 5 significant
figures within a field that is a maximum of 10 characters wide.

If Octave is unable to format a matrix so that columns line up on the
decimal point and all the numbers fit within the maximum field width,
it switches to an @samp{e} format.

If @code{format} is invoked without any options, the default format
state is restored.
@end deffn


@anchor{doc-print_answer_id_name}
@deftypefn {Built-in Function} {@var{val} =} print_answer_id_name ()
@deftypefnx {Built-in Function} {@var{old_val} =} print_answer_id_name (@var{new_val})
Query or set the internal variable that controls whether variable
names are printed along with results produced by evaluating an expression.
@end deftypefn


@menu
* Paging Screen Output::
@end menu

@node Paging Screen Output
@subsubsection Paging Screen Output

When running interactively, Octave normally sends any output intended
for your terminal that is more than one screen long to a paging program,
such as @code{less} or @code{more}.  This avoids the problem of having a
large volume of output stream by before you can read it.  With
@code{less} (and some versions of @code{more}) you can also scan forward
and backward, and search for specific items.

Normally, no output is displayed by the pager until just before Octave
is ready to print the top level prompt, or read from the standard input
(for example, by using the @code{fscanf} or @code{scanf} functions).
This means that there may be some delay before any output appears on
your screen if you have asked Octave to perform a significant amount of
work with a single command statement.  The function @code{fflush} may be
used to force output to be sent to the pager (or any other stream)
immediately.

You can select the program to run as the pager using the @code{PAGER}
function, and you can turn paging off by using the function
@code{more}.

@anchor{doc-more}
@deffn {Command} more
@deffnx {Command} more on
@deffnx {Command} more off
Turn output pagination on or off.  Without an argument, @code{more}
toggles the current state.
@end deffn


@anchor{doc-PAGER}
@deftypefn {Built-in Function} {@var{val} =} PAGER ()
@deftypefnx {Built-in Function} {@var{old_val} =} PAGER (@var{new_val})
Query or set the internal variable that specifies the program to use
to display terminal output on your system.  The default value is
normally @code{"less"}, @code{"more"}, or
@code{"pg"}, depending on what programs are installed on your system.
@xref{Installation}.
@seealso{more, page_screen_output, page_output_immediately, PAGER_FLAGS}
@end deftypefn


@anchor{doc-PAGER_FLAGS}
@deftypefn {Built-in Function} {@var{val} =} PAGER_FLAGS ()
@deftypefnx {Built-in Function} {@var{old_val} =} PAGER_FLAGS (@var{new_val})
Query or set the internal variable that specifies the options to pass
to the pager.
@seealso{PAGER}
@end deftypefn


@anchor{doc-page_screen_output}
@deftypefn {Built-in Function} {@var{val} =} page_screen_output ()
@deftypefnx {Built-in Function} {@var{old_val} =} page_screen_output (@var{new_val})
Query or set the internal variable that controls whether output intended
for the terminal window that is longer than one page is sent through a
pager.  This allows you to view one screenful at a time.  Some pagers
(such as @code{less}---see @ref{Installation}) are also capable of moving
backward on the output.
@end deftypefn


@anchor{doc-page_output_immediately}
@deftypefn {Built-in Function} {@var{val} =} page_output_immediately ()
@deftypefnx {Built-in Function} {@var{val} =} page_output_immediately (@var{new_val})
Query or set the internal variable that controls whether Octave sends
output to the pager as soon as it is available.  Otherwise, Octave
buffers its output and waits until just before the prompt is printed to
flush it to the pager.
@end deftypefn


@anchor{doc-fflush}
@deftypefn {Built-in Function} {} fflush (@var{fid})
Flush output to @var{fid}.  This is useful for ensuring that all
pending output makes it to the screen before some other event occurs.
For example, it is always a good idea to flush the standard output
stream before calling @code{input}.

@code{fflush} returns 0 on success and an OS dependent error value
(@minus{}1 on unix) on error.
@seealso{fopen, fclose}
@end deftypefn


@c FIXME -- maybe this would be a good place to describe the
@c following message:
@c
@c warning: connection to external pager (pid = 9334) lost --
@c warning: pending computations and output may be lost
@c warning: broken pipe

@node Terminal Input
@subsection Terminal Input

Octave has three functions that make it easy to prompt users for
input.  The @code{input} and @code{menu} functions are normally
used for managing an interactive dialog with a user, and the
@code{keyboard} function is normally used for doing simple debugging.

@anchor{doc-input}
@deftypefn {Built-in Function} {} input (@var{prompt})
@deftypefnx {Built-in Function} {} input (@var{prompt}, "s")
Print a prompt and wait for user input.  For example,

@example
input ("Pick a number, any number! ")
@end example

@noindent
prints the prompt

@example
Pick a number, any number!
@end example

@noindent
and waits for the user to enter a value.  The string entered by the user
is evaluated as an expression, so it may be a literal constant, a
variable name, or any other valid expression.

Currently, @code{input} only returns one value, regardless of the number
of values produced by the evaluation of the expression.

If you are only interested in getting a literal string value, you can
call @code{input} with the character string @code{"s"} as the second
argument.  This tells Octave to return the string entered by the user
directly, without evaluating it first.

Because there may be output waiting to be displayed by the pager, it is
a good idea to always call @code{fflush (stdout)} before calling
@code{input}.  This will ensure that all pending output is written to
the screen before your prompt.  @xref{Input and Output}.
@end deftypefn


@anchor{doc-menu}
@deftypefn {Function File} {} menu (@var{title}, @var{opt1}, @dots{})
Print a title string followed by a series of options.  Each option will
be printed along with a number.  The return value is the number of the
option selected by the user.  This function is useful for interactive
programs.  There is no limit to the number of options that may be passed
in, but it may be confusing to present more than will fit easily on one
screen.
@seealso{disp, printf, input}
@end deftypefn


For @code{input}, the normal command line history and editing functions
are available at the prompt.

Octave also has a function that makes it possible to get a single
character from the keyboard without requiring the user to type a
carriage return.

@anchor{doc-kbhit}
@deftypefn {Built-in Function} {} kbhit ()
Read a single keystroke from the keyboard. If called with one
argument, don't wait for a keypress.  For example,

@example
x = kbhit ();
@end example

@noindent
will set @var{x} to the next character typed at the keyboard as soon as
it is typed.

@example
x = kbhit (1);
@end example

@noindent
identical to the above example, but don't wait for a keypress,
returning the empty string if no key is available.
@end deftypefn


@node Simple File I/O
@subsection Simple File I/O

@cindex saving data
@cindex loading data
The @code{save} and @code{load} commands allow data to be written to and
read from disk files in various formats.  The default format of files
written by the @code{save} command can be controlled using the functions
@code{default_save_options} and @code{save_precision}.

As an example the following code creates a 3-by-3 matrix and saves it
to the file @samp{myfile.mat}.

@example
A = [ 1:3; 4:6; 7:9 ];
save myfile.mat A
@end example

Once one or more variables have been saved to a file, they can be
read into memory using the @code{load} command.

@example
load myfile.mat
A
     @print{} A =
     @print{} 
     @print{}    1   2   3
     @print{}    4   5   6
     @print{}    7   8   9
@end example

@anchor{doc-save}
@deffn {Command} save options file @var{v1} @var{v2} @dots{}
Save the named variables @var{v1}, @var{v2}, @dots{}, in the file
@var{file}.  The special filename @samp{-} can be used to write the
output to your terminal.  If no variable names are listed, Octave saves
all the variables in the current scope.  Valid options for the
@code{save} command are listed in the following table.  Options that
modify the output format override the format specified by
@code{default_save_options}.

If save is invoked using the functional form

@example
save ("-option1", @dots{}, "file", "v1", @dots{})
@end example

@noindent
then the @var{options}, @var{file}, and variable name arguments
(@var{v1}, @dots{}) must be specified as character strings.

@table @code
@item -ascii
Save a single matrix in a text file.

@item -binary
Save the data in Octave's binary data format.

@item -float-binary
Save the data in Octave's binary data format but only using single
precision.  You should use this format only if you know that all the
values to be saved can be represented in single precision.

@item -V7
@itemx -v7
@itemx -7
@itemx -mat7-binary
Save the data in @sc{Matlab}'s v7 binary data format.

@item -V6
@itemx -v6
@itemx -6
@itemx -mat
@itemx -mat-binary
Save the data in @sc{Matlab}'s v6 binary data format.

@item -V4
@itemx -v4
@itemx -4
@itemx -mat4-binary
Save the data in the binary format written by @sc{Matlab} version 4.

@item -hdf5
Save the data in HDF5 format.
(HDF5 is a free, portable binary format developed by the National
Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois.)

@item -float-hdf5
Save the data in HDF5 format but only using single precision.
You should use this format only if you know that all the
values to be saved can be represented in single precision.

@item -zip
@itemx -z
Use the gzip algorithm to compress the file. This works equally on files that
are compressed with gzip outside of octave, and gzip can equally be used to
convert the files for backward compatibility.
@end table

The list of variables to save may include wildcard patterns containing
the following special characters:
@table @code
@item ?
Match any single character.

@item *
Match zero or more characters.

@item [ @var{list} ]
Match the list of characters specified by @var{list}.  If the first
character is @code{!} or @code{^}, match all characters except those
specified by @var{list}.  For example, the pattern @samp{[a-zA-Z]} will
match all lower and upper case alphabetic characters. 

@item -text
Save the data in Octave's text data format.
@end table

Except when using the @sc{Matlab} binary data file format, saving global
variables also saves the global status of the variable, so that if it is
restored at a later time using @samp{load}, it will be restored as a
global variable.

The command

@example
save -binary data a b*
@end example

@noindent
saves the variable @samp{a} and all variables beginning with @samp{b} to
the file @file{data} in Octave's binary format.
@end deffn


@anchor{doc-load}
@deffn {Command} load options file v1 v2 @dots{}
Load the named variables @var{v1}, @var{v2}, @dots{}, from the file
@var{file}.  As with @code{save}, you may specify a list of variables
and @code{load} will only extract those variables with names that
match.  For example, to restore the variables saved in the file
@file{data}, use the command

@example
load data
@end example

If load is invoked using the functional form

@example
load ("-option1", @dots{}, "file", "v1", @dots{})
@end example

@noindent
then the @var{options}, @var{file}, and variable name arguments
(@var{v1}, @dots{}) must be specified as character strings.

If a variable that is not marked as global is loaded from a file when a
global symbol with the same name already exists, it is loaded in the
global symbol table.  Also, if a variable is marked as global in a file
and a local symbol exists, the local symbol is moved to the global
symbol table and given the value from the file.  Since it seems that
both of these cases are likely to be the result of some sort of error,
they will generate warnings.

If invoked with a single output argument, Octave returns data instead
of inserting variables in the symbol table.  If the data file contains
only numbers (TAB- or space-delimited columns), a matrix of values is
returned.  Otherwise, @code{load} returns a structure with members
 corresponding to the names of the variables in the file.

The @code{load} command can read data stored in Octave's text and
binary formats, and @sc{Matlab}'s binary format.  It will automatically
detect the type of file and do conversion from different floating point
formats (currently only IEEE big and little endian, though other formats
may added in the future).

Valid options for @code{load} are listed in the following table.

@table @code
@item -force
The @samp{-force} option is accepted but ignored for backward
compatibility. Octave now overwrites variables currently in memory with
the same name as those found in the file.

@item -ascii
Force Octave to assume the file contains columns of numbers in text format
without any header or other information.  Data in the file will be loaded
as a single numeric matrix with the name of the variable derived from the
name of the file.

@item -binary
Force Octave to assume the file is in Octave's binary format.

@item -mat
@itemx -mat-binary
@itemx -6
@itemx -v6
@itemx -7
@itemx -v7
Force Octave to assume the file is in @sc{Matlab}'s version 6 or 7 binary
format.

@item -V4
@itemx -v4
@itemx -4
@itemx -mat4-binary
Force Octave to assume the file is in the binary format written by
@sc{Matlab} version 4.

@item -hdf5
Force Octave to assume the file is in HDF5 format.
(HDF5 is a free, portable binary format developed by the National
Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois.)
Note that Octave can read HDF5 files not created by itself, but may
skip some datasets in formats that it cannot support.

@item -import
The @samp{-import} is accepted but ignored for backward compatibility.
Octave can now support multi-dimensional HDF data and automatically
modifies variable names if they are invalid Octave identifiers.

@item -text
Force Octave to assume the file is in Octave's text format.
@end table
@end deffn


There are three functions that modify the behavior of @code{save}.

@anchor{doc-default_save_options}
@deftypefn {Built-in Function} {@var{val} =} default_save_options ()
@deftypefnx {Built-in Function} {@var{old_val} =} default_save_options (@var{new_val})
Query or set the internal variable that specifies the default options
for the @code{save} command, and defines the default format.
Typical values include @code{"-ascii"}, @code{"-ascii -zip"}.
The default value is @code{-ascii}.
@seealso{save}
@end deftypefn


@anchor{doc-save_precision}
@deftypefn {Built-in Function} {@var{val} =} save_precision ()
@deftypefnx {Built-in Function} {@var{old_val} =} save_precision (@var{new_val})
Query or set the internal variable that specifies the number of
digits to keep when saving data in text format.
@end deftypefn


@anchor{doc-save_header_format_string}
@deftypefn {Built-in Function} {@var{val} =} save_header_format_string ()
@deftypefnx {Built-in Function} {@var{old_val} =} save_header_format_string (@var{new_val})
Query or set the internal variable that specifies the format
string used for the comment line written at the beginning of
text-format data files saved by Octave.  The format string is
passed to @code{strftime} and should begin with the character
@samp{#} and contain no newline characters.  If the value of
@code{save_header_format_string} is the empty string,
the header comment is omitted from text-format data files.  The
default value is

@smallexample
"# Created by Octave VERSION, %a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y %Z <USER@@HOST>"
@end smallexample
@seealso{strftime}
@end deftypefn


@anchor{doc-native_float_format}
@deftypefn {Built-in Function} {} native_float_format ()
Return the native floating point format as a string
@end deftypefn


It is possible to write data to a file in a way much similar to the
@code{disp} function for writing data to the screen.  The @code{fdisp}
works just like @code{disp} except its first argument is a file pointer
as created by @code{fopen}.  As an example, the following code writes
to data @samp{myfile.txt}.

@example
fid = fopen ("myfile.txt", "w");
fdisp (fid, "3/8 is ");
fdisp (fid, 3/8);
fclose (fid);
@end example

@noindent
@xref{Opening and Closing Files}, for details on how to use @code{fopen}
and @code{fclose}.

@anchor{doc-fdisp}
@deftypefn {Built-in Function} {} fdisp (@var{fid}, @var{x})
Display the value of @var{x} on the stream @var{fid}.  For example,

@example
fdisp (stdout, "The value of pi is:"), fdisp (stdout, pi)

     @print{} the value of pi is:
     @print{} 3.1416
@end example

@noindent
Note that the output from @code{fdisp} always ends with a newline.
@seealso{disp}
@end deftypefn


@menu
* Saving Data on Unexpected Exits::
@end menu

@node Saving Data on Unexpected Exits
@subsubsection Saving Data on Unexpected Exits

If Octave for some reason exits unexpected it will by default save the
variables available in the workspace to a file in the current directory.
By default this file is named @samp{octave-core} and can be loaded
into memory with the @code{load} command.  While the default behaviour
most often is reasonable it can be changed through the following
functions.

@anchor{doc-crash_dumps_octave_core}
@deftypefn {Built-in Function} {@var{val} =} crash_dumps_octave_core ()
@deftypefnx {Built-in Function} {@var{old_val} =} crash_dumps_octave_core (@var{new_val})
Query or set the internal variable that controls whether Octave tries
to save all current variables to the file "octave-core" if it
crashes or receives a hangup, terminate or similar signal.
@seealso{octave_core_file_limit, octave_core_file_name, octave_core_file_options}
@end deftypefn


@anchor{doc-sighup_dumps_octave_core}
@deftypefn {Built-in Function} {@var{val} =} sighup_dumps_octave_core ()
@deftypefnx {Built-in Function} {@var{old_val} =} sighup_dumps_octave_core (@var{new_val})
Query or set the internal variable that controls whether Octave tries
to save all current variables to the file "octave-core" if it receives
a hangup signal.
@end deftypefn


@anchor{doc-sigterm_dumps_octave_core}
@deftypefn {Built-in Function} {@var{val} =} sigterm_dumps_octave_core ()
@deftypefnx {Built-in Function} {@var{old_val} =} sigterm_dumps_octave_core (@var{new_val})
Query or set the internal variable that controls whether Octave tries
to save all current variables to the file "octave-core" if it receives
a terminate signal.
@end deftypefn


@anchor{doc-octave_core_file_options}
@deftypefn {Built-in Function} {@var{val} =} octave_core_file_options ()
@deftypefnx {Built-in Function} {@var{old_val} =} octave_core_file_options (@var{new_val})
Query or set the internal variable that specifies the options used for
saving the workspace data if Octave aborts.  The value of
@code{octave_core_file_options} should follow the same format as the
options for the @code{save} function. The default value is Octave's binary
format.
@seealso{crash_dumps_octave_core, octave_core_file_name, octave_core_file_limit}
@end deftypefn


@anchor{doc-octave_core_file_limit}
@deftypefn {Built-in Function} {@var{val} =} octave_core_file_limit ()
@deftypefnx {Built-in Function} {@var{old_val} =} octave_core_file_limit (@var{new_val})
Query or set the internal variable that specifies the maximum amount
of memory (in kilobytes) of the top-level workspace that Octave will
attempt to save when writing data to the crash dump file (the name of
the file is specified by @var{octave_core_file_name}).  If
@var{octave_core_file_options} flags specify a binary format,
then @var{octave_core_file_limit} will be approximately the maximum
size of the file.  If a text file format is used, then the file could
be much larger than the limit.  The default value is -1 (unlimited)
@seealso{crash_dumps_octave_core, octave_core_file_name, octave_core_file_options}
@end deftypefn


@anchor{doc-octave_core_file_name}
@deftypefn {Built-in Function} {@var{val} =} octave_core_file_name ()
@deftypefnx {Built-in Function} {@var{old_val} =} octave_core_file_name (@var{new_val})
Query or set the internal variable that specifies the name of the file
used for saving data from the top-level workspace if Octave aborts.
The default value is @code{"octave-core"}
@seealso{crash_dumps_octave_core, octave_core_file_name, octave_core_file_options}
@end deftypefn


@node Rational Approximations
@subsection Rational Approximations

@anchor{doc-rat}
@deftypefn {Function File} {@var{s} =} rat (@var{x}, @var{tol})
@deftypefnx {Function File} {[@var{n}, @var{d}] =} rat (@var{x}, @var{tol})

Find a rational approximation to @var{x} within tolerance defined
by @var{tol} using a continued fraction expansion. E.g,

@example
rat(pi) = 3 + 1/(7 + 1/16) = 355/113
rat(e) = 3 + 1/(-4 + 1/(2 + 1/(5 + 1/(-2 + 1/(-7))))) 
       = 1457/536
@end example

Called with two arguments returns the numerator and denominator separately
as two matrices.
@end deftypefn
@seealso{rats}


@anchor{doc-rats}
@deftypefn {Built-in Function} {} rats (@var{x}, @var{len})
Convert @var{x} into a rational approximation represented as a string.
You can convert the string back into a matrix as follows:

@example
   r = rats(hilb(4));
   x = str2num(r)
@end example

The optional second argument defines the maximum length of the string
representing the elements of @var{x}. By default @var{len} is 9.
@seealso{format, rat}
@end deftypefn


@node C-Style I/O Functions
@section C-Style I/O Functions

Octave's C-style input and output functions provide most of the
functionality of the C programming language's standard I/O library.  The
argument lists for some of the input functions are slightly different,
however, because Octave has no way of passing arguments by reference.

In the following, @var{file} refers to a file name and @code{fid} refers
to an integer file number, as returned by @code{fopen}.

There are three files that are always available.  Although these files
can be accessed using their corresponding numeric file ids, you should
always use the symbolic names given in the table below, since it will
make your programs easier to understand.

@anchor{doc-stdin}
@deftypefn {Built-in Function} {} stdin ()
Return the numeric value corresponding to the standard input stream.
When Octave is used interactively, this is filtered through the command
line editing functions.
@seealso{stdout, stderr}
@end deftypefn


@anchor{doc-stdout}
@deftypefn {Built-in Function} {} stdout ()
Return the numeric value corresponding to the standard output stream.
Data written to the standard output is normally filtered through the pager.
@seealso{stdin, stderr}
@end deftypefn


@anchor{doc-stderr}
@deftypefn {Built-in Function} {} stderr ()
Return the numeric value corresponding to the standard error stream.
Even if paging is turned on, the standard error is not sent to the
pager.  It is useful for error messages and prompts.
@seealso{stdin, stdout}
@end deftypefn


@menu
* Opening and Closing Files::   
* Simple Output::               
* Line-Oriented Input::         
* Formatted Output::            
* Output Conversion for Matrices::  
* Output Conversion Syntax::    
* Table of Output Conversions::  
* Integer Conversions::         
* Floating-Point Conversions::  Other Output Conversions::    
* Other Output Conversions::    
* Formatted Input::             
* Input Conversion Syntax::     
* Table of Input Conversions::  
* Numeric Input Conversions::   
* String Input Conversions::    
* Binary I/O::                  
* Temporary Files::             
* EOF and Errors::              
* File Positioning::            
@end menu

@node Opening and Closing Files
@subsection Opening and Closing Files

When reading data from a file it must be opened for reading first, and
likewise when writing to a file.  The @code{fopen} function returns a
pointer to an open file that is ready to be read or written.  Once all
data has been read from or written to the opened file it should be closed.
The @code{fclose} function does this.  The following code illustrates
the basic pattern for writing to a file, but a very similar pattern is
used when reading a file.

@example
filename = "myfile.txt";
fid = fopen (filename, "w");
# Do the actual I/O here...
fclose (fid);
@end example

@anchor{doc-fopen}
@deftypefn {Built-in Function} {[@var{fid}, @var{msg}] =} fopen (@var{name}, @var{mode}, @var{arch})
@deftypefnx {Built-in Function} {@var{fid_list} =} fopen ("all")
@deftypefnx {Built-in Function} {[@var{file}, @var{mode}, @var{arch}] =} fopen (@var{fid})
The first form of the @code{fopen} function opens the named file with
the specified mode (read-write, read-only, etc.) and architecture
interpretation (IEEE big endian, IEEE little endian, etc.), and returns
an integer value that may be used to refer to the file later.  If an
error occurs, @var{fid} is set to @minus{}1 and @var{msg} contains the
corresponding system error message.  The @var{mode} is a one or two
character string that specifies whether the file is to be opened for
reading, writing, or both.

The second form of the @code{fopen} function returns a vector of file ids
corresponding to all the currently open files, excluding the
@code{stdin}, @code{stdout}, and @code{stderr} streams.

The third form of the @code{fopen} function returns information about the
open file given its file id.

For example,

@example
myfile = fopen ("splat.dat", "r", "ieee-le");
@end example

@noindent
opens the file @file{splat.dat} for reading.  If necessary, binary
numeric values will be read assuming they are stored in IEEE format with
the least significant bit first, and then converted to the native
representation.

Opening a file that is already open simply opens it again and returns a
separate file id.  It is not an error to open a file several times,
though writing to the same file through several different file ids may
produce unexpected results.

The possible values @samp{mode} may have are

@table @asis
@item @samp{r}
Open a file for reading.

@item @samp{w}
Open a file for writing.  The previous contents are discarded.

@item @samp{a}
Open or create a file for writing at the end of the file.

@item @samp{r+}
Open an existing file for reading and writing.

@item @samp{w+}
Open a file for reading or writing.  The previous contents are
discarded.

@item @samp{a+}
Open or create a file for reading or writing at the end of the
file.
@end table

Append a "t" to the mode string to open the file in text mode or a
"b" to open in binary mode.  On Windows and Macintosh systems, text
mode reading and writing automatically converts linefeeds to the
appropriate line end character for the system (carriage-return linefeed
on Windows, carriage-return on Macintosh).  The default if no mode is
specified is binary mode.

Additionally, you may append a "z" to the mode string to open a
gzipped file for reading or writing.  For this to be successful, you
must also open the file in binary mode.

The parameter @var{arch} is a string specifying the default data format
for the file.  Valid values for @var{arch} are:

@table @asis
@samp{native}
The format of the current machine (this is the default).

@samp{ieee-be}
IEEE big endian format.

@samp{ieee-le}
IEEE little endian format.

@samp{vaxd}
VAX D floating format.

@samp{vaxg}
VAX G floating format.

@samp{cray}
Cray floating format.
@end table

@noindent
however, conversions are currently only supported for @samp{native}
@samp{ieee-be}, and @samp{ieee-le} formats.
@seealso{fclose, fread, fseek}
@end deftypefn


@anchor{doc-fclose}
@deftypefn {Built-in Function} {} fclose (@var{fid})
Closes the specified file.  If successful, @code{fclose} returns 0,
otherwise, it returns -1.
@seealso{fopen, fseek, ftell}
@end deftypefn


@node Simple Output
@subsection Simple Output

Once a file has been opened for writing a string can be written to the
file using the @code{fputs} function.  The following example shows
how to write the string @samp{Free Software is needed for Free Science}
to the file @samp{free.txt}.

@example
filename = "free.txt";
fid = fopen (filename, "w");
fputs (fid, "Free Software is needed for Free Science");
fclose (fid);
@end example

@anchor{doc-fputs}
@deftypefn {Built-in Function} {} fputs (@var{fid}, @var{string})
Write a string to a file with no formatting.

Return a non-negative number on success and EOF on error.
@end deftypefn


A function much similar to @code{fputs} is available for writing data
to the screen.  The @code{puts} function works just like @code{fputs}
except it doesn't take a file pointer as its input.

@anchor{doc-puts}
@deftypefn {Built-in Function} {} puts (@var{string})
Write a string to the standard output with no formatting.

Return a non-negative number on success and EOF on error.
@end deftypefn


@node Line-Oriented Input
@subsection Line-Oriented Input

To read from a file it must be opened for reading using @code{fopen}.
Then a line can be read from the file using @code{fgetl} as the following
code illustrates

@example
fid = fopen ("free.txt");
txt = fgetl (fid)
     @print{} Free Software is needed for Free Science
fclose (fid);
@end example

@noindent
This of course assumes that the file @samp{free.txt} exists and contains
the line @samp{Free Software is needed for Free Science}.

@anchor{doc-fgetl}
@deftypefn {Built-in Function} {} fgetl (@var{fid}, @var{len})
Read characters from a file, stopping after a newline, or EOF,
or @var{len} characters have been read.  The characters read, excluding
the possible trailing newline, are returned as a string.

If @var{len} is omitted, @code{fgetl} reads until the next newline
character.

If there are no more characters to read, @code{fgetl} returns @minus{}1.
@seealso{fread, fscanf}
@end deftypefn


@anchor{doc-fgets}
@deftypefn {Built-in Function} {} fgets (@var{fid}, @var{len})
Read characters from a file, stopping after a newline, or EOF,
or @var{len} characters have been read.  The characters read, including
the possible trailing newline, are returned as a string.

If @var{len} is omitted, @code{fgets} reads until the next newline
character.

If there are no more characters to read, @code{fgets} returns @minus{}1.
@seealso{fread, fscanf}
@end deftypefn


@node Formatted Output
@subsection Formatted Output

This section describes how to call @code{printf} and related functions.

The following functions are available for formatted output.  They are
modelled after the C language functions of the same name, but they
interpret the format template differently in order to improve the
performance of printing vector and matrix values.

@anchor{doc-printf}
@deftypefn {Built-in Function} {} printf (@var{template}, @dots{})
Print optional arguments under the control of the template string
@var{template} to the stream @code{stdout} and return the number of
characters printed.
@ifclear OCTAVE_MANUAL

See the Formatted Output section of the GNU Octave manual for a
complete description of the syntax of the template string.
@end ifclear
@seealso{fprintf, sprintf, scanf}
@end deftypefn


@anchor{doc-fprintf}
@deftypefn {Built-in Function} {} fprintf (@var{fid}, @var{template}, @dots{})
This function is just like @code{printf}, except that the output is
written to the stream @var{fid} instead of @code{stdout}.
@seealso{printf, sprintf, fread, fscanf, fopen, fclose}
@end deftypefn


@anchor{doc-sprintf}
@deftypefn {Built-in Function} {} sprintf (@var{template}, @dots{})
This is like @code{printf}, except that the output is returned as a
string.  Unlike the C library function, which requires you to provide a
suitably sized string as an argument, Octave's @code{sprintf} function
returns the string, automatically sized to hold all of the items
converted.
@seealso{printf, fprintf, sscanf}
@end deftypefn


The @code{printf} function can be used to print any number of arguments.
The template string argument you supply in a call provides
information not only about the number of additional arguments, but also
about their types and what style should be used for printing them.

Ordinary characters in the template string are simply written to the
output stream as-is, while @dfn{conversion specifications} introduced by
a @samp{%} character in the template cause subsequent arguments to be
formatted and written to the output stream.  For example,
@cindex conversion specifications (@code{printf})

@example
pct = 37;
filename = "foo.txt";
printf ("Processed %d%% of `%s'.\nPlease be patient.\n",
        pct, filename);
@end example

@noindent
produces output like

@example
Processed 37% of `foo.txt'.
Please be patient.
@end example

This example shows the use of the @samp{%d} conversion to specify that a
scalar argument should be printed in decimal notation, the @samp{%s}
conversion to specify printing of a string argument, and the @samp{%%}
conversion to print a literal @samp{%} character.

There are also conversions for printing an integer argument as an
unsigned value in octal, decimal, or hexadecimal radix (@samp{%o},
@samp{%u}, or @samp{%x}, respectively); or as a character value
(@samp{%c}).

Floating-point numbers can be printed in normal, fixed-point notation
using the @samp{%f} conversion or in exponential notation using the
@samp{%e} conversion.  The @samp{%g} conversion uses either @samp{%e}
or @samp{%f} format, depending on what is more appropriate for the
magnitude of the particular number.

You can control formatting more precisely by writing @dfn{modifiers}
between the @samp{%} and the character that indicates which conversion
to apply.  These slightly alter the ordinary behavior of the conversion.
For example, most conversion specifications permit you to specify a
minimum field width and a flag indicating whether you want the result
left- or right-justified within the field.

The specific flags and modifiers that are permitted and their
interpretation vary depending on the particular conversion.  They're all
described in more detail in the following sections.

@node Output Conversion for Matrices
@subsection Output Conversion for Matrices

When given a matrix value, Octave's formatted output functions cycle
through the format template until all the values in the matrix have been
printed.  For example,

@example
@group
printf ("%4.2f %10.2e %8.4g\n", hilb (3));

     @print{} 1.00   5.00e-01   0.3333
     @print{} 0.50   3.33e-01     0.25
     @print{} 0.33   2.50e-01      0.2
@end group
@end example

If more than one value is to be printed in a single call, the output
functions do not return to the beginning of the format template when
moving on from one value to the next.  This can lead to confusing output
if the number of elements in the matrices are not exact multiples of the
number of conversions in the format template.  For example,

@example
@group
printf ("%4.2f %10.2e %8.4g\n", [1, 2], [3, 4]);

     @print{} 1.00   2.00e+00        3
     @print{} 4.00
@end group
@end example

If this is not what you want, use a series of calls instead of just one.

@node Output Conversion Syntax
@subsection Output Conversion Syntax

This section provides details about the precise syntax of conversion
specifications that can appear in a @code{printf} template
string.

Characters in the template string that are not part of a
conversion specification are printed as-is to the output stream.

The conversion specifications in a @code{printf} template string have
the general form:

@example
% @var{flags} @var{width} @r{[} . @var{precision} @r{]} @var{type} @var{conversion}
@end example

For example, in the conversion specifier @samp{%-10.8ld}, the @samp{-}
is a flag, @samp{10} specifies the field width, the precision is
@samp{8}, the letter @samp{l} is a type modifier, and @samp{d} specifies
the conversion style.  (This particular type specifier says to print a
numeric argument in decimal notation, with a minimum of 8 digits
left-justified in a field at least 10 characters wide.)

In more detail, output conversion specifications consist of an
initial @samp{%} character followed in sequence by:

@itemize @bullet
@item 
Zero or more @dfn{flag characters} that modify the normal behavior of
the conversion specification.
@cindex flag character (@code{printf})

@item 
An optional decimal integer specifying the @dfn{minimum field width}.
If the normal conversion produces fewer characters than this, the field
is padded with spaces to the specified width.  This is a @emph{minimum}
value; if the normal conversion produces more characters than this, the
field is @emph{not} truncated.  Normally, the output is right-justified
within the field.
@cindex minimum field width (@code{printf})

You can also specify a field width of @samp{*}.  This means that the
next argument in the argument list (before the actual value to be
printed) is used as the field width.  The value is rounded to the
nearest integer.  If the value is negative, this means to set the
@samp{-} flag (see below) and to use the absolute value as the field
width.

@item 
An optional @dfn{precision} to specify the number of digits to be
written for the numeric conversions.  If the precision is specified, it
consists of a period (@samp{.}) followed optionally by a decimal integer
(which defaults to zero if omitted).
@cindex precision (@code{printf})

You can also specify a precision of @samp{*}.  This means that the next
argument in the argument list (before the actual value to be printed) is
used as the precision.  The value must be an integer, and is ignored
if it is negative.

@item
An optional @dfn{type modifier character}.  This character is ignored by
Octave's @code{printf} function, but is recognized to provide
compatibility with the C language @code{printf}.

@item
A character that specifies the conversion to be applied.
@end itemize

The exact options that are permitted and how they are interpreted vary 
between the different conversion specifiers.  See the descriptions of the
individual conversions for information about the particular options that
they use.

@node Table of Output Conversions
@subsection Table of Output Conversions
@cindex output conversions, for @code{printf}

Here is a table summarizing what all the different conversions do:

@table @asis
@item @samp{%d}, @samp{%i}
Print an integer as a signed decimal number.  @xref{Integer
Conversions}, for details.  @samp{%d} and @samp{%i} are synonymous for
output, but are different when used with @code{scanf} for input
(@pxref{Table of Input Conversions}).

@item @samp{%o}
Print an integer as an unsigned octal number.  @xref{Integer
Conversions}, for details.

@item @samp{%u}
Print an integer as an unsigned decimal number.  @xref{Integer
Conversions}, for details.

@item @samp{%x}, @samp{%X}
Print an integer as an unsigned hexadecimal number.  @samp{%x} uses
lower-case letters and @samp{%X} uses upper-case.  @xref{Integer
Conversions}, for details.

@item @samp{%f}
Print a floating-point number in normal (fixed-point) notation.
@xref{Floating-Point Conversions}, for details.

@item @samp{%e}, @samp{%E}
Print a floating-point number in exponential notation.  @samp{%e} uses
lower-case letters and @samp{%E} uses upper-case.  @xref{Floating-Point
Conversions}, for details.

@item @samp{%g}, @samp{%G}
Print a floating-point number in either normal (fixed-point) or
exponential notation, whichever is more appropriate for its magnitude.
@samp{%g} uses lower-case letters and @samp{%G} uses upper-case.
@xref{Floating-Point Conversions}, for details.

@item @samp{%c}
Print a single character.  @xref{Other Output Conversions}.

@item @samp{%s}
Print a string.  @xref{Other Output Conversions}.

@item @samp{%%}
Print a literal @samp{%} character.  @xref{Other Output Conversions}.
@end table

If the syntax of a conversion specification is invalid, unpredictable
things will happen, so don't do this.  If there aren't enough function
arguments provided to supply values for all the conversion
specifications in the template string, or if the arguments are not of
the correct types, the results are unpredictable.  If you supply more
arguments than conversion specifications, the extra argument values are
simply ignored; this is sometimes useful.

@node Integer Conversions
@subsection Integer Conversions

This section describes the options for the @samp{%d}, @samp{%i},
@samp{%o}, @samp{%u}, @samp{%x}, and @samp{%X} conversion
specifications.  These conversions print integers in various formats.

The @samp{%d} and @samp{%i} conversion specifications both print an
numeric argument as a signed decimal number; while @samp{%o},
@samp{%u}, and @samp{%x} print the argument as an unsigned octal,
decimal, or hexadecimal number (respectively).  The @samp{%X} conversion
specification is just like @samp{%x} except that it uses the characters
@samp{ABCDEF} as digits instead of @samp{abcdef}.

The following flags are meaningful:

@table @asis
@item @samp{-}
Left-justify the result in the field (instead of the normal
right-justification).

@item @samp{+}
For the signed @samp{%d} and @samp{%i} conversions, print a
plus sign if the value is positive.

@item @samp{ }
For the signed @samp{%d} and @samp{%i} conversions, if the result
doesn't start with a plus or minus sign, prefix it with a space
character instead.  Since the @samp{+} flag ensures that the result
includes a sign, this flag is ignored if you supply both of them.

@item @samp{#}
For the @samp{%o} conversion, this forces the leading digit to be
@samp{0}, as if by increasing the precision.  For @samp{%x} or
@samp{%X}, this prefixes a leading @samp{0x} or @samp{0X} (respectively)
to the result.  This doesn't do anything useful for the @samp{%d},
@samp{%i}, or @samp{%u} conversions.

@item @samp{0}
Pad the field with zeros instead of spaces.  The zeros are placed after
any indication of sign or base.  This flag is ignored if the @samp{-}
flag is also specified, or if a precision is specified.
@end table

If a precision is supplied, it specifies the minimum number of digits to
appear; leading zeros are produced if necessary.  If you don't specify a
precision, the number is printed with as many digits as it needs.  If
you convert a value of zero with an explicit precision of zero, then no
characters at all are produced.

@node Floating-Point Conversions
@subsection Floating-Point Conversions

This section discusses the conversion specifications for floating-point
numbers: the @samp{%f}, @samp{%e}, @samp{%E}, @samp{%g}, and @samp{%G}
conversions.

The @samp{%f} conversion prints its argument in fixed-point notation,
producing output of the form
@w{[@code{-}]@var{ddd}@code{.}@var{ddd}},
where the number of digits following the decimal point is controlled
by the precision you specify.

The @samp{%e} conversion prints its argument in exponential notation,
producing output of the form
@w{[@code{-}]@var{d}@code{.}@var{ddd}@code{e}[@code{+}|@code{-}]@var{dd}}.
Again, the number of digits following the decimal point is controlled by
the precision.  The exponent always contains at least two digits.  The
@samp{%E} conversion is similar but the exponent is marked with the letter
@samp{E} instead of @samp{e}.

The @samp{%g} and @samp{%G} conversions print the argument in the style
of @samp{%e} or @samp{%E} (respectively) if the exponent would be less
than -4 or greater than or equal to the precision; otherwise they use the
@samp{%f} style.  Trailing zeros are removed from the fractional portion
of the result and a decimal-point character appears only if it is
followed by a digit.

The following flags can be used to modify the behavior:

@c Not @samp so we can have ` ' as an item.
@table @asis
@item @samp{-}
Left-justify the result in the field.  Normally the result is
right-justified.

@item @samp{+}
Always include a plus or minus sign in the result.

@item @samp{ }
If the result doesn't start with a plus or minus sign, prefix it with a
space instead.  Since the @samp{+} flag ensures that the result includes
a sign, this flag is ignored if you supply both of them.

@item @samp{#}
Specifies that the result should always include a decimal point, even
if no digits follow it.  For the @samp{%g} and @samp{%G} conversions,
this also forces trailing zeros after the decimal point to be left
in place where they would otherwise be removed.

@item @samp{0}
Pad the field with zeros instead of spaces; the zeros are placed
after any sign.  This flag is ignored if the @samp{-} flag is also
specified.
@end table

The precision specifies how many digits follow the decimal-point
character for the @samp{%f}, @samp{%e}, and @samp{%E} conversions.  For
these conversions, the default precision is @code{6}.  If the precision
is explicitly @code{0}, this suppresses the decimal point character
entirely.  For the @samp{%g} and @samp{%G} conversions, the precision
specifies how many significant digits to print.  Significant digits are
the first digit before the decimal point, and all the digits after it.
If the precision is @code{0} or not specified for @samp{%g} or
@samp{%G}, it is treated like a value of @code{1}.  If the value being
printed cannot be expressed precisely in the specified number of digits,
the value is rounded to the nearest number that fits.

@node Other Output Conversions
@subsection Other Output Conversions

This section describes miscellaneous conversions for @code{printf}.

The @samp{%c} conversion prints a single character.  The @samp{-} 
flag can be used to specify left-justification in the field, but no
other flags are defined, and no precision or type modifier can be given.
For example:

@example
printf ("%c%c%c%c%c", "h", "e", "l", "l", "o");
@end example

@noindent
prints @samp{hello}.

The @samp{%s} conversion prints a string.  The corresponding argument
must be a string.  A precision can be specified to indicate the maximum
number of characters to write; otherwise characters in the string up to
but not including the terminating null character are written to the
output stream.  The @samp{-} flag can be used to specify
left-justification in the field, but no other flags or type modifiers
are defined for this conversion.  For example:

@example
printf ("%3s%-6s", "no", "where");
@end example

@noindent
prints @samp{ nowhere } (note the leading and trailing spaces).

@node Formatted Input
@subsection Formatted Input

Octave provides the @code{scanf}, @code{fscanf}, and @code{sscanf}
functions to read formatted input.  There are two forms of each of these
functions.  One can be used to extract vectors of data from a file, and
the other is more `C-like'.

@anchor{doc-fscanf}
@deftypefn {Built-in Function} {[@var{val}, @var{count}] =} fscanf (@var{fid}, @var{template}, @var{size})
@deftypefnx {Built-in Function} {[@var{v1}, @var{v2}, @dots{}, @var{count}] = } fscanf (@var{fid}, @var{template}, "C")
In the first form, read from @var{fid} according to @var{template},
returning the result in the matrix @var{val}.

The optional argument @var{size} specifies the amount of data to read
and may be one of

@table @code
@item Inf
Read as much as possible, returning a column vector.

@item @var{nr}
Read up to @var{nr} elements, returning a column vector.

@item [@var{nr}, Inf]
Read as much as possible, returning a matrix with @var{nr} rows.  If the
number of elements read is not an exact multiple of @var{nr}, the last
column is padded with zeros.

@item [@var{nr}, @var{nc}]
Read up to @code{@var{nr} * @var{nc}} elements, returning a matrix with
@var{nr} rows.  If the number of elements read is not an exact multiple
of @var{nr}, the last column is padded with zeros.
@end table

@noindent
If @var{size} is omitted, a value of @code{Inf} is assumed.

A string is returned if @var{template} specifies only character
conversions.

The number of items successfully read is returned in @var{count}.

In the second form, read from @var{fid} according to @var{template},
with each conversion specifier in @var{template} corresponding to a
single scalar return value.  This form is more `C-like', and also
compatible with previous versions of Octave.  The number of successful
conversions is returned in @var{count}
@ifclear OCTAVE_MANUAL

See the Formatted Input section of the GNU Octave manual for a
complete description of the syntax of the template string.
@end ifclear
@seealso{scanf, sscanf, fread, fprintf}
@end deftypefn


@anchor{doc-sscanf}
@deftypefn {Built-in Function} {[@var{val}, @var{count}] =} sscanf (@var{string}, @var{template}, @var{size})
@deftypefnx {Built-in Function} {[@var{v1}, @var{v2}, @dots{}, @var{count}] = } sscanf (@var{string}, @var{template}, "C")
This is like @code{fscanf}, except that the characters are taken from the
string @var{string} instead of from a stream.  Reaching the end of the
string is treated as an end-of-file condition.
@seealso{fscanf, scanf, sprintf}
@end deftypefn


Calls to @code{scanf} are superficially similar to calls to
@code{printf} in that arbitrary arguments are read under the control of
a template string.  While the syntax of the conversion specifications in
the template is very similar to that for @code{printf}, the
interpretation of the template is oriented more towards free-format
input and simple pattern matching, rather than fixed-field formatting.
For example, most @code{scanf} conversions skip over any amount of
``white space'' (including spaces, tabs, and newlines) in the input
file, and there is no concept of precision for the numeric input
conversions as there is for the corresponding output conversions.
Ordinarily, non-whitespace characters in the template are expected to
match characters in the input stream exactly.
@cindex conversion specifications (@code{scanf})

When a @dfn{matching failure} occurs, @code{scanf} returns immediately,
leaving the first non-matching character as the next character to be
read from the stream, and @code{scanf} returns all the items that were
successfully converted.
@cindex matching failure, in @code{scanf}

The formatted input functions are not used as frequently as the
formatted output functions.  Partly, this is because it takes some care
to use them properly.  Another reason is that it is difficult to recover
from a matching error.

@node Input Conversion Syntax
@subsection Input Conversion Syntax

A @code{scanf} template string is a string that contains ordinary
multibyte characters interspersed with conversion specifications that
start with @samp{%}.

Any whitespace character in the template causes any number of whitespace
characters in the input stream to be read and discarded.  The whitespace
characters that are matched need not be exactly the same whitespace
characters that appear in the template string.  For example, write
@samp{ , } in the template to recognize a comma with optional whitespace
before and after.

Other characters in the template string that are not part of conversion
specifications must match characters in the input stream exactly; if
this is not the case, a matching failure occurs.

The conversion specifications in a @code{scanf} template string
have the general form:

@example
% @var{flags} @var{width} @var{type} @var{conversion}
@end example

In more detail, an input conversion specification consists of an initial
@samp{%} character followed in sequence by:

@itemize @bullet
@item
An optional @dfn{flag character} @samp{*}, which says to ignore the text
read for this specification.  When @code{scanf} finds a conversion
specification that uses this flag, it reads input as directed by the
rest of the conversion specification, but it discards this input, does
not return any value, and does not increment the count of
successful assignments.
@cindex flag character (@code{scanf})

@item
An optional decimal integer that specifies the @dfn{maximum field
width}.  Reading of characters from the input stream stops either when
this maximum is reached or when a non-matching character is found,
whichever happens first.  Most conversions discard initial whitespace
characters, and these discarded characters don't count towards the
maximum field width.  Conversions that do not discard initial whitespace
are explicitly documented.
@cindex maximum field width (@code{scanf})

@item
An optional type modifier character.  This character is ignored by
Octave's @code{scanf} function, but is recognized to provide
compatibility with the C language @code{scanf}.

@item
A character that specifies the conversion to be applied.
@end itemize

The exact options that are permitted and how they are interpreted vary 
between the different conversion specifiers.  See the descriptions of the
individual conversions for information about the particular options that
they allow.

@node Table of Input Conversions
@subsection Table of Input Conversions
@cindex input conversions, for @code{scanf}

Here is a table that summarizes the various conversion specifications:

@table @asis
@item @samp{%d}
Matches an optionally signed integer written in decimal.  @xref{Numeric
Input Conversions}.

@item @samp{%i}
Matches an optionally signed integer in any of the formats that the C
language defines for specifying an integer constant.  @xref{Numeric
Input Conversions}.

@item @samp{%o}
Matches an unsigned integer written in octal radix.
@xref{Numeric Input Conversions}.

@item @samp{%u}
Matches an unsigned integer written in decimal radix.
@xref{Numeric Input Conversions}.

@item @samp{%x}, @samp{%X}
Matches an unsigned integer written in hexadecimal radix.
@xref{Numeric Input Conversions}.

@item @samp{%e}, @samp{%f}, @samp{%g}, @samp{%E}, @samp{%G}
Matches an optionally signed floating-point number.  @xref{Numeric Input
Conversions}.

@item @samp{%s}
Matches a string containing only non-whitespace characters.
@xref{String Input Conversions}.

@item @samp{%c}
Matches a string of one or more characters; the number of characters
read is controlled by the maximum field width given for the conversion.
@xref{String Input Conversions}.

@item @samp{%%}
This matches a literal @samp{%} character in the input stream.  No
corresponding argument is used.
@end table

If the syntax of a conversion specification is invalid, the behavior is
undefined.  If there aren't enough function arguments provided to supply
addresses for all the conversion specifications in the template strings
that perform assignments, or if the arguments are not of the correct
types, the behavior is also undefined.  On the other hand, extra
arguments are simply ignored.

@node Numeric Input Conversions
@subsection Numeric Input Conversions

This section describes the @code{scanf} conversions for reading numeric
values.

The @samp{%d} conversion matches an optionally signed integer in decimal
radix.

The @samp{%i} conversion matches an optionally signed integer in any of
the formats that the C language defines for specifying an integer
constant.

For example, any of the strings @samp{10}, @samp{0xa}, or @samp{012}
could be read in as integers under the @samp{%i} conversion.  Each of
these specifies a number with decimal value @code{10}.

The @samp{%o}, @samp{%u}, and @samp{%x} conversions match unsigned
integers in octal, decimal, and hexadecimal radices, respectively.

The @samp{%X} conversion is identical to the @samp{%x} conversion.  They
both permit either uppercase or lowercase letters to be used as digits.

Unlike the C language @code{scanf}, Octave ignores the @samp{h},
@samp{l}, and @samp{L} modifiers.

@node String Input Conversions
@subsection String Input Conversions

This section describes the @code{scanf} input conversions for reading
string and character values: @samp{%s} and @samp{%c}.  

The @samp{%c} conversion is the simplest: it matches a fixed number of
characters, always.  The maximum field with says how many characters to
read; if you don't specify the maximum, the default is 1.  This
conversion does not skip over initial whitespace characters.  It reads
precisely the next @var{n} characters, and fails if it cannot get that
many.

The @samp{%s} conversion matches a string of non-whitespace characters.
It skips and discards initial whitespace, but stops when it encounters
more whitespace after having read something.

For example, reading the input:

@example
 hello, world
@end example

@noindent
with the conversion @samp{%10c} produces @code{" hello, wo"}, but
reading the same input with the conversion @samp{%10s} produces
@code{"hello,"}.

@node Binary I/O
@subsection Binary I/O

Octave can read and write binary data using the functions @code{fread}
and @code{fwrite}, which are patterned after the standard C functions
with the same names.  They are able to automatically swap the byte order
of integer data and convert among the supported floating point formats
as the data are read.

@anchor{doc-fread}
@deftypefn {Built-in Function} {[@var{val}, @var{count}] =} fread (@var{fid}, @var{size}, @var{precision}, @var{skip}, @var{arch})
Read binary data of type @var{precision} from the specified file ID
@var{fid}.

The optional argument @var{size} specifies the amount of data to read
and may be one of

@table @code
@item Inf
Read as much as possible, returning a column vector.

@item @var{nr}
Read up to @var{nr} elements, returning a column vector.

@item [@var{nr}, Inf]
Read as much as possible, returning a matrix with @var{nr} rows.  If the
number of elements read is not an exact multiple of @var{nr}, the last
column is padded with zeros.

@item [@var{nr}, @var{nc}]
Read up to @code{@var{nr} * @var{nc}} elements, returning a matrix with
@var{nr} rows.  If the number of elements read is not an exact multiple
of @var{nr}, the last column is padded with zeros.
@end table

@noindent
If @var{size} is omitted, a value of @code{Inf} is assumed.

The optional argument @var{precision} is a string specifying the type of
data to read and may be one of

@table @code
@item "schar"
@itemx "signed char"
Signed character.

@item "uchar"
@itemx "unsigned char"
Unsigned character.

@item "int8"
@itemx "integer*1"

8-bit signed integer.

@item "int16"
@itemx "integer*2"
16-bit signed integer.

@item "int32"
@itemx "integer*4"
32-bit signed integer.

@item "int64"
@itemx "integer*8"
64-bit signed integer.

@item "uint8"
8-bit unsigned integer.

@item "uint16"
16-bit unsigned integer.

@item "uint32"
32-bit unsigned integer.

@item "uint64"
64-bit unsigned integer.

@item "single"
@itemx "float32"
@itemx "real*4"
32-bit floating point number.

@item "double"
@itemx "float64"
@itemx "real*8"
64-bit floating point number.

@item "char"
@itemx "char*1"
Single character.

@item "short"
Short integer (size is platform dependent).

@item "int"
Integer (size is platform dependent).

@item "long"
Long integer (size is platform dependent).

@item "ushort"
@itemx "unsigned short"
Unsigned short integer (size is platform dependent).

@item "uint"
@itemx "unsigned int"
Unsigned integer (size is platform dependent).

@item "ulong"
@itemx "unsigned long"
Unsigned long integer (size is platform dependent).

@item "float"
Single precision floating point number (size is platform dependent).
@end table

@noindent
The default precision is @code{"uchar"}.

The @var{precision} argument may also specify an optional repeat
count.  For example, @samp{32*single} causes @code{fread} to read
a block of 32 single precision floating point numbers.  Reading in
blocks is useful in combination with the @var{skip} argument.

The @var{precision} argument may also specify a type conversion.
For example, @samp{int16=>int32} causes @code{fread} to read 16-bit
integer values and return an array of 32-bit integer values.  By
default, @code{fread} returns a double precision array.  The special
form @samp{*TYPE} is shorthand for @samp{TYPE=>TYPE}.

The conversion and repeat counts may be combined.  For example, the
specification @samp{32*single=>single} causes @code{fread} to read
blocks of single precision floating point values and return an array
of single precision values instead of the default array of double
precision values.

The optional argument @var{skip} specifies the number of bytes to skip
after each element (or block of elements) is read.  If it is not
specified, a value of 0 is assumed.  If the final block read is not
complete, the final skip is omitted.  For example,

@example
fread (f, 10, "3*single=>single", 8)
@end example

@noindent
will omit the final 8-byte skip because the last read will not be
a complete block of 3 values.

The optional argument @var{arch} is a string specifying the data format
for the file.  Valid values are

@table @code
@item "native"
The format of the current machine.

@item "ieee-be"
IEEE big endian.

@item "ieee-le"
IEEE little endian.

@item "vaxd"
VAX D floating format.

@item "vaxg"
VAX G floating format.

@item "cray"
Cray floating format.
@end table

@noindent
Conversions are currently only supported for @code{"ieee-be"} and
@code{"ieee-le"} formats.

The data read from the file is returned in @var{val}, and the number of
values read is returned in @code{count}
@seealso{fwrite, fopen, fclose}
@end deftypefn


@anchor{doc-fwrite}
@deftypefn {Built-in Function} {@var{count} =} fwrite (@var{fid}, @var{data}, @var{precision}, @var{skip}, @var{arch})
Write data in binary form of type @var{precision} to the specified file
ID @var{fid}, returning the number of values successfully written to the
file.

The argument @var{data} is a matrix of values that are to be written to
the file.  The values are extracted in column-major order.

The remaining arguments @var{precision}, @var{skip}, and @var{arch} are
optional, and are interpreted as described for @code{fread}.

The behavior of @code{fwrite} is undefined if the values in @var{data}
are too large to fit in the specified precision.
@seealso{fread, fopen, fclose}
@end deftypefn


@node Temporary Files
@subsection Temporary Files

Sometimes one needs to write data to a file that is only temporary.
This is most commonly used when an external program launched from
within Octave needs to access data.  When Octave exits all temporary
files will be deleted, so this step need not be executed manually.

@anchor{doc-mkstemp}
@deftypefn {Built-in Function} {[@var{fid}, @var{name}, @var{msg}] =} mkstemp (@var{template}, @var{delete})
Return the file ID corresponding to a new temporary file with a unique
name created from @var{template}.  The last six characters of @var{template}
must be @code{XXXXXX} and these are replaced with a string that makes the
filename unique.  The file is then created with mode read/write and
permissions that are system dependent (on GNU/Linux systems, the permissions
will be 0600 for versions of glibc 2.0.7 and later).  The file is opened
with the @code{O_EXCL} flag.

If the optional argument @var{delete} is supplied and is true,
the file will be deleted automatically when Octave exits, or when
the function @code{purge_tmp_files} is called.

If successful, @var{fid} is a valid file ID, @var{name} is the name of
the file, and @var{msg} is an empty string.  Otherwise, @var{fid}
is -1, @var{name} is empty, and @var{msg} contains a system-dependent
error message.
@seealso{tmpfile, tmpnam, P_tmpdir}
@end deftypefn


@anchor{doc-tmpfile}
@deftypefn {Built-in Function} {[@var{fid}, @var{msg}] =} tmpfile ()
Return the file ID corresponding to a new temporary file with a unique
name.  The file is opened in binary read/write (@code{"w+b"}) mode.
The file will be deleted automatically when it is closed or when Octave
exits.

If successful, @var{fid} is a valid file ID and @var{msg} is an empty
string.  Otherwise, @var{fid} is -1 and @var{msg} contains a
system-dependent error message.
@seealso{tmpnam, mkstemp, P_tmpdir}
@end deftypefn


@anchor{doc-tmpnam}
@deftypefn {Built-in Function} {} tmpnam (@var{dir}, @var{prefix})
Return a unique temporary file name as a string.

If @var{prefix} is omitted, a value of @code{"oct-"} is used.
If @var{dir} is also omitted, the default directory for temporary files
is used.  If @var{dir} is provided, it must exist, otherwise the default
directory for temporary files is used.  Since the named file is not
opened, by @code{tmpnam}, it is possible (though relatively unlikely)
that it will not be available by the time your program attempts to open it.
@seealso{tmpfile, mkstemp, P_tmpdir}
@end deftypefn


@node EOF and Errors
@subsection End of File and Errors

Once a file has been opened its status can be acquired.  As an example
the @code{feof} functions determines if the end of the file has been
reached.  This can be very useful when reading small parts of a file
at a time.  The following example shows how to read one line at a time
from a file until the end has been reached.

@example
filename = "myfile.txt";
fid = fopen (filename, "r");
while (! feof (fid) )
  text_line = fgetl (fid);
endwhile
fclose (fid);
@end example

@noindent
Note that in some situations it is more efficient to read the entire
contents of a file and then process it, than it is to read it line by
line.  This has the potential advantage of removing the loop in the
above code.

@anchor{doc-feof}
@deftypefn {Built-in Function} {} feof (@var{fid})
Return 1 if an end-of-file condition has been encountered for a given
file and 0 otherwise.  Note that it will only return 1 if the end of the
file has already been encountered, not if the next read operation will
result in an end-of-file condition.
@seealso{fread, fopen, fclose}
@end deftypefn


@anchor{doc-ferror}
@deftypefn {Built-in Function} {} ferror (@var{fid})
Return 1 if an error condition has been encountered for a given file
and 0 otherwise.  Note that it will only return 1 if an error has
already been encountered, not if the next operation will result in an
error condition.
@end deftypefn


@anchor{doc-freport}
@deftypefn {Built-in Function} {} freport ()
Print a list of which files have been opened, and whether they are open
for reading, writing, or both.  For example,

@example
@group
freport ()

     @print{}  number  mode  name
     @print{} 
     @print{}       0     r  stdin
     @print{}       1     w  stdout
     @print{}       2     w  stderr
     @print{}       3     r  myfile
@end group
@end example
@end deftypefn


@node File Positioning
@subsection File Positioning

Three functions are available for setting and determining the position of
the file pointer for a given file.

@anchor{doc-ftell}
@deftypefn {Built-in Function} {} ftell (@var{fid})
Return the position of the file pointer as the number of characters
from the beginning of the file @var{fid}.
@seealso{fseek, fopen, fclose}
@end deftypefn


@anchor{doc-fseek}
@deftypefn {Built-in Function} {} fseek (@var{fid}, @var{offset}, @var{origin})
Set the file pointer to any location within the file @var{fid}.

The pointer is positioned @var{offset} characters from the @var{origin},
which may be one of the predefined variables @code{SEEK_CUR} (current
position), @code{SEEK_SET} (beginning), or @code{SEEK_END} (end of
file) or strings "cof", "bof" or "eof". If @var{origin} is omitted,
@code{SEEK_SET} is assumed.  The offset must be zero, or a value returned
by @code{ftell} (in which case @var{origin} must be @code{SEEK_SET}).

Return 0 on success and -1 on error.
@seealso{ftell, fopen, fclose}
@end deftypefn


@anchor{doc-SEEK_SET}
@deftypefn {Built-in Function} {} SEEK_SET ()
@deftypefnx {Built-in Function} {} SEEK_CUR ()
@deftypefnx {Built-in Function} {} SEEK_END ()
Return the value required to request that @code{fseek} perform
one of the following actions:
@table @code
@item SEEK_SET
Position file relative to the beginning.

@item SEEK_CUR
Position file relative to the current position.

@item SEEK_END
Position file relative to the end.
@end table
@end deftypefn


@anchor{doc-frewind}
@deftypefn {Built-in Function} {} frewind (@var{fid})
Move the file pointer to the beginning of the file @var{fid}, returning
0 for success, and -1 if an error was encountered.  It is equivalent to
@code{fseek (@var{fid}, 0, SEEK_SET)}.
@end deftypefn


The following example stores the current file position in the variable
@code{marker}, moves the pointer to the beginning of the file, reads
four characters, and then returns to the original position.

@example
marker = ftell (myfile);
frewind (myfile);
fourch = fgets (myfile, 4);
fseek (myfile, marker, SEEK_SET);
@end example

