.. _eels_exercise:

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Electron energy loss spectrum of silver
=======================================

Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) is a widely used method to obtain
the excitation spectrum of materials. For metallic and semiconducting
materials, the energy losses in the range 0-50 eV is primarily due
excitations of plasmons, that are collective electronic excitations,
corresponding to oscillations in the electron density.  For a free-electron
metal (Drude metal), the plasmon energy is given by the electron density, n:

.. math:: \omega_p = \sqrt{\frac{ne^2}{\epsilon_0 m}}.

In GPAW, the EELS can be calculated with the dielectric response module,
where it is obtained from the macroscopic dielectric function:

.. math::

    \mathrm{EELS}(q, \omega) = -\mathrm{Im} \frac{1}{\epsilon_M(q,\omega)},

where q is the momentum transfer. (Se the tutorial :ref:`df_tutorial` for a
detailed description of the dielectric response.)

Here we will calculate the EELS for bulk silver, where band-structure effects
(coupling to inter-band transitions) are seen to have a big impact on the
plasmon resonance, which means that the Drude description for the plasmon
energy given above is not expected to hold. First restart the ground state
calculation with the LDA functional, calculated in the bandstructure
exercise :ref:`band exercise` and converge a larger number of bands:

.. literalinclude:: eels.py
    :end-before: # Set up

Then we can set up the dielectric function, taking the ground state as input:

.. literalinclude:: eels.py
    :start-after: # Set up
    :end-before: # Momentum transfer

The EELS spectrum is calculated with the
:meth:`~gpaw.response.df.DielectricFunction.get_eels_spectrum` method, that
takes the momentum transfer q as a parameter. This parameter is restricted to
be the difference between two k-points from the ground state calculation.
Let's choose the smallest q possible:  If you used `N\times N\times N`
k-points then that will be ``[1.0 / N, 0, 0]``:

.. literalinclude:: eels.py
    :start-after: # Momentum transfer
    :end-before: # Plot

The calculation (see :download:`eels.py`) takes some time due to a sum over
k-points. To speed up the calculation, run it in parallel::

    $ mpiexec -np 4 python3 silver_EELS.py

The calculation saves the file ``eels.csv`` by default, where the first
column is the energy grid, and the second and third columns are the loss
spectrum without and with local field corrections respectively. (The local
field corrections takes into account that the system responds on the
microscopic scale though the perturbation is macroscopic). You can plot the
spectrum by like this:

.. literalinclude:: eels.py
    :start-after: # Plot

Look at the spectrum, where is the plasmon peak? Compare the result to the
experimental plasmon energy `\omega_P \approx 3.9 \mathrm{eV}`. Also
compare the result to the Drude value for the plasmon frequency given above.
(Hint: For silver there is one valence s electron pr. atom, use this to
calculate the free-electron density.)

Hopefully you will find that there is large difference between the free
electron and the quantum result. The plasmon is damped and shifted down in
energy due to coupling to single-particle transitions (inter-band
transitions). Here the d-band of silver plays a crucial role, since
transitions from here up to the Fermi level defines the onset of inter-band
transitions. For example you can calculate the loss spectrum from the LDA
ground state result and see what is does to the spectrum. You can also
investigate the single-particle spectrum by calculating the dielectric
function::

  df.get_dielectric_function(q_c=q_c),

which saves a file ``df.csv`` (see
:meth:`~gpaw.response.df.DielectricFunction.get_dielectric_function`). Try
plotting the imaginary part (column 5 in the data file), which corresponds to
the single-particle spectrum. Compare this to the loss spectrum to see that
the plasmon peak is shifted down just below the single-particle transitions.
