Composite Master Key - KeePass
Author: Dominik Reichl
Description: KeePass is an open source password manager. Passwords can be stored in highly-encrypted databases, which can be unlocked with one master password or key file.
Keywords: KeePass, Password, Safe, Security, Database, Encryption, Secure, Manager, Open, Source, Free, Code, Key, Master, Disk, Dominik, Reichl

| # Composite Master Key This document details how KeePass locks its databases.

- Master Passwords
- Key Files
- Windows User Account
- For Administrators: Specifying Minimum Properties of Master Keys

KeePass stores your passwords securely in an encrypted file (database). This database is locked with a master password, a key file and/or the current Windows account details. To open a database, all key sources (password, key file, ...) are required. Together, these key sources form the Composite Master Key.

KeePass does not support keys being used alternatively, i.e. it's not possible that you can open your database using a password or a key file. Either use a password, a key file, or both at once (both required), but not interchangeably.

## Master Passwords

If you use a master password, you only have to remember one password or passphrase (which should be good!) to open your database. KeePass features protection against brute-force and dictionary attacks on the master password, read the security information page for more about this.

If you forget this master password, all your other passwords in the database are lost, too. There isn't any backdoor or a key which can open all databases. There is no way of recovering your passwords.

## Key Files

You don't even have to remember a long, complicated master passphrase. The database can also be locked using a key file. A key file is basically a master password in a file. Key files are typically stronger than master passwords, because the key can be a lot more complicated; however it's also harder to keep them secret.

- A key file can be used instead of a password, or in addition to a password (and the Windows user account in KeePass 2.x).
- A key file can be any file you choose; although you should choose one with lots of random data.
- A key file must not be modified, this will stop you opening the database. If you want to use a different key file, you can change the master key and use a new/different key file.
- Key files must be backed up or you won't be able to open the database after a hard disk crash/re-build. It's just the same as forgetting the master password. There is no backdoor.
  Do not backup the key file to the same location as the database, use a different directory or disk. Test opening your database on another machine to confirm your backup works. For a detailed discussion on the difference between backing up the key file and the database, see the ABP FAQ.

Location. The point of a key file is that you have something to authenticate with (in contrast to master passwords, where you know something), for example a file on a USB stick. The key file content (i.e. the key data contained within the key file) needs to be kept secret. The point is not to keep the location of the key file secret – selecting a file out of thousands existing on your hard disk basically doesn't increase security at all, because it's very easy for malware/attackers to find out the correct file (for example by observing the last access times of files, the recently used files list of Windows, malware scanner logs, etc.). Trying to keep the key file location secret is security by obscurity, i.e. not really effective.

File Type and Existing Files. KeePass can generate key files for you, however you can also use any other, already existing file (like JPG image, DOC document, etc.).

In order to use an existing file as key file, click the 'Browse' button in the master key creation dialog.

## Windows User Account

KeePass can make the database dependent on the current Windows user account. If you enable this option, you can only open the database when you are logged in as the same Windows user when creating the database.
Be very careful with using this option. If your Windows user account gets deleted, you won't be able to open your KeePass database anymore. Also, when using this option at home and your computer breaks (hard disk damaged), it is not enough to just create a new Windows account on the new installation with the same name and password; you need to copy the complete account (i.e. SID, ...). This is not a simple task, so if you don't know how to do this, it is highly recommended that you don't enable this option. Detailed instructions how to recover a Windows user account can be found here: Recover Windows User Account Credentials (a short technical tutorial can be found in a Microsoft TechNet article: How to recover a Vault corrupted by lost DPAPI keys).
You can change the password of the Windows user account freely; this does not affect the KeePass database. Note that changing the password (e.g. a user using the Control Panel or pressing Ctrl+Alt+Del and selecting 'Change Password') and resetting it to a new one (e.g. an administrator using a `NET USER <User> <NewPassword>` command) are two different things. After changing your password, you can still open your KeePass database. When resetting the password to a new one, access usually is not possible anymore (because the user's DPAPI keys are lost), but there are exceptions (for example when the user is in a domain, Windows can retrieve the user's DPAPI keys from a domain controller, or a home user can use a previously created Password Reset Disk). Details can be found in the MSDN article Windows Data Protection and in the support article How to troubleshoot the Data Protection API (DPAPI).
If you decide to use this option, it is highly recommended not to rely on it exclusively, but to additionally use one of the other two options (password or key file).
Protection using user accounts is unsupported on Windows 98 / ME.

## For Administrators: Specifying Minimum Properties of Master Keys

Administrators can specify a minimum length and/or the minimum estimated quality that master passwords must have in order to be accepted. You can tell KeePass to check these two minimum requirements by adding/editing appropriate definitions in the INI/XML configuration file.

The contents of the `MinimumLength` node in `Security/MasterPassword` can contain the minimum master password length in characters. For example, by setting the contents to `10`, KeePass will only accept master passwords that have at least 10 characters.
The contents of the `MinimumQuality` node in `Security/MasterPassword` can contain the minimum estimated quality in bits that master passwords must have. For example, by setting the contents to `32`, only master passwords with an estimated quality of at least 32 bits will be accepted.
By specifying `KeyCreationFlags` and/or `KeyPromptFlags` (in the `UI` node), you can force states (enabled, disabled, checked, unchecked) of key source controls in the master key creation and prompt dialogs. These values can be bitwise combinations of one or more of the following flags:

Flag (Hex) | Flag (Dec) | Description
--- | --- | ---
0x0 | 0 | Don't force any states (default).
0x1 | 1 | Enable password.
0x2 | 2 | Enable key file.
0x4 | 4 | Enable user account.
0x8 | 8 | Enable 'hide password' button.
0x100 | 256 | Disable password.
0x200 | 512 | Disable key file.
0x400 | 1024 | Disable user account.
0x800 | 2048 | Disable 'hide password' button.
0x10000 | 65536 | Check password.
0x20000 | 131072 | Check key file.
0x40000 | 262144 | Check user account.
0x80000 | 524288 | Check 'hide password' option/button.
0x1000000 | 16777216 | Uncheck password.
0x2000000 | 33554432 | Uncheck key file.
0x4000000 | 67108864 | Uncheck user account.
0x8000000 | 134217728 | Uncheck 'hide password' option/button.

The values of `KeyCreationFlags` and `KeyPromptFlags` must be specified in decimal notation.
For example, if you want to enforce using the user account option, you could check and disable the control (such that the user can't uncheck it anymore) by specifying 263168 as value (0x40000 + 0x400 = 0x40400 = 263168).