



lpwan Working Group                                             E. Ramos
Internet-Draft                                                  Ericsson
Intended status: Standards Track                             A. Minaburo
Expires: 18 June 2023                                             Acklio
                                                        15 December 2022


  Static Context Header Compression over Narrowband Internet of Things
                  draft-ietf-lpwan-schc-over-nbiot-15

Abstract

   This document describes Static Context Header Compression and
   Fragmentation (SCHC) specifications, RFC 8724 and RFC 8824,
   combination with the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) and
   the Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT).

   This document has two parts.  One normative to specify the use of
   SCHC over NB-IoT.  And one informational, which recommends some
   values if 3GPP wanted to use SCHC inside their architectures.

Status of This Memo

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   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
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   This Internet-Draft will expire on 18 June 2023.

Copyright Notice

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   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
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   Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights
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   extracted from this document must include Revised BSD License text as
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Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
   2.  Conventions and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   3.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   4.  NB-IoT Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
   5.  Data Transmission in the 3GPP Architecture  . . . . . . . . .   6
     5.1.  Normative Part. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
       5.1.1.  SCHC over Non-IP Data Delivery (NIDD) . . . . . . . .   7
     5.2.  Informational Part. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
       5.2.1.  Use of SCHC over the Radio link . . . . . . . . . . .  11
       5.2.2.  Use of SCHC over the Non-Access Stratum (NAS) . . . .  12
       5.2.3.  Parameters for Static Context Header Compression and
               Fragmentation (SCHC) for the Radio link and DONAS
               use-cases.  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
   6.  Padding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
   7.  IANA considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
   8.  Security considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
   9.  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
     9.1.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
     9.2.  Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
   Appendix A.  NB-IoT User Plane protocol architecture  . . . . . .  17
     A.1.  Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) TS36323 . . . . .  18
     A.2.  Radio Link Protocol (RLC) TS36322 . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
     A.3.  Medium Access Control (MAC) TR36321 . . . . . . . . . . .  19
   Appendix B.  NB-IoT Data over NAS (DoNAS) . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
   Appendix C.  Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23

1.  Introduction

   This document defines the scenarios where the Static Context Header
   Compression and fragmentation (SCHC) [RFC8724] and [RFC8824] are
   suitable for 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) and Narrowband
   Internet of Things (NB-IoT) protocol stacks.

   In the 3GPP and the NB-IoT networks, header compression efficiently
   brings Internet connectivity to the Device-User Equipment (Dev-UE),
   the radio (RGW-eNB) and network (NGW-MME) gateways, and the
   Application Server.  This document describes the SCHC parameters
   supporting static context header compression and fragmentation over
   the NB-IoT architecture.





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   This document assumes functionality for NB-IoT of 3GPP release 15
   [_3GPPR15].  Otherwise, the text explicitly mentions other versions'
   functionality.

   This document has two parts, a standard end-to-end scenario
   describing how any application must use SCHC over the 3GPP public
   service.  And informational scenarios about how 3GPP could use SCHC
   in their protocol stack network.

2.  Conventions and Definitions

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
   BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
   capitals, as shown here.

3.  Terminology

   This document will follow the terms defined in [RFC8724], in
   [RFC8376], and the [TR23720].

   *  Capillary Gateway.  A capillary gateway facilitates seamless
      integration because it has wide area connectivity through cellular
      and provides wide area access as a proxy to other devices using
      LAN technologies (BT, Wi-Fi, Zigbee, or others.)

   *  CIoT EPS.  Cellular IoT Evolved Packet System.  It is a
      functionality to improve the support of small data transfers.

   *  Dev-UE.  Device - User Equipment.

   *  DoNAS.  Data over Non-Access Stratum.

   *  EPC.  Evolved Packet Connectivity.  Core network of 3GPP LTE
      systems.

   *  EUTRAN.  Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network.
      Radio access network of LTE-based systems.

   *  HARQ.  Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request.

   *  HSS.  Home Subscriber Server.  It is a database that contains
      users' subscription data, including data needed for mobility
      management.

   *  IP address.  IPv6 or IPv4 address used.




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   *  IWK-SCEF.  InterWorking Service Capabilities Exposure Function.
      It is used in roaming scenarios, it is located in the Visited PLMN
      and serves for interconnection with the SCEF of the Home PLMN.

   *  L2.  Layer-2 in the 3GPP architectures it includes MAC, RLC and
      PDCP layers see Appendix A.

   *  LCID.  Logical Channel ID.  Is the logical channel instance of the
      corresponding MAC SDU.

   *  MAC.  Medium Access Control protocol, part of L2.

   *  NAS.  Non-Access Stratum.

   *  NB-IoT.  Narrowband IoT.  A 3GPP LPWAN technology based on the LTE
      architecture but with additional optimization for IoT and using a
      Narrowband spectrum frequency.

   *  NGW-CSGN.  Network Gateway - CIoT Serving Gateway Node.

   *  NGW-CSGW.  Network Gateway - Cellular Serving Gateway.  It routes
      and forwards the user data packets through the access network.

   *  NGW-MME.  Network Gateway - Mobility Management Entity.  An entity
      in charge of handling mobility of the Dev-UE.

   *  NGW-PGW.  Network Gateway - Packet Data Network Gateway.  An
      interface between the internal with the external network.

   *  NGW-SCEF.  Network Gateway - Service Capability Exposure Function.
      EPC node for exposure of 3GPP network service capabilities to 3rd
      party applications.

   *  NIDD.  Non-IP Data Delivery.

   *  PDCP.  Packet Data Convergence Protocol part of L2.

   *  PLMN.  Public Land Mobile Network.  Combination of wireless
      communication services offered by a specific operator.

   *  PDU.  Protocol Data Unit.  A data packet including headers that
      are transmitted between entities through a protocol.

   *  RLC.  Radio Link Protocol part of L2.

   *  RGW-eNB.  Radio Gateway - evolved Node B.  Base Station that
      controls the UE.




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   *  SDU.  Service Data Unit.  A data packet (PDU) from higher layer
      protocols used by lower layer protocols as a payload of their own
      PDUs.

4.  NB-IoT Architecture

   The Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) architecture has a complex
   structure.  It relies on different NGWs from different providers.  It
   can send data via different paths, each with different
   characteristics in terms of bandwidth, acknowledgments, and layer-2
   reliability and segmentation.

   Figure 1 shows this architecture, where the Network Gateway Cellular
   Internet of Things Serving Gateway Node (NGW-CSGN) optimizes co-
   locating entities in different paths.  For example, a Dev-UE using
   the path formed by the Network Gateway Mobility Management Entity
   (NGW-MME), the NGW-CSGW, and Network Gateway Packet Data Network
   Gateway (NGW-PGW) may get a limited bandwidth transmission from a few
   bytes/s to one thousand bytes/s only.

   Another node introduced in the NB-IoT architecture is the Network
   Gateway Service Capability Exposure Function (NGW-SCEF), which
   securely exposes service and network capabilities to entities
   external to the network operator.  The Open Mobile Alliance (OMA)
   [OMA0116] and the One Machine to Machine (OneM2M) [TR-0024] define
   the northbound APIs.  [TS23222] defines architecture for the common
   API framework for 3GPP northbound APIs and [TS33122] defines security
   aspects for common API framework for 3GPP northbound APIs.  In this
   case, the path is small for data transmission.  The main functions of
   the NGW-SCEF are Connectivity path and Device Monitoring.

     +---+              +---------+    +------+
     |Dev| \            | +-----+ | ---| HSS  |
     |-UE|  \           | | NGW | |    +------+
     +---+  |           | |-MME |\__
             \          / +-----+ | \
     +---+    \+-----+ /|   |     | +------+
     |Dev| ----| RGW |- |   |     | | NGW- |
     |-UE|     |-eNB |  |   |     | | SCEF |---------+
     +---+    /+-----+ \|   |     | +------+         |
             /          \ +------+|                  |
            /           |\| NGW- || +-----+   +-----------+
     +---+ /            | | CSGW |--| NGW-|---|Application|
     |Dev|              | |      || | PGW |   |   Server  |
     |-UE|              | +------+| +-----+   +-----------+
     +---+              |         |
                        |NGW-CSGN |
                        +---------+



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                    Figure 1: 3GPP network architecture

5.  Data Transmission in the 3GPP Architecture

   NB-IoT networks deal with end-to-end user data and in-band signaling
   between the nodes and functions to configure, control, and monitor
   the system functions and behaviors.  The signaling uses a different
   path with specific protocols, handling processes, and entities but
   can transport end-to-end user data for IoT services.  In contrast,
   the end-to-end application only transports end-to-end data.

   The recommended 3GPP MTU size is 1358 bytes.  The radio network
   protocols limit the packet sizes over the air, including radio
   protocol overhead, to 1600 bytes, see Section 5.2.3.  However, the
   recommended 3GPP MTU is smaller to avoid fragmentation in the network
   backbone due to the payload encryption size (multiple of 16) and the
   additional core transport overhead handling.

   3GPP standardizes NB-IoT and, in general, the cellular technologies
   interfaces and functions.  Therefore, the introduction of SCHC
   entities to Dev-UE, RGW-eNB, and NGW-CSGN needs to be specified in
   the NB-IoT standard.

   This document identifies the use cases of SCHC over the NB-IoT
   architecture.

   First, the radio transmission where, see Section 5.2.1, the Dev-UE
   and the RGW-eNB can use the SCHC functionalities.

   Second, the packets transmitted over the control path can also use
   SCHC when the transmission goes over the NGW-MME or NGW-SCEF.  See
   Section 5.2.2.

   These two use cases are also valid for any 3GPP architecture and not
   only for NB-IoT.  And as the 3GPP internal network is involved, they
   have been put in the informational part of this section.

   And third, over the SCHC over Non-IP Data Delivery (NIDD) connection
   or at least up to the operator network edge, see Section 5.1.1.  In
   this case, SCHC functionalities are available in the application
   layer of the Dev-UE and the Application Servers or a broker function
   at the edge of the operator network.  NGW-PGW or NGW-SCEF transmit
   the packets which are non-IP traffic, using IP tunneling or API
   calls.  It is also possible to benefit legacy devices with SCHC by
   using the non-IP transmission features of the operator network.

   A non-IP transmission refers to other layer-2 transport different
   from NB-IoT.



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5.1.  Normative Part.

   This scenarios does not modify the 3GPP architecture or any of its
   components, it only use it as a layer-2 transmission.

5.1.1.  SCHC over Non-IP Data Delivery (NIDD)

   This section specifies the use of SCHC over Non-IP Data Delivery
   (NIDD) services of 3GPP.  The NIDD services of 3GPP enable the
   transmission of SCHC packets compressed by the application layer.
   The packets can be delivered between the NGW-PGW and the Application
   Server or between the NGW-SCEF and the Application Server, using IP-
   tunnels or API calls.  In both cases, as compression occurs before
   transmission, the network will not understand the packet, and the
   network does not have context information of this compression.
   Therefore, the network will treat the packet as Non-IP traffic and
   deliver it to the other side without any other protocol stack
   element, directly over the layer-2.

5.1.1.1.  SCHC Entities Placing over NIDD

   In the two scenarios using NIDD compression, SCHC entities are
   located almost on top of the stack.  The NB-IoT connectivity services
   implement SCHC in the Dev-UE, an in the Application Server.  The IP
   tunneling scenario requires that the Application Server send the
   compressed packet over an IP connection terminated by the 3GPP core
   network.  If the transmission uses the NGW-SCEF services, it is
   possible to utilize an API call to transfer the SCHC packets between
   the core network and the Application Server.  Also, an IP tunnel
   could be established by the Application Server if negotiated with the
   NGW-SCEF.

   +---------+       XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX             +--------+
   | SCHC    |      XXX                    XXX            | SCHC   |
   |(Non-IP) +-----XX........................XX....+--*---+(Non-IP)|
   +---------+    XX                  +----+  XX   |  |   +--------+
   |         |    XX                  |SCEF+-------+  |   |        |
   |         |   XXX     3GPP RAN &   +----+  XXX     +---+  UDP   |
   |         |   XXX    CORE NETWORK          XXX     |   |        |
   |  L2     +---+XX                  +------------+  |   +--------+
   |         |     XX                 |IP TUNNELING+--+   |        |
   |         |      XXX               +------------+  +---+  IP    |
   +---------+       XXXX                 XXXX        |   +--------+
   | PHY     +------+ XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX         +---+  PHY   |
   +---------+                                            +--------+
     Dev-UE                                              Application
                                                            Server




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        Figure 2: End-to End Compression.  SCHC entities placed when
                 using Non-IP Delivery (NIDD) 3GPP Services

5.1.1.2.  Parameters for Static Context Header Compression and
          Fragmentation (SCHC)

   These scenarios MAY use SCHC header compression capability to improve
   the transmission of IPv6 packets.

   *  SCHC Context initialization.

   The application layer handles the static context; consequently, the
   context distribution MUST be according to the application's
   capabilities, perhaps utilizing IP data transmissions up to context
   initialization.  Also, the static contexts delivery may use the same
   IP tunneling or NGW-SCEF services used later for the SCHC packets
   transport.

   *  SCHC Rules.

   For devices acting as a capillary gateway, several rules match the
   diversity of devices and protocols used by the devices associated
   with the gateway.  Meanwhile, simpler devices may have predetermined
   protocols and fixed parameters.

   *  Rule ID.

   This scenario can dynamically set the RuleID size before the context
   delivery.  For example, negotiate between the applications when
   choosing a profile according to the type of traffic and application
   deployed.  Transmission optimization may require only one physical
   layer transmission.  SCHC overhead SHOULD NOT exceed the available
   number of effective bits of the smallest physical TB available to
   optimize the transmission.  The packets handled by 3GPP networks are
   byte-aligned.  Thus, to use the smallest TB, the maximum SCHC header
   size is 12 bits.  On the other hand, more complex NB-IoT devices
   (such as a capillary gateway) might require additional bits to handle
   the variety and multiple parameters of higher-layer protocols
   deployed.  The configuration may be part of the agreed operation
   profile and content distribution.  The RuleID field size may range
   from 2 bits, resulting in 4 rules to an 8-bit value that would yield
   up to 256 rules that can be used with the operators and seems quite a
   reasonable maximum limit even for a device acting as a NAT.  An
   application may use a larger RuleID, but it should consider the byte
   alignment of the expected Compression Residue.  In the minimum TB
   size case, 2 bits of RuleID leave only 6 bits available for
   Compression Residue.




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   *  SCHC MAX_PACKET_SIZE.

   In these scenarios, the maximum RECOMMENDED MTU size is 1358 bytes
   since the SCHC packets (and fragments) are traversing the whole 3GPP
   network infrastructure (core and radio), not only the radio as the IP
   transmissions case.

   *  Fragmentation.

   Packets larger than 1358 bytes need the SCHC fragmentation function.
   Since the 3GPP uses reliability functions, the No-ACK fragmentation
   mode MAY be enough in point-to-point connections.  Nevertheless,
   additional considerations are described below for more complex cases.

   *  Fragmentation modes.

   A global service assigns a QoS to the packets e.g. depending on the
   billing.  Packets with very low QoS may get lost before arriving in
   the 3GPP radio network transmission, for example, in between the
   links of a capillary gateway or due to buffer overflow handling in a
   backhaul connection.  The use of SCHC fragmentation with the ACK-on-
   Error mode is RECOMMENDED to secure additional reliability on the
   packets transmitted with a small trade-off on further transmissions
   to signal the end-to-end arrival of the packets if no transport
   protocol takes care of retransmission.
   Also, the ACK-on-Error mode could be desirable to keep track of all
   the SCHC packets delivered.  In that case, the fragmentation function
   could be activated for all packets transmitted by the applications.
   SCHC ACK-on-Error fragmentation MAY be activated in transmitting non-
   IP packets on the NGW-MME.  A non-IP packet will use SCHC reserved
   RuleID for non-compressing packets as [RFC8724] allows it.

   *  Fragmentation Parameters.

   SCHC profile will have specific Rules for the fragmentation modes.
   The rule will identify, which fragmentation mode is in use, and
   section Section 5.2.3 defines the RuleID size.

   SCHC parametrization considers that NBIoT aligns the bit and uses
   padding and the size of the Transfer Block.  SCHC will try to reduce
   padding to optimize the compression of the information.  The Header
   size needs to be multiple of 4, and the Tiles MAY keep a fixed value
   of 4 or 8 bits to avoid padding except for transfer block equals 16
   bits where Tiles may be 2 bits.  The transfer block size has a wide
   range of values.  Two configurations are RECOMMENDED for the
   fragmentation parameters.





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   *  For Transfer Blocks smaller or equal to 304 bits using an 8-bit
      Header_size configuration, with the size of the header fields as
      follows:

      -  RuleID from 1 - 3 bits,

      -  DTag 1 bit,

      -  FCN 3 bits,

      -  W 1 bits.

   *  For Transfer Blocks bigger than 304 bits using a 16-bit
      Header_size configuration, with the size of the header fields as
      follows:

      -  RulesID from 8 - 10 bits,

      -  DTag 1 or 2 bits,

      -  FCN 3 bits,

      -  W 2 or 3 bits.

   *  WINDOW_SIZE of 2^N-1 is RECOMMENDED.

   *  RCS will follow the default size defined in section 8.2.3 of the
      [RFC8724], with a length equal to the L2 Word.

   *  MAX_ACK_REQ is RECOMMENDED to be 2, but applications MAY change
      this value based on transmission conditions.

   The IoT devices communicate with small data transfer and use the
   Power Save Mode and the Idle Mode DRX, which govern how often the
   device wakes up, stays up, and is reachable.  The use of the
   different modes allows the battery to last ten years.
   Table 10.5.163a in [TS24008] specifies a range for the radio timers
   as N to 3N in increments of one where the units of N can be 1 hour or
   10 hours.  The Inactivity Timer and the Retransmission Timer be set
   based on these limits.

5.2.  Informational Part.

   These scenarios shows how 3GPP could use SCHC for their
   transmissions.






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5.2.1.  Use of SCHC over the Radio link

   Deploying SCHC over the radio link only would require placing it as
   part of the protocol stack for data transfer between the Dev-UE and
   the RGW-eNB.  This stack is the functional layer responsible for
   transporting data over the wireless connection and managing radio
   resources.  There is support for features such as reliability,
   segmentation, and concatenation.  The transmissions use link
   adaptation, meaning that the system will optimize the transport
   format used according to the radio conditions, the number of bits to
   transmit, and the power and interference constraints.  That means
   that the number of bits transmitted over the air depends on the
   selected Modulation and Coding Schemes (MCS).  Transport Block (TB)
   transmissions happen in the physical layer at network-synchronized
   intervals called Transmission Time Interval (TTI).  Each Transport
   Block has a different MCS and number of bits available to transmit.
   The MAC layer [TR36321] defines the Transport Blocks'
   characteristics.  The Radio link stack shown in Figure 3 comprises
   the Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) [TS36323], Radio Link
   Protocol (RLC) [TS36322], Medium Access Control protocol (MAC)
   [TR36321], and the Physical Layer [TS36201].  The Appendix A gives
   more details about these protocols.

     +---------+                              +---------+  |
     |IP/non-IP+------------------------------+IP/non-IP+->+
     +---------+   |   +---------------+   |  +---------+  |
     | PDCP    +-------+ PDCP  | GTP|U +------+ GTP-U   |->+
     | (SCHC)  +       + (SCHC)|       +      +         |  |
     +---------+   |   +---------------+   |  +---------+  |
     | RLC     +-------+ RLC   |UDP/IP +------+ UDP/IP  +->+
     +---------+   |   +---------------+   |  +---------+  |
     | MAC     +-------+ MAC   | L2    +------+ L2      +->+
     +---------+   |   +---------------+   |  +---------+  |
     | PHY     +-------+ PHY   | PHY   +------+ PHY     +->+
     +---------+       +---------------+      +---------+  |
                C-Uu/                    S1-U             SGi
       Dev-UE               RGW-eNB             NGW-CSGN
               Radio Link

                     Figure 3: SCHC over the Radio link

5.2.1.1.  SCHC Entities Placing over the Radio Link

   The 3GPP architecture supports Robust Header Compression (ROHC)
   [RFC5795] in the PDCP layer.  Therefore, the architecture can deploy
   SCHC header compression entities similarly without the need for
   significant changes in the 3GPP specifications.




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   The RLC layer has three functional modes Transparent Mode (TM),
   Unacknowledged Mode (UM), and Acknowledged Mode (AM).  The mode of
   operation controls the functionalities of the RLC layer.  TM only
   applies to signaling packets, while AM or UM carry signaling and data
   packets.

   The RLC layer takes care of fragmentation unless for the Transparent
   Mode.  In AM or UM modes, the SCHC fragmentation is unnecessary and
   SHOULD NOT be used.  While sending IP packets, the Radio link does
   not commonly use the RLC Transparent Mode.  However, if other
   protocol overhead optimizations are targeted for NB-IoT traffic, SCHC
   fragmentation may be used for TM transmission mode in the future.

5.2.2.  Use of SCHC over the Non-Access Stratum (NAS)

   This section consists of IETF suggestions to the 3GPP.  The NGW-MME
   conveys mainly signaling between the Dev-UE and the cellular network
   [TR24301].  The network transports this traffic on top of the radio
   link.

   This kind of flow supports data transmissions to reduce the overhead
   when transmitting infrequent small quantities of data.  This
   transmission is known as Data over Non-Access Stratum (DoNAS) or
   Control Plane Cellular Internet of Things (CIoT) evolved packet
   system (EPS) optimizations.  In DoNAS, the Dev-UE uses the pre-
   established security and can piggyback small uplink data into the
   initial uplink message and uses an additional message to receive a
   downlink small data response.

   The NGW-MME performs the data encryption from the network side in a
   DoNAS PDU.  Depending on the data type signaled indication (IP or
   non-IP data), the network allocates an IP address or establishes a
   direct forwarding path.  DoNAS is regulated under rate control upon
   previous agreement, meaning that a maximum number of bits per unit of
   time is agreed upon per device subscription beforehand and configured
   in the device.

   The system will use DoNAS when a terminal in a power-saving state
   requires a short transmission and receives an acknowledgment or short
   feedback from the network.  Depending on the size of buffered data to
   transmit, the Dev-UE might deploy the connected mode transmissions
   instead, limiting and controlling the DoNAS transmissions to
   predefined thresholds and a good resource optimization balance for
   the terminal and the network.  The support for mobility of DoNAS is
   present but produces additional overhead.  The Appendix B gives
   additional details of DoNAS.





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5.2.2.1.  SCHC Entities Placing over DoNAS

   SCHC resides in this scenario's Non-Access Stratum (NAS) protocol
   layer.  The same principles as for the section Section 5.2.1 apply
   here as well.  Because the NAS protocol already uses ROHC [RFC5795],
   it can also adapt SCHC for header compression.  The main difference
   compared to the radio link, section Section 5.2.1, is the physical
   placing of the SCHC entities.  On the network side, the NGW-MME
   resides in the core network and is the terminating node for NAS
   instead of the RGW-eNB.

   +--------+                       +--------+--------+  +  +--------+
   | IP/    +--+-----------------+--+  IP/   |   IP/  +-----+   IP/  |
   | Non-IP |  |                 |  | Non-IP | Non-IP |  |  | Non-IP |
   +--------+  |                 |  +-----------------+  |  +--------+
   | NAS    +-----------------------+   NAS  |GTP-C/U +-----+GTP-C/U |
   |(SCHC)  |  |                 |  | (SCHC) |        |  |  |        |
   +--------+  |  +-----------+  |  +-----------------+  |  +--------+
   | RRC    +-----+RRC  |S1|AP+-----+ S1|AP  |        |  |  |        |
   +--------+  |  +-----------+  |  +--------+  UDP   +-----+  UDP   |
   | PDCP*  +-----+PDCP*|SCTP +-----+ SCTP   |        |  |  |        |
   +--------+  |  +-----------+  |  +-----------------+  |  +--------+
   | RLC    +-----+ RLC | IP  +-----+ IP     | IP     +-----+ IP     |
   +--------+  |  +-----------+  |  +-----------------+  |  +--------+
   | MAC    +-----+ MAC | L2  +-----+ L2     | L2     +-----+ L2     |
   +--------+  |  +-----------+  |  +-----------------+  |  +--------+
   | PHY    +--+--+ PHY | PHY +--+--+ PHY    | PHY    +-----+ PHY    |
   +--------+     +-----+-----+     +--------+--------+  |  +--------+
              C-Uu/             S1                   SGi
    Dev-UE           RGW-eNB               NGW-MME             NGW-PGW



       *PDCP is bypassed until AS security is activated TGPP36300.

     Figure 4: SCHC entities placement in the 3GPP CIOT radio protocol
                    architecture for DoNAS transmissions

5.2.3.  Parameters for Static Context Header Compression and
        Fragmentation (SCHC) for the Radio link and DONAS use-cases.

   If 3GPP incorporates SCHC, it is recommended that these scenarios use
   SCHC header compression [RFC8724] capability to optimize the data
   transmission.

   *  SCHC Context initialization.





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   The RRC (Radio Resource Control) protocol is the main tool used to
   configure the parameters of the Radio link.  It will configure SCHC
   and the static context distribution as it has made for ROHC [RFC5795]
   operation [TS36323].

   *  SCHC Rules.

   The network operator in these scenarios defines the number of rules.
   For this, the network operator must know the IP traffic the device
   will carry.  The operator might supply rules compatible with the
   device's use case.  For devices acting as a capillary gateway,
   several rules match the diversity of devices and protocols used by
   the devices associated with the gateway.  Meanwhile, simpler devices
   may have predetermined protocols and fixed parameters.  The use of
   IPv6 and IPv4 may force to get more rules to deal with each case.

   *  RuleID.

   There is a reasonable assumption of 9 bytes of radio protocol
   overhead for these transmission scenarios in NB-IoT, where PDCP uses
   5 bytes due to header and integrity protection, and RLC and MAC use 4
   bytes.  The minimum physical Transport Blocks (TB) that can withhold
   this overhead value according to 3GPP Release 15 specifications are
   88, 104, 120, and 144 bits.  As for Section 5.1.1.2, these scenarios
   must optimize the physical layer where the smallest TB is 12 bits.
   These 12 bits must include the Compression Residue in addition to the
   RuleID.  On the other hand, more complex NB-IoT devices (such as a
   capillary gateway) might require additional bits to handle the
   variety and multiple parameters of higher-layer protocols deployed.
   In that sense, the operator may want flexibility on the number and
   type of rules independently supported by each device; consequently,
   these scenarios require a configurable value.  The configuration may
   be part of the agreed operation profile with the content
   distribution.  The RuleID field size may range from 2 bits, resulting
   in 4 rules to an 8-bit value that would yield up to 256 rules that
   can be used with the operators and seems quite a reasonable maximum
   limit even for a device acting as a NAT.  An application may use a
   larger RuleID, but it should consider the byte alignment of the
   expected Compression Residue.  In the minimum TB size case, 2 bits of
   RuleID leave only 6 bits available for Compression Residue.

   *  SCHC MAX_PACKET_SIZE.

   The Radio Link can handle the fragmentation of SCHC packets if
   needed, including reliability.  Hence, the packet size is limited by
   the MTU handled by the radio protocols, which corresponds to 1600
   bytes for 3GPP Release 15.




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   *  Fragmentation.

   For the Radio link Section 5.2.1 and DoNAS' Section 5.2.2 scenarios,
   the SCHC fragmentation functions are disabled.  The RLC layer of NB-
   IoT can segment packets into suitable units that fit the selected
   transport blocks for transmissions of the physical layer.  The block
   selection is made according to the link adaptation input function in
   the MAC layer and the quantity of data in the buffer.  The link
   adaptation layer may produce different results at each Time
   Transmission Interval (TTI), resulting in varying physical transport
   blocks that depend on the network load, interference, number of bits
   transmitted, and QoS.  Even if setting a value that allows the
   construction of data units following the SCHC tiles principle, the
   protocol overhead may be greater or equal to allowing the Radio link
   protocols to take care of the fragmentation intrinsically.

   *  Fragmentation in RLC Transparent Mode.

   The RLC Transparent Mode mostly applies to control signaling
   transmissions.  When RLC operates in Transparent Mode, the MAC layer
   mechanisms ensure reliability and generate overhead.  This additional
   reliability implies sending repetitions or automatic retransmissions.

   The ACK-Always fragmentation mode of SCHC may reduce this overhead in
   future operations when data transmissions may use this mode.  ACK-
   Always mode may transmit compressed data with fewer possible
   transmissions by using fixed or limited transport blocks compatible
   with the tiling SCHC fragmentation handling.  For SCHC fragmentation
   parameters see Section 5.1.1.2.

6.  Padding

   NB-IoT and 3GPP wireless access, in general, assumes byte-aligned
   payload.  Therefore, the layer 2 word for NB-IoT MUST be considered 8
   bits, and the padding treatment should use this value accordingly.

7.  IANA considerations

   This document has no IANA actions.

8.  Security considerations

   This document does not add any security considerations and follows
   the [RFC8724] and the 3GPP access security document specified in
   [TS33122].

9.  References




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9.1.  Normative References

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC8174]  Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
              2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
              May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.

   [RFC8724]  Minaburo, A., Toutain, L., Gomez, C., Barthel, D., and JC.
              Zuniga, "SCHC: Generic Framework for Static Context Header
              Compression and Fragmentation", RFC 8724,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8724, April 2020,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8724>.

   [RFC8824]  Minaburo, A., Toutain, L., and R. Andreasen, "Static
              Context Header Compression (SCHC) for the Constrained
              Application Protocol (CoAP)", RFC 8824,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8824, June 2021,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8824>.

9.2.  Informative References

   [OMA0116]  OMA, "Common definitions for RESTful Network APIs", 2018,
              <https://www.openmobilealliance.org/release/
              REST_NetAPI_Common/V1_0-20180116-A/OMA-TS-
              REST_NetAPI_Common-V1_0-20180116-A.pdf>.

   [RFC5795]  Sandlund, K., Pelletier, G., and L-E. Jonsson, "The RObust
              Header Compression (ROHC) Framework", RFC 5795,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5795, March 2010,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5795>.

   [RFC8376]  Farrell, S., Ed., "Low-Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN)
              Overview", RFC 8376, DOI 10.17487/RFC8376, May 2018,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8376>.

   [TR-0024]  OneM2M, "3GPP_Interworking", 2020,
              <https://ftp.onem2m.org/work%20programme/WI-0037/TR-0024-
              3GPP_Interworking-V4_3_0.DOCX>.

   [TR23720]  3GPP, "Study on architecture enhancements for Cellular
              Internet of Things", 2015,
              <https://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/
              archive/23_series/23.720/23720-d00.zip>.




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   [TR24301]  3GPP, "Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access
              (E-UTRA); Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol
              specification", 2019, <https://www.3gpp.org/ftp//Specs/
              archive/24_series/24.301/24301-f80.zip>.

   [TR36321]  3GPP, "Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access
              (E-UTRA); Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol
              specification", 2016, <https://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/
              archive/36_series/36.321/36321-d20.zip>.

   [TS23222]  3GPP, "Common API Framework for 3GPP Northbound APIs",
              2022, <https://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/
              archive/23_series/23.222/23222-f60.zip>.

   [TS24008]  3GPP, "Mobile radio interface layer 3 specification.",
              2018, <https://www.3gpp.org/ftp//Specs/
              archive/24_series/24.008/24008-f50.zip>.

   [TS33122]  3GPP, "Security aspects of Common API Framework (CAPIF)
              for 3GPP northbound APIs", 2018,
              <https://www.3gpp.org/ftp//Specs/
              archive/33_series/33.122/33122-f30.zip>.

   [TS36201]  3GPP, "Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access
              (E-UTRA); LTE physical layer; General description", 2018,
              <https://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/
              archive/36_series/36.201/36201-f10.zip>.

   [TS36322]  3GPP, "Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access
              (E-UTRA); Radio Link Control (RLC) protocol
              specification", 2018, <https://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/
              archive/36_series/36.322/36322-f01.zip>.

   [TS36323]  3GPP, "Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access
              (E-UTRA); Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP)
              specification", 2016, <https://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/
              archive/36_series/36.323/36323-d20.zip>.

   [TS36331]  3GPP, "Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access
              (E-UTRA); Radio Resource Control (RRC); Protocol
              specification", 2018, <https://www.3gpp.org/ftp//Specs/
              archive/36_series/36.331/36331-f51.zip>.

   [_3GPPR15] 3GPP, "The Mobile Broadband Standard", 2019,
              <https://www.3gpp.org/release-15>.

Appendix A.  NB-IoT User Plane protocol architecture




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A.1.  Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) [TS36323]

   Each of the Radio Bearers (RB) is associated with one PDCP entity.
   Moreover, a PDCP entity is associated with one or two RLC entities
   depending on the unidirectional or bi-directional characteristics of
   the RB and RLC mode used.  A PDCP entity is associated with either a
   control plane or a user plane with independent configuration and
   functions.  The maximum supported size for NB-IoT of a PDCP SDU is
   1600 octets.  The primary services and functions of the PDCP sublayer
   for NB-IoT for the user plane include:

   *  Header compression and decompression using ROHC [RFC5795]

   *  Transfer of user and control data to higher and lower layers

   *  Duplicate detection of lower layer SDUs when re-establishing
      connection (when RLC with Acknowledge Mode in use for User Plane
      only)

   *  Ciphering and deciphering

   *  Timer-based SDU discard in uplink

A.2.  Radio Link Protocol (RLC) [TS36322]

   RLC is a layer-2 protocol that operates between the UE and the base
   station (eNB).  It supports the packet delivery from higher layers to
   MAC, creating packets transmitted over the air, optimizing the
   Transport Block utilization.  RLC flow of data packets is
   unidirectional, and it is composed of a transmitter located in the
   transmission device and a receiver located in the destination device.
   Therefore, to configure bi-directional flows, two sets of entities,
   one in each direction (downlink and uplink), must be configured and
   effectively peered to each other.  The peering allows the
   transmission of control packets (ex., status reports) between
   entities.  RLC can be configured for data transfer in one of the
   following modes:

   *  Transparent Mode (TM).  RLC does not segment or concatenate SDUs
      from higher layers in this mode and does not include any header to
      the payload.  RLC receives SDUs from upper layers when acting as a
      transmitter and transmits directly to its flow RLC receiver via
      lower layers.  Similarly, a TM RLC receiver would only deliver
      without processing the packets to higher layers upon reception.

   *  Unacknowledged Mode (UM).  This mode provides support for
      segmentation and concatenation of payload.  The RLC packet's size
      depends on the indication given at a particular transmission



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      opportunity by the lower layer (MAC) and is octet-aligned.  The
      packet delivery to the receiver does not include reliability
      support, and the loss of a segment from a packet means a complete
      packet loss.  Also, in the case of lower layer retransmissions,
      there is no support for re-segmentation in case of change of the
      radio conditions triggering the selection of a smaller transport
      block.  Additionally, it provides PDU duplication detection and
      discards, reordering of out-of-sequence, and loss detection.

   *  Acknowledged Mode (AM).  In addition to the same functions
      supported by UM, this mode also adds a moving windows-based
      reliability service on top of the lower layer services.  It also
      supports re-segmentation, and it requires bidirectional
      communication to exchange acknowledgment reports called RLC Status
      Report and trigger retransmissions.  This model also supports
      protocol error detection.  The mode used depends on the operator
      configuration for the type of data to be transmitted.  For
      example, data transmissions supporting mobility or requiring high
      reliability would be most likely configured using AM.  Meanwhile,
      streaming and real-time data would be mapped to a UM
      configuration.

A.3.  Medium Access Control (MAC) [TR36321]

   MAC provides a mapping between the higher layers abstraction called
   Logical Channels comprised by the previously described protocols to
   the Physical layer channels (transport channels).  Additionally, MAC
   may multiplex packets from different Logical Channels and prioritize
   what to fit into one Transport Block if there is data and space
   available to maximize data transmission efficiency.  MAC also
   provides error correction and reliability support through Hybrid
   Automatic Repeat reQuest (HARQ), transport format selection, and
   scheduling information reporting from the terminal to the network.
   MAC also adds the necessary padding and piggyback control elements
   when possible and the higher layers data.
















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                                               <Max. 1600 bytes>
                       +---+         +---+          +------+
   Application         |AP1|         |AP1|          |  AP2 |
   (IP/non-IP)         |PDU|         |PDU|          |  PDU |
                       +---+         +---+          +------+
                       |   |         |  |           |      |
   PDCP           +--------+    +--------      +-----------+
                  |PDCP|AP1|    |PDCP|AP1|     |PDCP|  AP2 |
                  |Head|PDU|    |Head|PDU|     |Head|  PDU |
                  +--------+    +--------+     +--------+--\
                  |    |   |    |     |  |     |    |   |\  `--------\
            +---------------------------+      |    |(1)| `-------\(2)\
   RLC      |RLC |PDCP|AP1|RLC |PDCP|AP1| +-------------+    +----|---+
            |Head|Head|PDU|Head|Head|PDU| |RLC |PDCP|AP2|    |RLC |AP2|
            +-------------|-------------+ |Head|Head|PDU|    |Head|PDU|
            |         |   |         |   | +---------|---+    +--------+
            |         |   | LCID1   |   | /         /   /   /         /
           /         /   /        _/  _//        _/  _/    / LCID2   /
           |        |   |        |   | /       _/  _/     /      ___/
           |        |   |        |   ||       |   |      /      /
       +------------------------------------------+ +-----------+---+
   MAC |MAC|RLC|PDCP|AP1|RLC|PDCP|AP1|RLC|PDCP|AP2| |MAC|RLC|AP2|Pad|
       |Hea|Hea|Hea |PDU|Hea|Hea |PDU|Hea|Hea |PDU| |Hea|Hea|PDU|din|
       |der|der|der |   |der|der |   |der|der |   | |der|der|   |g  |
       +------------------------------------------+ +-----------+---+
                         TB1                               TB2

   (1) Segment One
   (2) Segment Two

        Figure 5: Example of User Plane packet encapsulation for two
                              transport blocks

Appendix B.  NB-IoT Data over NAS (DoNAS)

   The Access Stratum (AS) protocol stack used by DoNAS is specific
   because the radio network still needs to establish the security
   associations and reduce the protocol overhead, so the PDCP (Packet
   Data Convergence Protocol) is bypassed until AS security is
   activated.  RLC (Radio Link Control protocol) uses, by default, the
   AM mode, but depending on the network's features and the terminal, it
   may change to other modes by the network operator.  For example, the
   transparent mode does not add any header or process the payload to
   reduce the overhead, but the MTU would be limited by the transport
   block used to transmit the data, which is a couple of thousand bits
   maximum.  If UM (only Release 15 compatible terminals) is used, the
   RLC mechanisms of reliability are disabled, and only the reliability
   provided by the MAC layer by HARQ is available.  In this case, the



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   protocol overhead might be smaller than the AM case because of the
   lack of status reporting but with the same support for segmentation
   up to 1600 bytes.  NAS packets are encapsulated within an RRC (Radio
   Resource Control) [TS36331] message.

   Depending on the data type indication signaled (IP or non-IP data),
   the network allocates an IP address or establishes a direct
   forwarding path.  DoNAS is regulated under rate control upon previous
   agreement, meaning that a maximum number of bits per unit of time is
   agreed upon per device subscription beforehand and configured in the
   device.  The use of DoNAS is typically expected when a terminal in a
   power-saving state requires a short transmission and receiving an
   acknowledgment or short feedback from the network.  Depending on the
   size of buffered data to transmit, the UE might be instructed to
   deploy the connected mode transmissions instead, limiting and
   controlling the DoNAS transmissions to predefined thresholds and a
   good resource optimization balance for the terminal the network.  The
   support for mobility of DoNAS is present but produces additional
   overhead.
































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       +--------+   +--------+   +--------+
       |        |   |        |   |        |       +-----------------+
       |   UE   |   |  C-BS  |   |  C-SGN |       |Roaming Scenarios|
       +----|---+   +--------+   +--------+       |  +--------+     |
            |            |            |           |  |        |     |
        +----------------|------------|+          |  |  P-GW  |     |
        |        Attach                |          |  +--------+     |
        +------------------------------+          |       |         |
            |            |            |           |       |         |
     +------|------------|--------+   |           |       |         |
     |RRC Connection Establishment|   |           |       |         |
     |with NAS PDU transmission   |   |           |       |         |
     |& Ack Rsp                   |   |           |       |         |
     +----------------------------+   |           |       |         |
            |            |            |           |       |         |
            |            |Initial UE  |           |       |         |
            |            |message     |           |       |         |
            |            |----------->|           |       |         |
            |            |            |           |       |         |
            |            | +---------------------+|       |         |
            |            | |Checks Integrity     ||       |         |
            |            | |protection, decrypts ||       |         |
            |            | |data                 ||       |         |
            |            | +---------------------+|       |         |
            |            |            |       Small data packet     |
            |            |            |------------------------------->
            |            |            |       Small data packet     |
            |            |            |<-------------------------------
            |            | +----------|---------+ |       |         |
            |            | Integrity protection,| |       |         |
            |            | encrypts data        | |       |         |
            |            | +--------------------+ |       |         |
            |            |            |           |       |         |
            |            |Downlink NAS|           |       |         |
            |            |message     |           |       |         |
            |            |<-----------|           |       |         |
    +-----------------------+         |           |       |         |
    |Small Data Delivery,   |         |           |       |         |
    |RRC connection release |         |           |       |         |
    +-----------------------+         |           |       |         |
                                                  |                 |
                                                  |                 |
                                                  +-----------------+

   Figure 6: DoNAS transmission sequence from an Uplink initiated access






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                      +---+ +---+ +---+                  +----+
    Application       |AP1| |AP1| |AP2|                  |AP2 |
   (IP/non-IP)        |PDU| |PDU| |PDU|  ............... |PDU |
                      +---+ +---+ +---+                  +----+
                      |   | |   | |   |                  |    |
                      |   | |   | |   |                  |    |
                      |   | |   | |   |                  |    |
                      |   | |   | |   |                  |    |
                      |   |/   /  |    \                 |    |
   NAS /RRC      +--------+---|---+----+            +---------+
                 |NAS/|AP1|AP1|AP2|NAS/|            |NAS/|AP2 |
                 |RRC |PDU|PDU|PDU|RRC |            |RRC |PDU |
                 +--------+-|-+---+----+            +---------|
                 |          |         |            |         |
                 |          |\         |            |         |
                 |<--Max. 1600 bytes-->|__          |_        |
                 |          |  \__        \___        \_       \
                 |          |     \           \         \__     \
                 |          |      \          |           |      \_
            +---------------|+-----|----------+            \       \
   RLC      |RLC | NAS/RRC  ||RLC  | NAS/RRC  |       +----|-------+
            |Head|  PDU(1/2)||Head | PDU (2/2)|       |RLC |NAS/RRC|
            +---------------++----------------+       |Head|PDU    |
            |    |          | \               |       +------------+
            |    |    LCID1 |  \              |       |           /
            |    |          |   \              \      |           |
            |    |          |    \              \     |           |
            |    |          |     \              \     \          |
       +----+----+----------++-----|----+---------++----+---------|---+
   MAC |MAC |RLC |    RLC   ||MAC  |RLC |  RLC    ||MAC |  RLC    |Pad|
       |Head|Head|  PAYLOAD ||Head |Head| PAYLOAD ||Head|  PDU    |   |
       +----+----+----------++-----+----+---------++----+---------+---+
                TB1                   TB2                     TB3

       Figure 7: Example of User Plane packet encapsulation for Data
                                  over NAS

Appendix C.  Acknowledgements

   The authors would like to thank (in alphabetic order): Carles Gomez,
   Antti Ratilainen, Tuomas Tirronen, Pascal Thubert, Eric Vyncke.

Authors' Addresses








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   Edgar Ramos
   Ericsson
   Hirsalantie 11
   FI- 02420 Jorvas, Kirkkonummi
   Finland
   Email: edgar.ramos@ericsson.com


   Ana Minaburo
   Acklio
   1137A Avenue des Champs Blancs
   35510 Cesson-Sevigne Cedex
   France
   Email: ana@ackl.io





































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