# Copyright 2010 United States Government as represented by the
# Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
# All Rights Reserved.
# Copyright (c) 2010 Citrix Systems, Inc.
# Copyright (c) 2011 Piston Cloud Computing, Inc
# Copyright (c) 2012 University Of Minho
# (c) Copyright 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.
#
#    Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may
#    not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain
#    a copy of the License at
#
#         http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
#    Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
#    distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
#    WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
#    License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
#    under the License.

"""
A connection to a hypervisor through libvirt.

Supports KVM, LXC, QEMU, UML, XEN and Parallels.

"""

import collections
import contextlib
import errno
import functools
import glob
import itertools
import mmap
import operator
import os
import shutil
import tempfile
import time
import uuid

import eventlet
from eventlet import greenthread
from eventlet import tpool
from lxml import etree
from os_brick.initiator import connector
from oslo_concurrency import processutils
from oslo_config import cfg
from oslo_log import log as logging
from oslo_serialization import jsonutils
from oslo_service import loopingcall
from oslo_utils import excutils
from oslo_utils import fileutils
from oslo_utils import importutils
from oslo_utils import strutils
from oslo_utils import timeutils
from oslo_utils import units
import six
from six.moves import range

from nova.api.metadata import base as instance_metadata
from nova import block_device
from nova.compute import arch
from nova.compute import hv_type
from nova.compute import power_state
from nova.compute import task_states
from nova.compute import utils as compute_utils
from nova.compute import vm_mode
import nova.conf
from nova.console import serial as serial_console
from nova.console import type as ctype
from nova import context as nova_context
from nova import exception
from nova.i18n import _
from nova.i18n import _LE
from nova.i18n import _LI
from nova.i18n import _LW
from nova import image
from nova.network import model as network_model
from nova import objects
from nova.objects import fields
from nova.objects import migrate_data as migrate_data_obj
from nova.pci import manager as pci_manager
from nova.pci import utils as pci_utils
from nova import utils
from nova import version
from nova.virt import block_device as driver_block_device
from nova.virt import configdrive
from nova.virt import diagnostics
from nova.virt.disk import api as disk
from nova.virt.disk.vfs import guestfs
from nova.virt import driver
from nova.virt import firewall
from nova.virt import hardware
from nova.virt.image import model as imgmodel
from nova.virt import images
from nova.virt.libvirt import blockinfo
from nova.virt.libvirt import config as vconfig
from nova.virt.libvirt import firewall as libvirt_firewall
from nova.virt.libvirt import guest as libvirt_guest
from nova.virt.libvirt import host
from nova.virt.libvirt import imagebackend
from nova.virt.libvirt import imagecache
from nova.virt.libvirt import instancejobtracker
from nova.virt.libvirt.storage import dmcrypt
from nova.virt.libvirt.storage import lvm
from nova.virt.libvirt.storage import rbd_utils
from nova.virt.libvirt import utils as libvirt_utils
from nova.virt.libvirt import vif as libvirt_vif
from nova.virt.libvirt.volume import remotefs
from nova.virt import netutils
from nova.virt import watchdog_actions
from nova import volume
from nova.volume import encryptors

libvirt = None

uefi_logged = False

LOG = logging.getLogger(__name__)

# Downtime period in milliseconds
LIVE_MIGRATION_DOWNTIME_MIN = 100
# Step count
LIVE_MIGRATION_DOWNTIME_STEPS_MIN = 3
# Delay in seconds
LIVE_MIGRATION_DOWNTIME_DELAY_MIN = 10

libvirt_opts = [
    cfg.StrOpt('rescue_image_id',
               help='Rescue ami image. This will not be used if an image id '
                    'is provided by the user.'),
    cfg.StrOpt('rescue_kernel_id',
               help='Rescue aki image'),
    cfg.StrOpt('rescue_ramdisk_id',
               help='Rescue ari image'),
    cfg.StrOpt('virt_type',
               default='kvm',
               choices=('kvm', 'lxc', 'qemu', 'uml', 'xen', 'parallels'),
               help='Libvirt domain type'),
    cfg.StrOpt('connection_uri',
               default='',
               help='Override the default libvirt URI '
                    '(which is dependent on virt_type)'),
    cfg.BoolOpt('inject_password',
                default=False,
                help='Inject the admin password at boot time, '
                     'without an agent.'),
    cfg.BoolOpt('inject_key',
                default=False,
                help='Inject the ssh public key at boot time'),
    cfg.IntOpt('inject_partition',
                default=-2,
                help='The partition to inject to : '
                     '-2 => disable, -1 => inspect (libguestfs only), '
                     '0 => not partitioned, >0 => partition number'),
    cfg.BoolOpt('use_usb_tablet',
                default=True,
                help='Sync virtual and real mouse cursors in Windows VMs'),
    cfg.StrOpt('live_migration_inbound_addr',
               help='Live migration target ip or hostname '
                    '(if this option is set to None, which is the default, '
                    'the hostname of the migration target '
                    'compute node will be used)'),
    cfg.StrOpt('live_migration_uri',
               help='Override the default libvirt live migration target URI '
                    '(which is dependent on virt_type) '
                    '(any included "%s" is replaced with '
                    'the migration target hostname)'),
    cfg.StrOpt('live_migration_flag',
               default='VIR_MIGRATE_UNDEFINE_SOURCE, VIR_MIGRATE_PEER2PEER, '
                       'VIR_MIGRATE_LIVE, VIR_MIGRATE_TUNNELLED',
               help='Migration flags to be set for live migration',
               deprecated_for_removal=True,
               deprecated_reason='The correct live migration flags can be '
                                 'inferred from the new '
                                 'live_migration_tunnelled config option. '
                                 'live_migration_flag will be removed to '
                                 'avoid potential misconfiguration.'),
    cfg.StrOpt('block_migration_flag',
               default='VIR_MIGRATE_UNDEFINE_SOURCE, VIR_MIGRATE_PEER2PEER, '
                       'VIR_MIGRATE_LIVE, VIR_MIGRATE_TUNNELLED, '
                       'VIR_MIGRATE_NON_SHARED_INC',
               help='Migration flags to be set for block migration',
               deprecated_for_removal=True,
               deprecated_reason='The correct block migration flags can be '
                                 'inferred from the new '
                                 'live_migration_tunnelled config option. '
                                 'block_migration_flag will be removed to '
                                 'avoid potential misconfiguration.'),
    cfg.BoolOpt('live_migration_tunnelled',
                help='Whether to use tunnelled migration, where migration '
                     'data is transported over the libvirtd connection. If '
                     'True, we use the VIR_MIGRATE_TUNNELLED migration flag, '
                     'avoiding the need to configure the network to allow '
                     'direct hypervisor to hypervisor communication. If '
                     'False, use the native transport. If not set, Nova '
                     'will choose a sensible default based on, for example '
                     'the availability of native encryption support in the '
                     'hypervisor.'),
    cfg.IntOpt('live_migration_bandwidth',
               default=0,
               help='Maximum bandwidth(in MiB/s) to be used during migration. '
                    'If set to 0, will choose a suitable default. Some '
                    'hypervisors do not support this feature and will return '
                    'an error if bandwidth is not 0. Please refer to the '
                    'libvirt documentation for further details'),
    cfg.IntOpt('live_migration_downtime',
               default=500,
               help='Maximum permitted downtime, in milliseconds, for live '
                    'migration switchover. Will be rounded up to a minimum '
                    'of %dms. Use a large value if guest liveness is '
                    'unimportant.' % LIVE_MIGRATION_DOWNTIME_MIN),
    cfg.IntOpt('live_migration_downtime_steps',
               default=10,
               help='Number of incremental steps to reach max downtime value. '
                    'Will be rounded up to a minimum of %d steps' %
                    LIVE_MIGRATION_DOWNTIME_STEPS_MIN),
    cfg.IntOpt('live_migration_downtime_delay',
               default=75,
               help='Time to wait, in seconds, between each step increase '
                    'of the migration downtime. Minimum delay is %d seconds. '
                    'Value is per GiB of guest RAM + disk to be transferred, '
                    'with lower bound of a minimum of 2 GiB per device' %
                    LIVE_MIGRATION_DOWNTIME_DELAY_MIN),
    cfg.IntOpt('live_migration_completion_timeout',
               default=800,
               help='Time to wait, in seconds, for migration to successfully '
                    'complete transferring data before aborting the '
                    'operation. Value is per GiB of guest RAM + disk to be '
                    'transferred, with lower bound of a minimum of 2 GiB. '
                    'Should usually be larger than downtime delay * downtime '
                    'steps. Set to 0 to disable timeouts.'),
    cfg.IntOpt('live_migration_progress_timeout',
               default=150,
               help='Time to wait, in seconds, for migration to make forward '
                    'progress in transferring data before aborting the '
                    'operation. Set to 0 to disable timeouts.'),
    cfg.StrOpt('snapshot_image_format',
               choices=('raw', 'qcow2', 'vmdk', 'vdi'),
               help='Snapshot image format. Defaults to same as source image'),
    cfg.StrOpt('disk_prefix',
               help='Override the default disk prefix for the devices attached'
                    ' to a server, which is dependent on virt_type. '
                    '(valid options are: sd, xvd, uvd, vd)'),
    cfg.IntOpt('wait_soft_reboot_seconds',
               default=120,
               help='Number of seconds to wait for instance to shut down after'
                    ' soft reboot request is made. We fall back to hard reboot'
                    ' if instance does not shutdown within this window.'),
    cfg.StrOpt('cpu_mode',
               choices=('host-model', 'host-passthrough', 'custom', 'none'),
               help='Set to "host-model" to clone the host CPU feature flags; '
                    'to "host-passthrough" to use the host CPU model exactly; '
                    'to "custom" to use a named CPU model; '
                    'to "none" to not set any CPU model. '
                    'If virt_type="kvm|qemu", it will default to '
                    '"host-model", otherwise it will default to "none"'),
    cfg.StrOpt('cpu_model',
               help='Set to a named libvirt CPU model (see names listed '
                    'in /usr/share/libvirt/cpu_map.xml). Only has effect if '
                    'cpu_mode="custom" and virt_type="kvm|qemu"'),
    cfg.StrOpt('snapshots_directory',
               default='$instances_path/snapshots',
               help='Location where libvirt driver will store snapshots '
                    'before uploading them to image service'),
    cfg.StrOpt('xen_hvmloader_path',
                default='/usr/lib/xen/boot/hvmloader',
                help='Location where the Xen hvmloader is kept'),
    cfg.ListOpt('disk_cachemodes',
                 default=[],
                 help='Specific cachemodes to use for different disk types '
                      'e.g: file=directsync,block=none'),
    cfg.StrOpt('rng_dev_path',
                help='A path to a device that will be used as source of '
                     'entropy on the host. Permitted options are: '
                     '/dev/random or /dev/hwrng'),
    cfg.ListOpt('hw_machine_type',
               help='For qemu or KVM guests, set this option to specify '
                    'a default machine type per host architecture. '
                    'You can find a list of supported machine types '
                    'in your environment by checking the output of '
                    'the "virsh capabilities"command. The format of the '
                    'value for this config option is host-arch=machine-type. '
                    'For example: x86_64=machinetype1,armv7l=machinetype2'),
    cfg.StrOpt('sysinfo_serial',
               default='auto',
               choices=('none', 'os', 'hardware', 'auto'),
               help='The data source used to the populate the host "serial" '
                    'UUID exposed to guest in the virtual BIOS.'),
    cfg.IntOpt('mem_stats_period_seconds',
                default=10,
                help='A number of seconds to memory usage statistics period. '
                     'Zero or negative value mean to disable memory usage '
                     'statistics.'),
    cfg.ListOpt('uid_maps',
                default=[],
                help='List of uid targets and ranges.'
                     'Syntax is guest-uid:host-uid:count'
                     'Maximum of 5 allowed.'),
    cfg.ListOpt('gid_maps',
                default=[],
                help='List of guid targets and ranges.'
                     'Syntax is guest-gid:host-gid:count'
                     'Maximum of 5 allowed.'),
    cfg.IntOpt('realtime_scheduler_priority',
               default=1,
               help='In a realtime host context vCPUs for guest will run in '
               'that scheduling priority. Priority depends on the host '
               'kernel (usually 1-99)')
    ]

CONF = nova.conf.CONF
CONF.register_opts(libvirt_opts, 'libvirt')
CONF.import_opt('host', 'nova.netconf')
CONF.import_opt('my_ip', 'nova.netconf')
CONF.import_opt('enabled', 'nova.compute.api',
                group='ephemeral_storage_encryption')
CONF.import_opt('cipher', 'nova.compute.api',
                group='ephemeral_storage_encryption')
CONF.import_opt('key_size', 'nova.compute.api',
                group='ephemeral_storage_encryption')
CONF.import_opt('live_migration_retry_count', 'nova.compute.manager')
CONF.import_opt('server_proxyclient_address', 'nova.spice', group='spice')
CONF.import_opt('vcpu_pin_set', 'nova.conf.virt')
CONF.import_opt('hw_disk_discard', 'nova.virt.libvirt.imagebackend',
                group='libvirt')
CONF.import_group('workarounds', 'nova.utils')
CONF.import_opt('iscsi_use_multipath', 'nova.virt.libvirt.volume.iscsi',
                group='libvirt')

DEFAULT_FIREWALL_DRIVER = "%s.%s" % (
    libvirt_firewall.__name__,
    libvirt_firewall.IptablesFirewallDriver.__name__)

DEFAULT_UEFI_LOADER_PATH = {
    "x86_64": "/usr/share/OVMF/OVMF_CODE.fd",
    "aarch64": "/usr/share/AAVMF/AAVMF_CODE.fd"
}

MAX_CONSOLE_BYTES = 100 * units.Ki

# The libvirt driver will prefix any disable reason codes with this string.
DISABLE_PREFIX = 'AUTO: '
# Disable reason for the service which was enabled or disabled without reason
DISABLE_REASON_UNDEFINED = None

# Guest config console string
CONSOLE = "console=tty0 console=ttyS0"

GuestNumaConfig = collections.namedtuple(
    'GuestNumaConfig', ['cpuset', 'cputune', 'numaconfig', 'numatune'])

libvirt_volume_drivers = [
    'iscsi=nova.virt.libvirt.volume.iscsi.LibvirtISCSIVolumeDriver',
    'iser=nova.virt.libvirt.volume.iser.LibvirtISERVolumeDriver',
    'local=nova.virt.libvirt.volume.volume.LibvirtVolumeDriver',
    'fake=nova.virt.libvirt.volume.volume.LibvirtFakeVolumeDriver',
    'rbd=nova.virt.libvirt.volume.net.LibvirtNetVolumeDriver',
    'sheepdog=nova.virt.libvirt.volume.net.LibvirtNetVolumeDriver',
    'nfs=nova.virt.libvirt.volume.nfs.LibvirtNFSVolumeDriver',
    'smbfs=nova.virt.libvirt.volume.smbfs.LibvirtSMBFSVolumeDriver',
    'aoe=nova.virt.libvirt.volume.aoe.LibvirtAOEVolumeDriver',
    'glusterfs='
        'nova.virt.libvirt.volume.glusterfs.LibvirtGlusterfsVolumeDriver',
    'fibre_channel='
        'nova.virt.libvirt.volume.fibrechannel.'
        'LibvirtFibreChannelVolumeDriver',
    'scality=nova.virt.libvirt.volume.scality.LibvirtScalityVolumeDriver',
    'gpfs=nova.virt.libvirt.volume.gpfs.LibvirtGPFSVolumeDriver',
    'quobyte=nova.virt.libvirt.volume.quobyte.LibvirtQuobyteVolumeDriver',
    'hgst=nova.virt.libvirt.volume.hgst.LibvirtHGSTVolumeDriver',
    'scaleio=nova.virt.libvirt.volume.scaleio.LibvirtScaleIOVolumeDriver',
    'disco=nova.virt.libvirt.volume.disco.LibvirtDISCOVolumeDriver',
]


def patch_tpool_proxy():
    """eventlet.tpool.Proxy doesn't work with old-style class in __str__()
    or __repr__() calls. See bug #962840 for details.
    We perform a monkey patch to replace those two instance methods.
    """
    def str_method(self):
        return str(self._obj)

    def repr_method(self):
        return repr(self._obj)

    tpool.Proxy.__str__ = str_method
    tpool.Proxy.__repr__ = repr_method


patch_tpool_proxy()

# For information about when MIN_LIBVIRT_VERSION and
# NEXT_MIN_LIBVIRT_VERSION can be changed, consult
#
#   https://wiki.openstack.org/wiki/LibvirtDistroSupportMatrix
#
# Currently this is effectively the min version for i686/x86_64
# + KVM/QEMU, as other architectures/hypervisors require newer
# versions. Over time, this will become a common min version
# for all architectures/hypervisors, as this value rises to
# meet them.
MIN_LIBVIRT_VERSION = (0, 10, 2)
# TODO(berrange): Re-evaluate this at start of each release cycle
# to decide if we want to plan a future min version bump.
# MIN_LIBVIRT_VERSION can be updated to match this after
# NEXT_MIN_LIBVIRT_VERSION  has been at a higher value for
# one cycle
NEXT_MIN_LIBVIRT_VERSION = (1, 2, 1)

# When the above version matches/exceeds this version
# delete it & corresponding code using it
MIN_LIBVIRT_DEVICE_CALLBACK_VERSION = (1, 1, 1)
# Live snapshot requirements
MIN_LIBVIRT_LIVESNAPSHOT_VERSION = (1, 0, 0)
MIN_QEMU_LIVESNAPSHOT_VERSION = (1, 3, 0)
# BlockJobInfo management requirement
MIN_LIBVIRT_BLOCKJOBINFO_VERSION = (1, 1, 1)
# Relative block commit & rebase (feature is detected,
# this version is only used for messaging)
MIN_LIBVIRT_BLOCKJOB_RELATIVE_VERSION = (1, 2, 7)
# Libvirt version 1.2.17 is required for successfull block live migration
# of vm booted from image with attached devices
MIN_LIBVIRT_BLOCK_LM_WITH_VOLUMES_VERSION = (1, 2, 17)
# libvirt discard feature
MIN_LIBVIRT_DISCARD_VERSION = (1, 0, 6)
MIN_QEMU_DISCARD_VERSION = (1, 6, 0)
# While earlier versions could support NUMA reporting and
# NUMA placement, not until 1.2.7 was there the ability
# to pin guest nodes to host nodes, so mandate that. Without
# this the scheduler cannot make guaranteed decisions, as the
# guest placement may not match what was requested
MIN_LIBVIRT_NUMA_VERSION = (1, 2, 7)
# PowerPC based hosts that support NUMA using libvirt
MIN_LIBVIRT_NUMA_VERSION_PPC = (1, 2, 19)
# Versions of libvirt with known NUMA topology issues
# See bug #1449028
BAD_LIBVIRT_NUMA_VERSIONS = [(1, 2, 9, 2)]
# While earlier versions could support hugepage backed
# guests, not until 1.2.8 was there the ability to request
# a particular huge page size. Without this the scheduler
# cannot make guaranteed decisions, as the huge page size
# used by the guest may not match what was requested
MIN_LIBVIRT_HUGEPAGE_VERSION = (1, 2, 8)
# Versions of libvirt with broken cpu pinning support. This excludes
# versions of libvirt with broken NUMA support since pinning needs
# NUMA
# See bug #1438226
BAD_LIBVIRT_CPU_POLICY_VERSIONS = [(1, 2, 10)]
# qemu 2.1 introduces support for pinning memory on host
# NUMA nodes, along with the ability to specify hugepage
# sizes per guest NUMA node
MIN_QEMU_NUMA_HUGEPAGE_VERSION = (2, 1, 0)
# fsFreeze/fsThaw requirement
MIN_LIBVIRT_FSFREEZE_VERSION = (1, 2, 5)

# UEFI booting support
MIN_LIBVIRT_UEFI_VERSION = (1, 2, 9)

# Hyper-V paravirtualized time source
MIN_LIBVIRT_HYPERV_TIMER_VERSION = (1, 2, 2)
MIN_QEMU_HYPERV_TIMER_VERSION = (2, 0, 0)

MIN_LIBVIRT_HYPERV_FEATURE_VERSION = (1, 0, 0)
MIN_LIBVIRT_HYPERV_FEATURE_EXTRA_VERSION = (1, 1, 0)
MIN_QEMU_HYPERV_FEATURE_VERSION = (1, 1, 0)

# parallels driver support
MIN_LIBVIRT_PARALLELS_VERSION = (1, 2, 12)

# Ability to set the user guest password with Qemu
MIN_LIBVIRT_SET_ADMIN_PASSWD = (1, 2, 16)

# s/390 & s/390x architectures with KVM
MIN_LIBVIRT_KVM_S390_VERSION = (1, 2, 13)
MIN_QEMU_S390_VERSION = (2, 3, 0)

# libvirt < 1.3 reported virt_functions capability
# only when VFs are enabled.
# libvirt 1.3 fix f391889f4e942e22b9ef8ecca492de05106ce41e
MIN_LIBVIRT_PF_WITH_NO_VFS_CAP_VERSION = (1, 3, 0)

# ppc64/ppc64le architectures with KVM
# NOTE(rfolco): Same levels for Libvirt/Qemu on Big Endian and Little
# Endian giving the nuance around guest vs host architectures
MIN_LIBVIRT_KVM_PPC64_VERSION = (1, 2, 12)
MIN_QEMU_PPC64_VERSION = (2, 1, 0)

# Names of the types that do not get compressed during migration
NO_COMPRESSION_TYPES = ('qcow2',)

# realtime suppport
MIN_LIBVIRT_REALTIME_VERSION = (1, 2, 13)

MIN_LIBVIRT_OTHER_ARCH = {arch.S390: MIN_LIBVIRT_KVM_S390_VERSION,
                          arch.S390X: MIN_LIBVIRT_KVM_S390_VERSION,
                          arch.PPC: MIN_LIBVIRT_KVM_PPC64_VERSION,
                          arch.PPC64: MIN_LIBVIRT_KVM_PPC64_VERSION,
                          arch.PPC64LE: MIN_LIBVIRT_KVM_PPC64_VERSION,
                         }
MIN_QEMU_OTHER_ARCH = {arch.S390: MIN_QEMU_S390_VERSION,
                       arch.S390X: MIN_QEMU_S390_VERSION,
                       arch.PPC: MIN_QEMU_PPC64_VERSION,
                       arch.PPC64: MIN_QEMU_PPC64_VERSION,
                       arch.PPC64LE: MIN_QEMU_PPC64_VERSION,
                      }


class LibvirtDriver(driver.ComputeDriver):
    capabilities = {
        "has_imagecache": True,
        "supports_recreate": True,
        "supports_migrate_to_same_host": False
    }

    def __init__(self, virtapi, read_only=False):
        super(LibvirtDriver, self).__init__(virtapi)

        global libvirt
        if libvirt is None:
            libvirt = importutils.import_module('libvirt')

        self._host = host.Host(self._uri(), read_only,
                               lifecycle_event_handler=self.emit_event,
                               conn_event_handler=self._handle_conn_event)
        self._initiator = None
        self._fc_wwnns = None
        self._fc_wwpns = None
        self._caps = None
        self.firewall_driver = firewall.load_driver(
            DEFAULT_FIREWALL_DRIVER,
            host=self._host)

        self.vif_driver = libvirt_vif.LibvirtGenericVIFDriver()

        self.volume_drivers = driver.driver_dict_from_config(
            self._get_volume_drivers(), self)

        self._disk_cachemode = None
        self.image_cache_manager = imagecache.ImageCacheManager()
        self.image_backend = imagebackend.Backend(CONF.use_cow_images)

        self.disk_cachemodes = {}

        self.valid_cachemodes = ["default",
                                 "none",
                                 "writethrough",
                                 "writeback",
                                 "directsync",
                                 "unsafe",
                                ]
        self._conn_supports_start_paused = CONF.libvirt.virt_type in ('kvm',
                                                                      'qemu')

        for mode_str in CONF.libvirt.disk_cachemodes:
            disk_type, sep, cache_mode = mode_str.partition('=')
            if cache_mode not in self.valid_cachemodes:
                LOG.warn(_LW('Invalid cachemode %(cache_mode)s specified '
                             'for disk type %(disk_type)s.'),
                         {'cache_mode': cache_mode, 'disk_type': disk_type})
                continue
            self.disk_cachemodes[disk_type] = cache_mode

        self._volume_api = volume.API()
        self._image_api = image.API()

        sysinfo_serial_funcs = {
            'none': lambda: None,
            'hardware': self._get_host_sysinfo_serial_hardware,
            'os': self._get_host_sysinfo_serial_os,
            'auto': self._get_host_sysinfo_serial_auto,
        }

        self._sysinfo_serial_func = sysinfo_serial_funcs.get(
            CONF.libvirt.sysinfo_serial)

        self.job_tracker = instancejobtracker.InstanceJobTracker()
        self._remotefs = remotefs.RemoteFilesystem()

        self._live_migration_flags = self._block_migration_flags = None

    def _get_volume_drivers(self):
        return libvirt_volume_drivers

    @property
    def disk_cachemode(self):
        if self._disk_cachemode is None:
            # We prefer 'none' for consistent performance, host crash
            # safety & migration correctness by avoiding host page cache.
            # Some filesystems (eg GlusterFS via FUSE) don't support
            # O_DIRECT though. For those we fallback to 'writethrough'
            # which gives host crash safety, and is safe for migration
            # provided the filesystem is cache coherent (cluster filesystems
            # typically are, but things like NFS are not).
            self._disk_cachemode = "none"
            if not self._supports_direct_io(CONF.instances_path):
                self._disk_cachemode = "writethrough"
        return self._disk_cachemode

    def _set_cache_mode(self, conf):
        """Set cache mode on LibvirtConfigGuestDisk object."""
        try:
            source_type = conf.source_type
            driver_cache = conf.driver_cache
        except AttributeError:
            return

        cache_mode = self.disk_cachemodes.get(source_type,
                                              driver_cache)
        conf.driver_cache = cache_mode

    def _do_quality_warnings(self):
        """Warn about untested driver configurations.

        This will log a warning message about untested driver or host arch
        configurations to indicate to administrators that the quality is
        unknown. Currently, only qemu or kvm on intel 32- or 64-bit systems
        is tested upstream.
        """
        caps = self._host.get_capabilities()
        hostarch = caps.host.cpu.arch
        if (CONF.libvirt.virt_type not in ('qemu', 'kvm') or
            hostarch not in (arch.I686, arch.X86_64)):
            LOG.warn(_LW('The libvirt driver is not tested on '
                         '%(type)s/%(arch)s by the OpenStack project and '
                         'thus its quality can not be ensured. For more '
                         'information, see: https://wiki.openstack.org/wiki/'
                         'HypervisorSupportMatrix'),
                        {'type': CONF.libvirt.virt_type, 'arch': hostarch})

    def _handle_conn_event(self, enabled, reason):
        LOG.info(_LI("Connection event '%(enabled)d' reason '%(reason)s'"),
                 {'enabled': enabled, 'reason': reason})
        self._set_host_enabled(enabled, reason)

    def _version_to_string(self, version):
        return '.'.join([str(x) for x in version])

    def init_host(self, host):
        self._host.initialize()

        self._do_quality_warnings()

        self._parse_migration_flags()

        if (CONF.libvirt.virt_type == 'lxc' and
                not (CONF.libvirt.uid_maps and CONF.libvirt.gid_maps)):
            LOG.warn(_LW("Running libvirt-lxc without user namespaces is "
                         "dangerous. Containers spawned by Nova will be run "
                         "as the host's root user. It is highly suggested "
                         "that user namespaces be used in a public or "
                         "multi-tenant environment."))

        # Stop libguestfs using KVM unless we're also configured
        # to use this. This solves problem where people need to
        # stop Nova use of KVM because nested-virt is broken
        if CONF.libvirt.virt_type != "kvm":
            guestfs.force_tcg()

        if not self._host.has_min_version(MIN_LIBVIRT_VERSION):
            raise exception.NovaException(
                _('Nova requires libvirt version %s or greater.') %
                self._version_to_string(MIN_LIBVIRT_VERSION))

        if (CONF.libvirt.virt_type == 'parallels' and
            not self._host.has_min_version(MIN_LIBVIRT_PARALLELS_VERSION)):
            raise exception.NovaException(
                _('Running Nova with parallels virt_type requires '
                  'libvirt version %s') %
                self._version_to_string(MIN_LIBVIRT_PARALLELS_VERSION))

        # Give the cloud admin a heads up if we are intending to
        # change the MIN_LIBVIRT_VERSION in the next release.
        if not self._host.has_min_version(NEXT_MIN_LIBVIRT_VERSION):
            LOG.warning(_LW('Running Nova with a libvirt version less than '
                            '%(version)s is deprecated. The required minimum '
                            'version of libvirt will be raised to %(version)s '
                            'in the next release.'),
                        {'version': self._version_to_string(
                            NEXT_MIN_LIBVIRT_VERSION)})

        kvm_arch = arch.from_host()
        if (CONF.libvirt.virt_type in ('kvm', 'qemu') and
            kvm_arch in MIN_LIBVIRT_OTHER_ARCH and
                not self._host.has_min_version(
                                        MIN_LIBVIRT_OTHER_ARCH.get(kvm_arch),
                                        MIN_QEMU_OTHER_ARCH.get(kvm_arch))):
                raise exception.NovaException(
                    _('Running Nova with qemu/kvm virt_type on %(arch)s '
                      'requires libvirt version %(libvirt_ver)s and '
                      'qemu version %(qemu_ver)s, or greater') %
                    {'arch': kvm_arch,
                     'libvirt_ver': self._version_to_string(
                        MIN_LIBVIRT_OTHER_ARCH.get(kvm_arch)),
                     'qemu_ver': self._version_to_string(
                        MIN_QEMU_OTHER_ARCH.get(kvm_arch))})

    def _check_required_migration_flags(self, migration_flags, config_name):
        if CONF.libvirt.virt_type == 'xen':
            if (migration_flags & libvirt.VIR_MIGRATE_PEER2PEER) != 0:
                LOG.warning(_LW('Removing the VIR_MIGRATE_PEER2PEER flag from '
                                '%(config_name)s because peer-to-peer '
                                'migrations are not supported by the "xen" '
                                'virt type'),
                            {'config_name': config_name})
                migration_flags &= ~libvirt.VIR_MIGRATE_PEER2PEER
        else:
            if (migration_flags & libvirt.VIR_MIGRATE_PEER2PEER) == 0:
                LOG.warning(_LW('Adding the VIR_MIGRATE_PEER2PEER flag to '
                                '%(config_name)s because direct migrations '
                                'are not supported by the %(virt_type)s '
                                'virt type'),
                            {'config_name': config_name,
                             'virt_type': CONF.libvirt.virt_type})
                migration_flags |= libvirt.VIR_MIGRATE_PEER2PEER

        if (migration_flags & libvirt.VIR_MIGRATE_UNDEFINE_SOURCE) == 0:
            LOG.warning(_LW('Adding the VIR_MIGRATE_UNDEFINE_SOURCE flag to '
                            '%(config_name)s because, without it, migrated '
                            'VMs will remain defined on the source host'),
                        {'config_name': config_name})
            migration_flags |= libvirt.VIR_MIGRATE_UNDEFINE_SOURCE

        if (migration_flags & libvirt.VIR_MIGRATE_PERSIST_DEST) != 0:
            LOG.warning(_LW('Removing the VIR_MIGRATE_PERSIST_DEST flag from '
                            '%(config_name)s as Nova ensures the VM is '
                            'persisted on the destination host'),
                        {'config_name': config_name})
            migration_flags &= ~libvirt.VIR_MIGRATE_PERSIST_DEST

        return migration_flags

    def _check_block_migration_flags(self, live_migration_flags,
                                     block_migration_flags):
        if (live_migration_flags & libvirt.VIR_MIGRATE_NON_SHARED_INC) != 0:
            LOG.warning(_LW('Removing the VIR_MIGRATE_NON_SHARED_INC flag '
                            'from the live_migration_flag config option '
                            'because it will cause all live-migrations to be '
                            'block-migrations instead.'))
            live_migration_flags &= ~libvirt.VIR_MIGRATE_NON_SHARED_INC

        if (block_migration_flags & libvirt.VIR_MIGRATE_NON_SHARED_INC) == 0:
            LOG.warning(_LW('Adding the VIR_MIGRATE_NON_SHARED_INC flag to '
                            'the block_migration_flag config option, '
                            'otherwise all block-migrations will be '
                            'live-migrations instead.'))
            block_migration_flags |= libvirt.VIR_MIGRATE_NON_SHARED_INC

        return (live_migration_flags, block_migration_flags)

    def _handle_live_migration_tunnelled(self, migration_flags, config_name):
        if CONF.libvirt.live_migration_tunnelled is None:
            return migration_flags

        if CONF.libvirt.live_migration_tunnelled:
            if (migration_flags & libvirt.VIR_MIGRATE_TUNNELLED) == 0:
                LOG.warning(_LW('The %(config_name)s config option does not '
                                'contain the VIR_MIGRATE_TUNNELLED flag but '
                                'the live_migration_tunnelled is set to True '
                                'which causes VIR_MIGRATE_TUNNELLED to be '
                                'set'),
                            {'config_name': config_name})
            migration_flags |= libvirt.VIR_MIGRATE_TUNNELLED
        else:
            if (migration_flags & libvirt.VIR_MIGRATE_TUNNELLED) != 0:
                LOG.warning(_LW('The %(config_name)s config option contains '
                                'the VIR_MIGRATE_TUNNELLED flag but the '
                                'live_migration_tunnelled is set to False '
                                'which causes VIR_MIGRATE_TUNNELLED to be '
                                'unset'),
                            {'config_name': config_name})
            migration_flags &= ~libvirt.VIR_MIGRATE_TUNNELLED

        return migration_flags

    def _parse_migration_flags(self):
        def str2sum(str_val):
            logical_sum = 0
            for s in [i.strip() for i in str_val.split(',') if i]:
                try:
                    logical_sum |= getattr(libvirt, s)
                except AttributeError:
                    LOG.warning(_LW("Ignoring unknown libvirt live migration "
                                    "flag '%(flag)s'"), {'flag': s})
            return logical_sum

        live_migration_flags = str2sum(CONF.libvirt.live_migration_flag)
        block_migration_flags = str2sum(CONF.libvirt.block_migration_flag)

        live_config_name = 'live_migration_flag'
        block_config_name = 'block_migration_flag'

        live_migration_flags = self._check_required_migration_flags(
            live_migration_flags, live_config_name)
        block_migration_flags = self._check_required_migration_flags(
            block_migration_flags, block_config_name)

        (live_migration_flags,
         block_migration_flags) = self._check_block_migration_flags(
             live_migration_flags, block_migration_flags)

        live_migration_flags = self._handle_live_migration_tunnelled(
            live_migration_flags, live_config_name)
        block_migration_flags = self._handle_live_migration_tunnelled(
            block_migration_flags, block_config_name)

        self._live_migration_flags = live_migration_flags
        self._block_migration_flags = block_migration_flags

    # TODO(sahid): This method is targeted for removal when the tests
    # have been updated to avoid its use
    #
    # All libvirt API calls on the libvirt.Connect object should be
    # encapsulated by methods on the nova.virt.libvirt.host.Host
    # object, rather than directly invoking the libvirt APIs. The goal
    # is to avoid a direct dependency on the libvirt API from the
    # driver.py file.
    def _get_connection(self):
        return self._host.get_connection()

    _conn = property(_get_connection)

    @staticmethod
    def _uri():
        if CONF.libvirt.virt_type == 'uml':
            uri = CONF.libvirt.connection_uri or 'uml:///system'
        elif CONF.libvirt.virt_type == 'xen':
            uri = CONF.libvirt.connection_uri or 'xen:///'
        elif CONF.libvirt.virt_type == 'lxc':
            uri = CONF.libvirt.connection_uri or 'lxc:///'
        elif CONF.libvirt.virt_type == 'parallels':
            uri = CONF.libvirt.connection_uri or 'parallels:///system'
        else:
            uri = CONF.libvirt.connection_uri or 'qemu:///system'
        return uri

    @staticmethod
    def _live_migration_uri(dest):
        # Only Xen and QEMU support live migration, see
        # https://libvirt.org/migration.html#scenarios for reference
        uris = {
            'kvm': 'qemu+tcp://%s/system',
            'qemu': 'qemu+tcp://%s/system',
            'xen': 'xenmigr://%s/system',
        }
        virt_type = CONF.libvirt.virt_type
        uri = CONF.libvirt.live_migration_uri or uris.get(virt_type)
        if uri is None:
            raise exception.LiveMigrationURINotAvailable(virt_type=virt_type)
        return uri % dest

    def instance_exists(self, instance):
        """Efficient override of base instance_exists method."""
        try:
            self._host.get_guest(instance)
            return True
        except exception.NovaException:
            return False

    def list_instances(self):
        names = []
        for guest in self._host.list_guests(only_running=False):
            names.append(guest.name)

        return names

    def list_instance_uuids(self):
        uuids = []
        for guest in self._host.list_guests(only_running=False):
            uuids.append(guest.uuid)

        return uuids

    def plug_vifs(self, instance, network_info):
        """Plug VIFs into networks."""
        for vif in network_info:
            self.vif_driver.plug(instance, vif)

    def _unplug_vifs(self, instance, network_info, ignore_errors):
        """Unplug VIFs from networks."""
        for vif in network_info:
            try:
                self.vif_driver.unplug(instance, vif)
            except exception.NovaException:
                if not ignore_errors:
                    raise

    def unplug_vifs(self, instance, network_info):
        self._unplug_vifs(instance, network_info, False)

    def _teardown_container(self, instance):
        inst_path = libvirt_utils.get_instance_path(instance)
        container_dir = os.path.join(inst_path, 'rootfs')
        rootfs_dev = instance.system_metadata.get('rootfs_device_name')
        LOG.debug('Attempting to teardown container at path %(dir)s with '
                  'root device: %(rootfs_dev)s',
                  {'dir': container_dir, 'rootfs_dev': rootfs_dev},
                  instance=instance)
        disk.teardown_container(container_dir, rootfs_dev)

    def _destroy(self, instance, attempt=1):
        try:
            guest = self._host.get_guest(instance)
            if CONF.serial_console.enabled:
                # This method is called for several events: destroy,
                # rebuild, hard-reboot, power-off - For all of these
                # events we want to release the serial ports acquired
                # for the guest before destroying it.
                serials = self._get_serial_ports_from_guest(guest)
                for hostname, port in serials:
                    serial_console.release_port(host=hostname, port=port)
        except exception.InstanceNotFound:
            guest = None

        # If the instance is already terminated, we're still happy
        # Otherwise, destroy it
        old_domid = -1
        if guest is not None:
            try:
                old_domid = guest.id
                guest.poweroff()

            except libvirt.libvirtError as e:
                is_okay = False
                errcode = e.get_error_code()
                if errcode == libvirt.VIR_ERR_NO_DOMAIN:
                    # Domain already gone. This can safely be ignored.
                    is_okay = True
                elif errcode == libvirt.VIR_ERR_OPERATION_INVALID:
                    # If the instance is already shut off, we get this:
                    # Code=55 Error=Requested operation is not valid:
                    # domain is not running

                    state = guest.get_power_state(self._host)
                    if state == power_state.SHUTDOWN:
                        is_okay = True
                elif errcode == libvirt.VIR_ERR_INTERNAL_ERROR:
                    errmsg = e.get_error_message()
                    if (CONF.libvirt.virt_type == 'lxc' and
                        errmsg == 'internal error: '
                                  'Some processes refused to die'):
                        # Some processes in the container didn't die
                        # fast enough for libvirt. The container will
                        # eventually die. For now, move on and let
                        # the wait_for_destroy logic take over.
                        is_okay = True
                elif errcode == libvirt.VIR_ERR_OPERATION_TIMEOUT:
                    LOG.warn(_LW("Cannot destroy instance, operation time "
                                 "out"),
                             instance=instance)
                    reason = _("operation time out")
                    raise exception.InstancePowerOffFailure(reason=reason)
                elif errcode == libvirt.VIR_ERR_SYSTEM_ERROR:
                    if e.get_int1() == errno.EBUSY:
                        # NOTE(danpb): When libvirt kills a process it sends it
                        # SIGTERM first and waits 10 seconds. If it hasn't gone
                        # it sends SIGKILL and waits another 5 seconds. If it
                        # still hasn't gone then you get this EBUSY error.
                        # Usually when a QEMU process fails to go away upon
                        # SIGKILL it is because it is stuck in an
                        # uninterruptable kernel sleep waiting on I/O from
                        # some non-responsive server.
                        # Given the CPU load of the gate tests though, it is
                        # conceivable that the 15 second timeout is too short,
                        # particularly if the VM running tempest has a high
                        # steal time from the cloud host. ie 15 wallclock
                        # seconds may have passed, but the VM might have only
                        # have a few seconds of scheduled run time.
                        LOG.warn(_LW('Error from libvirt during destroy. '
                                     'Code=%(errcode)s Error=%(e)s; '
                                     'attempt %(attempt)d of 3'),
                                 {'errcode': errcode, 'e': e,
                                  'attempt': attempt},
                                 instance=instance)
                        with excutils.save_and_reraise_exception() as ctxt:
                            # Try up to 3 times before giving up.
                            if attempt < 3:
                                ctxt.reraise = False
                                self._destroy(instance, attempt + 1)
                                return

                if not is_okay:
                    with excutils.save_and_reraise_exception():
                        LOG.error(_LE('Error from libvirt during destroy. '
                                      'Code=%(errcode)s Error=%(e)s'),
                                  {'errcode': errcode, 'e': e},
                                  instance=instance)

        def _wait_for_destroy(expected_domid):
            """Called at an interval until the VM is gone."""
            # NOTE(vish): If the instance disappears during the destroy
            #             we ignore it so the cleanup can still be
            #             attempted because we would prefer destroy to
            #             never fail.
            try:
                dom_info = self.get_info(instance)
                state = dom_info.state
                new_domid = dom_info.id
            except exception.InstanceNotFound:
                LOG.info(_LI("During wait destroy, instance disappeared."),
                         instance=instance)
                raise loopingcall.LoopingCallDone()

            if state == power_state.SHUTDOWN:
                LOG.info(_LI("Instance destroyed successfully."),
                         instance=instance)
                raise loopingcall.LoopingCallDone()

            # NOTE(wangpan): If the instance was booted again after destroy,
            #                this may be an endless loop, so check the id of
            #                domain here, if it changed and the instance is
            #                still running, we should destroy it again.
            # see https://bugs.launchpad.net/nova/+bug/1111213 for more details
            if new_domid != expected_domid:
                LOG.info(_LI("Instance may be started again."),
                         instance=instance)
                kwargs['is_running'] = True
                raise loopingcall.LoopingCallDone()

        kwargs = {'is_running': False}
        timer = loopingcall.FixedIntervalLoopingCall(_wait_for_destroy,
                                                     old_domid)
        timer.start(interval=0.5).wait()
        if kwargs['is_running']:
            LOG.info(_LI("Going to destroy instance again."),
                     instance=instance)
            self._destroy(instance)
        else:
            # NOTE(GuanQiang): teardown container to avoid resource leak
            if CONF.libvirt.virt_type == 'lxc':
                self._teardown_container(instance)

    def destroy(self, context, instance, network_info, block_device_info=None,
                destroy_disks=True, migrate_data=None):
        self._destroy(instance)
        self.cleanup(context, instance, network_info, block_device_info,
                     destroy_disks, migrate_data)

    def _undefine_domain(self, instance):
        try:
            guest = self._host.get_guest(instance)
            try:
                guest.delete_configuration()
            except libvirt.libvirtError as e:
                with excutils.save_and_reraise_exception():
                    errcode = e.get_error_code()
                    LOG.error(_LE('Error from libvirt during undefine. '
                                  'Code=%(errcode)s Error=%(e)s'),
                              {'errcode': errcode, 'e': e}, instance=instance)
        except exception.InstanceNotFound:
            pass

    def cleanup(self, context, instance, network_info, block_device_info=None,
                destroy_disks=True, migrate_data=None, destroy_vifs=True):
        if destroy_vifs:
            self._unplug_vifs(instance, network_info, True)

        retry = True
        while retry:
            try:
                self.unfilter_instance(instance, network_info)
            except libvirt.libvirtError as e:
                try:
                    state = self.get_info(instance).state
                except exception.InstanceNotFound:
                    state = power_state.SHUTDOWN

                if state != power_state.SHUTDOWN:
                    LOG.warn(_LW("Instance may be still running, destroy "
                                 "it again."), instance=instance)
                    self._destroy(instance)
                else:
                    retry = False
                    errcode = e.get_error_code()
                    LOG.exception(_LE('Error from libvirt during unfilter. '
                                      'Code=%(errcode)s Error=%(e)s'),
                                  {'errcode': errcode, 'e': e},
                                  instance=instance)
                    reason = "Error unfiltering instance."
                    raise exception.InstanceTerminationFailure(reason=reason)
            except Exception:
                retry = False
                raise
            else:
                retry = False

        # FIXME(wangpan): if the instance is booted again here, such as the
        #                 the soft reboot operation boot it here, it will
        #                 become "running deleted", should we check and destroy
        #                 it at the end of this method?

        # NOTE(vish): we disconnect from volumes regardless
        block_device_mapping = driver.block_device_info_get_mapping(
            block_device_info)
        for vol in block_device_mapping:
            connection_info = vol['connection_info']
            disk_dev = vol['mount_device']
            if disk_dev is not None:
                disk_dev = disk_dev.rpartition("/")[2]

            if ('data' in connection_info and
                    'volume_id' in connection_info['data']):
                volume_id = connection_info['data']['volume_id']
                encryption = encryptors.get_encryption_metadata(
                    context, self._volume_api, volume_id, connection_info)

                if encryption:
                    # The volume must be detached from the VM before
                    # disconnecting it from its encryptor. Otherwise, the
                    # encryptor may report that the volume is still in use.
                    encryptor = self._get_volume_encryptor(connection_info,
                                                           encryption)
                    encryptor.detach_volume(**encryption)

            try:
                self._disconnect_volume(connection_info, disk_dev)
            except Exception as exc:
                with excutils.save_and_reraise_exception() as ctxt:
                    if destroy_disks:
                        # Don't block on Volume errors if we're trying to
                        # delete the instance as we may be partially created
                        # or deleted
                        ctxt.reraise = False
                        LOG.warn(_LW("Ignoring Volume Error on vol %(vol_id)s "
                                     "during delete %(exc)s"),
                                 {'vol_id': vol.get('volume_id'), 'exc': exc},
                                 instance=instance)

        if destroy_disks:
            # NOTE(haomai): destroy volumes if needed
            if CONF.libvirt.images_type == 'lvm':
                self._cleanup_lvm(instance, block_device_info)
            if CONF.libvirt.images_type == 'rbd':
                self._cleanup_rbd(instance)

        is_shared_block_storage = False
        if migrate_data and 'is_shared_block_storage' in migrate_data:
            is_shared_block_storage = migrate_data.is_shared_block_storage
        if destroy_disks or is_shared_block_storage:
            attempts = int(instance.system_metadata.get('clean_attempts',
                                                        '0'))
            success = self.delete_instance_files(instance)
            # NOTE(mriedem): This is used in the _run_pending_deletes periodic
            # task in the compute manager. The tight coupling is not great...
            instance.system_metadata['clean_attempts'] = str(attempts + 1)
            if success:
                instance.cleaned = True
            instance.save()

        self._undefine_domain(instance)

    def _detach_encrypted_volumes(self, instance, block_device_info):
        """Detaches encrypted volumes attached to instance."""
        disks = jsonutils.loads(self.get_instance_disk_info(instance,
                                                            block_device_info))
        encrypted_volumes = filter(dmcrypt.is_encrypted,
                                   [disk['path'] for disk in disks])
        for path in encrypted_volumes:
            dmcrypt.delete_volume(path)

    def _get_serial_ports_from_guest(self, guest, mode=None):
        """Returns an iterator over serial port(s) configured on guest.

        :param mode: Should be a value in (None, bind, connect)
        """
        xml = guest.get_xml_desc()
        tree = etree.fromstring(xml)

        # The 'serial' device is the base for x86 platforms. Other platforms
        # (e.g. kvm on system z = arch.S390X) can only use 'console' devices.
        xpath_mode = "[@mode='%s']" % mode if mode else ""
        serial_tcp = "./devices/serial[@type='tcp']/source" + xpath_mode
        console_tcp = "./devices/console[@type='tcp']/source" + xpath_mode

        tcp_devices = tree.findall(serial_tcp)
        if len(tcp_devices) == 0:
            tcp_devices = tree.findall(console_tcp)
        for source in tcp_devices:
            yield (source.get("host"), int(source.get("service")))

    @staticmethod
    def _get_rbd_driver():
        return rbd_utils.RBDDriver(
                pool=CONF.libvirt.images_rbd_pool,
                ceph_conf=CONF.libvirt.images_rbd_ceph_conf,
                rbd_user=CONF.libvirt.rbd_user)

    def _cleanup_rbd(self, instance):
        LibvirtDriver._get_rbd_driver().cleanup_volumes(instance)

    def _cleanup_lvm(self, instance, block_device_info):
        """Delete all LVM disks for given instance object."""
        if instance.get('ephemeral_key_uuid') is not None:
            self._detach_encrypted_volumes(instance, block_device_info)

        disks = self._lvm_disks(instance)
        if disks:
            lvm.remove_volumes(disks)

    def _lvm_disks(self, instance):
        """Returns all LVM disks for given instance object."""
        if CONF.libvirt.images_volume_group:
            vg = os.path.join('/dev', CONF.libvirt.images_volume_group)
            if not os.path.exists(vg):
                return []
            pattern = '%s_' % instance.uuid

            def belongs_to_instance(disk):
                return disk.startswith(pattern)

            def fullpath(name):
                return os.path.join(vg, name)

            logical_volumes = lvm.list_volumes(vg)

            disk_names = filter(belongs_to_instance, logical_volumes)
            disks = map(fullpath, disk_names)
            return disks
        return []

    def get_volume_connector(self, instance):
        root_helper = utils.get_root_helper()
        return connector.get_connector_properties(
            root_helper, CONF.my_block_storage_ip,
            CONF.libvirt.iscsi_use_multipath,
            enforce_multipath=True,
            host=CONF.host)

    def _cleanup_resize(self, instance, network_info):
        # NOTE(wangpan): we get the pre-grizzly instance path firstly,
        #                so the backup dir of pre-grizzly instance can
        #                be deleted correctly with grizzly or later nova.
        pre_grizzly_name = libvirt_utils.get_instance_path(instance,
                                                           forceold=True)
        target = pre_grizzly_name + '_resize'
        if not os.path.exists(target):
            target = libvirt_utils.get_instance_path(instance) + '_resize'

        if os.path.exists(target):
            # Deletion can fail over NFS, so retry the deletion as required.
            # Set maximum attempt as 5, most test can remove the directory
            # for the second time.
            utils.execute('rm', '-rf', target, delay_on_retry=True,
                          attempts=5)

        backend = self.image_backend.image(instance, 'disk')
        # TODO(nic): Set ignore_errors=False in a future release.
        # It is set to True here to avoid any upgrade issues surrounding
        # instances being in pending resize state when the software is updated;
        # in that case there will be no snapshot to remove.  Once it can be
        # reasonably assumed that no such instances exist in the wild
        # anymore, it should be set back to False (the default) so it will
        # throw errors, like it should.
        if backend.check_image_exists():
            backend.remove_snap(libvirt_utils.RESIZE_SNAPSHOT_NAME,
                                ignore_errors=True)

        if instance.host != CONF.host:
            self._undefine_domain(instance)
            self.unplug_vifs(instance, network_info)
            self.unfilter_instance(instance, network_info)

    def _get_volume_driver(self, connection_info):
        driver_type = connection_info.get('driver_volume_type')
        if driver_type not in self.volume_drivers:
            raise exception.VolumeDriverNotFound(driver_type=driver_type)
        return self.volume_drivers[driver_type]

    def _connect_volume(self, connection_info, disk_info):
        vol_driver = self._get_volume_driver(connection_info)
        vol_driver.connect_volume(connection_info, disk_info)

    def _disconnect_volume(self, connection_info, disk_dev):
        vol_driver = self._get_volume_driver(connection_info)
        vol_driver.disconnect_volume(connection_info, disk_dev)

    def _get_volume_config(self, connection_info, disk_info):
        vol_driver = self._get_volume_driver(connection_info)
        return vol_driver.get_config(connection_info, disk_info)

    def _get_volume_encryptor(self, connection_info, encryption):
        encryptor = encryptors.get_volume_encryptor(connection_info,
                                                    **encryption)
        return encryptor

    def _check_discard_for_attach_volume(self, conf, instance):
        """Perform some checks for volumes configured for discard support.

        If discard is configured for the volume, and the guest is using a
        configuration known to not work, we will log a message explaining
        the reason why.
        """
        if conf.driver_discard == 'unmap' and conf.target_bus == 'virtio':
            LOG.debug('Attempting to attach volume %(id)s with discard '
                      'support enabled to an instance using an '
                      'unsupported configuration. target_bus = '
                      '%(bus)s. Trim commands will not be issued to '
                      'the storage device.',
                      {'bus': conf.target_bus,
                       'id': conf.serial},
                      instance=instance)

    def attach_volume(self, context, connection_info, instance, mountpoint,
                      disk_bus=None, device_type=None, encryption=None):
        guest = self._host.get_guest(instance)

        disk_dev = mountpoint.rpartition("/")[2]
        bdm = {
            'device_name': disk_dev,
            'disk_bus': disk_bus,
            'device_type': device_type}

        # Note(cfb): If the volume has a custom block size, check that
        #            that we are using QEMU/KVM and libvirt >= 0.10.2. The
        #            presence of a block size is considered mandatory by
        #            cinder so we fail if we can't honor the request.
        data = {}
        if ('data' in connection_info):
            data = connection_info['data']
        if ('logical_block_size' in data or 'physical_block_size' in data):
            if ((CONF.libvirt.virt_type != "kvm" and
                 CONF.libvirt.virt_type != "qemu")):
                msg = _("Volume sets block size, but the current "
                        "libvirt hypervisor '%s' does not support custom "
                        "block size") % CONF.libvirt.virt_type
                raise exception.InvalidHypervisorType(msg)

        disk_info = blockinfo.get_info_from_bdm(
            instance, CONF.libvirt.virt_type, instance.image_meta, bdm)
        self._connect_volume(connection_info, disk_info)
        conf = self._get_volume_config(connection_info, disk_info)
        self._set_cache_mode(conf)

        self._check_discard_for_attach_volume(conf, instance)

        try:
            state = guest.get_power_state(self._host)
            live = state in (power_state.RUNNING, power_state.PAUSED)

            if encryption:
                encryptor = self._get_volume_encryptor(connection_info,
                                                       encryption)
                encryptor.attach_volume(context, **encryption)

            guest.attach_device(conf, persistent=True, live=live)
        except Exception as ex:
            LOG.exception(_LE('Failed to attach volume at mountpoint: %s'),
                          mountpoint, instance=instance)
            if isinstance(ex, libvirt.libvirtError):
                errcode = ex.get_error_code()
                if errcode == libvirt.VIR_ERR_OPERATION_FAILED:
                    self._disconnect_volume(connection_info, disk_dev)
                    raise exception.DeviceIsBusy(device=disk_dev)

            with excutils.save_and_reraise_exception():
                self._disconnect_volume(connection_info, disk_dev)

    def _swap_volume(self, guest, disk_path, new_path, resize_to):
        """Swap existing disk with a new block device."""
        dev = guest.get_block_device(disk_path)

        # Save a copy of the domain's persistent XML file
        xml = guest.get_xml_desc(dump_inactive=True, dump_sensitive=True)

        # Abort is an idempotent operation, so make sure any block
        # jobs which may have failed are ended.
        try:
            dev.abort_job()
        except Exception:
            pass

        try:
            # NOTE (rmk): blockRebase cannot be executed on persistent
            #             domains, so we need to temporarily undefine it.
            #             If any part of this block fails, the domain is
            #             re-defined regardless.
            if guest.has_persistent_configuration():
                guest.delete_configuration()

            # Start copy with VIR_DOMAIN_REBASE_REUSE_EXT flag to
            # allow writing to existing external volume file
            dev.rebase(new_path, copy=True, reuse_ext=True)

            while dev.wait_for_job():
                time.sleep(0.5)

            dev.abort_job(pivot=True)
            if resize_to:
                # NOTE(alex_xu): domain.blockJobAbort isn't sync call. This
                # is bug in libvirt. So we need waiting for the pivot is
                # finished. libvirt bug #1119173
                while dev.wait_for_job(wait_for_job_clean=True):
                    time.sleep(0.5)
                dev.resize(resize_to * units.Gi / units.Ki)
        finally:
            self._host.write_instance_config(xml)

    def swap_volume(self, old_connection_info,
                    new_connection_info, instance, mountpoint, resize_to):

        guest = self._host.get_guest(instance)

        disk_dev = mountpoint.rpartition("/")[2]
        if not guest.get_disk(disk_dev):
            raise exception.DiskNotFound(location=disk_dev)
        disk_info = {
            'dev': disk_dev,
            'bus': blockinfo.get_disk_bus_for_disk_dev(
                CONF.libvirt.virt_type, disk_dev),
            'type': 'disk',
            }
        self._connect_volume(new_connection_info, disk_info)
        conf = self._get_volume_config(new_connection_info, disk_info)
        if not conf.source_path:
            self._disconnect_volume(new_connection_info, disk_dev)
            raise NotImplementedError(_("Swap only supports host devices"))

        # Save updates made in connection_info when connect_volume was called
        volume_id = new_connection_info.get('serial')
        bdm = objects.BlockDeviceMapping.get_by_volume_and_instance(
            nova_context.get_admin_context(), volume_id, instance.uuid)
        driver_bdm = driver_block_device.DriverVolumeBlockDevice(bdm)
        driver_bdm['connection_info'] = new_connection_info
        driver_bdm.save()

        self._swap_volume(guest, disk_dev, conf.source_path, resize_to)
        self._disconnect_volume(old_connection_info, disk_dev)

    def _get_existing_domain_xml(self, instance, network_info,
                                 block_device_info=None):
        try:
            guest = self._host.get_guest(instance)
            xml = guest.get_xml_desc()
        except exception.InstanceNotFound:
            disk_info = blockinfo.get_disk_info(CONF.libvirt.virt_type,
                                                instance,
                                                instance.image_meta,
                                                block_device_info)
            xml = self._get_guest_xml(nova_context.get_admin_context(),
                                      instance, network_info, disk_info,
                                      instance.image_meta,
                                      block_device_info=block_device_info)
        return xml

    def detach_volume(self, connection_info, instance, mountpoint,
                      encryption=None):
        disk_dev = mountpoint.rpartition("/")[2]
        try:
            guest = self._host.get_guest(instance)

            state = guest.get_power_state(self._host)
            live = state in (power_state.RUNNING, power_state.PAUSED)

            wait_for_detach = guest.detach_device_with_retry(guest.get_disk,
                                                             disk_dev,
                                                             persistent=True,
                                                             live=live)

            if encryption:
                # The volume must be detached from the VM before
                # disconnecting it from its encryptor. Otherwise, the
                # encryptor may report that the volume is still in use.
                encryptor = self._get_volume_encryptor(connection_info,
                                                       encryption)
                encryptor.detach_volume(**encryption)

            wait_for_detach()
        except exception.InstanceNotFound:
            # NOTE(zhaoqin): If the instance does not exist, _lookup_by_name()
            #                will throw InstanceNotFound exception. Need to
            #                disconnect volume under this circumstance.
            LOG.warn(_LW("During detach_volume, instance disappeared."),
                     instance=instance)
        except exception.DeviceNotFound:
            raise exception.DiskNotFound(location=disk_dev)
        except libvirt.libvirtError as ex:
            # NOTE(vish): This is called to cleanup volumes after live
            #             migration, so we should still disconnect even if
            #             the instance doesn't exist here anymore.
            error_code = ex.get_error_code()
            if error_code == libvirt.VIR_ERR_NO_DOMAIN:
                # NOTE(vish):
                LOG.warn(_LW("During detach_volume, instance disappeared."),
                         instance=instance)
            else:
                raise

        self._disconnect_volume(connection_info, disk_dev)

    def attach_interface(self, instance, image_meta, vif):
        guest = self._host.get_guest(instance)

        self.vif_driver.plug(instance, vif)
        self.firewall_driver.setup_basic_filtering(instance, [vif])
        cfg = self.vif_driver.get_config(instance, vif, image_meta,
                                         instance.flavor,
                                         CONF.libvirt.virt_type,
                                         self._host)
        try:
            state = guest.get_power_state(self._host)
            live = state in (power_state.RUNNING, power_state.PAUSED)
            guest.attach_device(cfg, persistent=True, live=live)
        except libvirt.libvirtError:
            LOG.error(_LE('attaching network adapter failed.'),
                     instance=instance, exc_info=True)
            self.vif_driver.unplug(instance, vif)
            raise exception.InterfaceAttachFailed(
                    instance_uuid=instance.uuid)

    def detach_interface(self, instance, vif):
        guest = self._host.get_guest(instance)
        cfg = self.vif_driver.get_config(instance, vif,
                                         instance.image_meta,
                                         instance.flavor,
                                         CONF.libvirt.virt_type, self._host)
        try:
            self.vif_driver.unplug(instance, vif)
            state = guest.get_power_state(self._host)
            live = state in (power_state.RUNNING, power_state.PAUSED)
            guest.detach_device(cfg, persistent=True, live=live)
        except libvirt.libvirtError as ex:
            error_code = ex.get_error_code()
            if error_code == libvirt.VIR_ERR_NO_DOMAIN:
                LOG.warn(_LW("During detach_interface, "
                             "instance disappeared."),
                         instance=instance)
            else:
                # NOTE(mriedem): When deleting an instance and using Neutron,
                # we can be racing against Neutron deleting the port and
                # sending the vif-deleted event which then triggers a call to
                # detach the interface, so we might have failed because the
                # network device no longer exists. Libvirt will fail with
                # "operation failed: no matching network device was found"
                # which unfortunately does not have a unique error code so we
                # need to look up the interface by MAC and if it's not found
                # then we can just log it as a warning rather than tracing an
                # error.
                mac = vif.get('address')
                interface = guest.get_interface_by_mac(mac)
                if interface:
                    LOG.error(_LE('detaching network adapter failed.'),
                             instance=instance, exc_info=True)
                    raise exception.InterfaceDetachFailed(
                            instance_uuid=instance.uuid)

                # The interface is gone so just log it as a warning.
                LOG.warning(_LW('Detaching interface %(mac)s failed  because '
                                'the device is no longer found on the guest.'),
                            {'mac': mac}, instance=instance)

    def _create_snapshot_metadata(self, image_meta, instance,
                                  img_fmt, snp_name):
        metadata = {'is_public': False,
                    'status': 'active',
                    'name': snp_name,
                    'properties': {
                                   'kernel_id': instance.kernel_id,
                                   'image_location': 'snapshot',
                                   'image_state': 'available',
                                   'owner_id': instance.project_id,
                                   'ramdisk_id': instance.ramdisk_id,
                                   }
                    }
        if instance.os_type:
            metadata['properties']['os_type'] = instance.os_type

        # NOTE(vish): glance forces ami disk format to be ami
        if image_meta.disk_format == 'ami':
            metadata['disk_format'] = 'ami'
        else:
            metadata['disk_format'] = img_fmt

        if image_meta.obj_attr_is_set("container_format"):
            metadata['container_format'] = image_meta.container_format
        else:
            metadata['container_format'] = "bare"

        return metadata

    def snapshot(self, context, instance, image_id, update_task_state):
        """Create snapshot from a running VM instance.

        This command only works with qemu 0.14+
        """
        try:
            guest = self._host.get_guest(instance)

            # TODO(sahid): We are converting all calls from a
            # virDomain object to use nova.virt.libvirt.Guest.
            # We should be able to remove virt_dom at the end.
            virt_dom = guest._domain
        except exception.InstanceNotFound:
            raise exception.InstanceNotRunning(instance_id=instance.uuid)

        snapshot = self._image_api.get(context, image_id)

        # source_format is an on-disk format
        # source_type is a backend type
        disk_path, source_format = libvirt_utils.find_disk(virt_dom)
        source_type = libvirt_utils.get_disk_type_from_path(disk_path)

        # We won't have source_type for raw or qcow2 disks, because we can't
        # determine that from the path. We should have it from the libvirt
        # xml, though.
        if source_type is None:
            source_type = source_format
        # For lxc instances we won't have it either from libvirt xml
        # (because we just gave libvirt the mounted filesystem), or the path,
        # so source_type is still going to be None. In this case,
        # snapshot_backend is going to default to CONF.libvirt.images_type
        # below, which is still safe.

        image_format = CONF.libvirt.snapshot_image_format or source_type

        # NOTE(bfilippov): save lvm and rbd as raw
        if image_format == 'lvm' or image_format == 'rbd':
            image_format = 'raw'

        metadata = self._create_snapshot_metadata(instance.image_meta,
                                                  instance,
                                                  image_format,
                                                  snapshot['name'])

        snapshot_name = uuid.uuid4().hex

        state = guest.get_power_state(self._host)

        # NOTE(rmk): Live snapshots require QEMU 1.3 and Libvirt 1.0.0.
        #            These restrictions can be relaxed as other configurations
        #            can be validated.
        # NOTE(dgenin): Instances with LVM encrypted ephemeral storage require
        #               cold snapshots. Currently, checking for encryption is
        #               redundant because LVM supports only cold snapshots.
        #               It is necessary in case this situation changes in the
        #               future.
        if (self._host.has_min_version(MIN_LIBVIRT_LIVESNAPSHOT_VERSION,
                                       MIN_QEMU_LIVESNAPSHOT_VERSION,
                                       host.HV_DRIVER_QEMU)
             and source_type not in ('lvm')
             and not CONF.ephemeral_storage_encryption.enabled
             and not CONF.workarounds.disable_libvirt_livesnapshot):
            live_snapshot = True
            # Abort is an idempotent operation, so make sure any block
            # jobs which may have failed are ended. This operation also
            # confirms the running instance, as opposed to the system as a
            # whole, has a new enough version of the hypervisor (bug 1193146).
            try:
                guest.get_block_device(disk_path).abort_job()
            except libvirt.libvirtError as ex:
                error_code = ex.get_error_code()
                if error_code == libvirt.VIR_ERR_CONFIG_UNSUPPORTED:
                    live_snapshot = False
                else:
                    pass
        else:
            live_snapshot = False

        # NOTE(rmk): We cannot perform live snapshots when a managedSave
        #            file is present, so we will use the cold/legacy method
        #            for instances which are shutdown.
        if state == power_state.SHUTDOWN:
            live_snapshot = False

        self._prepare_domain_for_snapshot(context, live_snapshot, state,
                                          instance)

        snapshot_backend = self.image_backend.snapshot(instance,
                disk_path,
                image_type=source_type)

        if live_snapshot:
            LOG.info(_LI("Beginning live snapshot process"),
                     instance=instance)
        else:
            LOG.info(_LI("Beginning cold snapshot process"),
                     instance=instance)

        update_task_state(task_state=task_states.IMAGE_PENDING_UPLOAD)

        try:
            update_task_state(task_state=task_states.IMAGE_UPLOADING,
                              expected_state=task_states.IMAGE_PENDING_UPLOAD)
            metadata['location'] = snapshot_backend.direct_snapshot(
                context, snapshot_name, image_format, image_id,
                instance.image_ref)
            self._snapshot_domain(context, live_snapshot, virt_dom, state,
                                  instance)
            self._image_api.update(context, image_id, metadata,
                                   purge_props=False)
        except (NotImplementedError, exception.ImageUnacceptable,
                exception.Forbidden) as e:
            if type(e) != NotImplementedError:
                LOG.warning(_LW('Performing standard snapshot because direct '
                                'snapshot failed: %(error)s'), {'error': e})
            failed_snap = metadata.pop('location', None)
            if failed_snap:
                failed_snap = {'url': str(failed_snap)}
            snapshot_backend.cleanup_direct_snapshot(failed_snap,
                                                     also_destroy_volume=True,
                                                     ignore_errors=True)
            update_task_state(task_state=task_states.IMAGE_PENDING_UPLOAD,
                              expected_state=task_states.IMAGE_UPLOADING)

            # TODO(nic): possibly abstract this out to the snapshot_backend
            if source_type == 'rbd' and live_snapshot:
                # Standard snapshot uses qemu-img convert from RBD which is
                # not safe to run with live_snapshot.
                live_snapshot = False
                # Suspend the guest, so this is no longer a live snapshot
                self._prepare_domain_for_snapshot(context, live_snapshot,
                                                  state, instance)

            snapshot_directory = CONF.libvirt.snapshots_directory
            fileutils.ensure_tree(snapshot_directory)
            with utils.tempdir(dir=snapshot_directory) as tmpdir:
                try:
                    out_path = os.path.join(tmpdir, snapshot_name)
                    if live_snapshot:
                        # NOTE(xqueralt): libvirt needs o+x in the tempdir
                        os.chmod(tmpdir, 0o701)
                        self._live_snapshot(context, instance, guest,
                                            disk_path, out_path, source_format,
                                            image_format, instance.image_meta)
                    else:
                        snapshot_backend.snapshot_extract(out_path,
                                                          image_format)
                finally:
                    self._snapshot_domain(context, live_snapshot, virt_dom,
                                          state, instance)
                    LOG.info(_LI("Snapshot extracted, beginning image upload"),
                             instance=instance)

                # Upload that image to the image service
                update_task_state(task_state=task_states.IMAGE_UPLOADING,
                        expected_state=task_states.IMAGE_PENDING_UPLOAD)
                with libvirt_utils.file_open(out_path) as image_file:
                    self._image_api.update(context,
                                           image_id,
                                           metadata,
                                           image_file)
        except Exception:
            with excutils.save_and_reraise_exception():
                LOG.exception(_LE("Failed to snapshot image"))
                failed_snap = metadata.pop('location', None)
                if failed_snap:
                    failed_snap = {'url': str(failed_snap)}
                snapshot_backend.cleanup_direct_snapshot(
                        failed_snap, also_destroy_volume=True,
                        ignore_errors=True)

        LOG.info(_LI("Snapshot image upload complete"), instance=instance)

    def _prepare_domain_for_snapshot(self, context, live_snapshot, state,
                                     instance):
        # NOTE(dkang): managedSave does not work for LXC
        if CONF.libvirt.virt_type != 'lxc' and not live_snapshot:
            if state == power_state.RUNNING or state == power_state.PAUSED:
                self.suspend(context, instance)

    def _snapshot_domain(self, context, live_snapshot, virt_dom, state,
                         instance):
        guest = None
        # NOTE(dkang): because previous managedSave is not called
        #              for LXC, _create_domain must not be called.
        if CONF.libvirt.virt_type != 'lxc' and not live_snapshot:
            if state == power_state.RUNNING:
                guest = self._create_domain(domain=virt_dom)
            elif state == power_state.PAUSED:
                guest = self._create_domain(domain=virt_dom, pause=True)

            if guest is not None:
                self._attach_pci_devices(
                    guest, pci_manager.get_instance_pci_devs(instance))
                self._attach_sriov_ports(context, instance, guest)

    def _can_set_admin_password(self, image_meta):
        if (CONF.libvirt.virt_type not in ('kvm', 'qemu') or
            not self._host.has_min_version(MIN_LIBVIRT_SET_ADMIN_PASSWD)):
            raise exception.SetAdminPasswdNotSupported()

        hw_qga = image_meta.properties.get('hw_qemu_guest_agent', '')
        if not strutils.bool_from_string(hw_qga):
            raise exception.QemuGuestAgentNotEnabled()

    def set_admin_password(self, instance, new_pass):
        self._can_set_admin_password(instance.image_meta)

        guest = self._host.get_guest(instance)
        user = instance.image_meta.properties.get("os_admin_user")
        if not user:
            if instance.os_type == "windows":
                user = "Administrator"
            else:
                user = "root"
        try:
            guest.set_user_password(user, new_pass)
        except libvirt.libvirtError as ex:
            error_code = ex.get_error_code()
            msg = (_('Error from libvirt while set password for username '
                     '"%(user)s": [Error Code %(error_code)s] %(ex)s')
                   % {'user': user, 'error_code': error_code, 'ex': ex})
            raise exception.NovaException(msg)

    def _can_quiesce(self, instance, image_meta):
        if (CONF.libvirt.virt_type not in ('kvm', 'qemu') or
            not self._host.has_min_version(MIN_LIBVIRT_FSFREEZE_VERSION)):
            raise exception.InstanceQuiesceNotSupported(
                instance_id=instance.uuid)

        if not image_meta.properties.get('hw_qemu_guest_agent', False):
            raise exception.QemuGuestAgentNotEnabled()

    def _set_quiesced(self, context, instance, image_meta, quiesced):
        self._can_quiesce(instance, image_meta)
        try:
            guest = self._host.get_guest(instance)
            if quiesced:
                guest.freeze_filesystems()
            else:
                guest.thaw_filesystems()
        except libvirt.libvirtError as ex:
            error_code = ex.get_error_code()
            msg = (_('Error from libvirt while quiescing %(instance_name)s: '
                     '[Error Code %(error_code)s] %(ex)s')
                   % {'instance_name': instance.name,
                      'error_code': error_code, 'ex': ex})
            raise exception.NovaException(msg)

    def quiesce(self, context, instance, image_meta):
        """Freeze the guest filesystems to prepare for snapshot.

        The qemu-guest-agent must be setup to execute fsfreeze.
        """
        self._set_quiesced(context, instance, image_meta, True)

    def unquiesce(self, context, instance, image_meta):
        """Thaw the guest filesystems after snapshot."""
        self._set_quiesced(context, instance, image_meta, False)

    def _live_snapshot(self, context, instance, guest, disk_path, out_path,
                       source_format, image_format, image_meta):
        """Snapshot an instance without downtime."""
        dev = guest.get_block_device(disk_path)

        # Save a copy of the domain's persistent XML file
        xml = guest.get_xml_desc(dump_inactive=True, dump_sensitive=True)

        # Abort is an idempotent operation, so make sure any block
        # jobs which may have failed are ended.
        try:
            dev.abort_job()
        except Exception:
            pass

        # NOTE (rmk): We are using shallow rebases as a workaround to a bug
        #             in QEMU 1.3. In order to do this, we need to create
        #             a destination image with the original backing file
        #             and matching size of the instance root disk.
        src_disk_size = libvirt_utils.get_disk_size(disk_path,
                                                    format=source_format)
        src_back_path = libvirt_utils.get_disk_backing_file(disk_path,
                                                        format=source_format,
                                                        basename=False)
        disk_delta = out_path + '.delta'
        libvirt_utils.create_cow_image(src_back_path, disk_delta,
                                       src_disk_size)

        quiesced = False
        try:
            self._set_quiesced(context, instance, image_meta, True)
            quiesced = True
        except exception.NovaException as err:
            if image_meta.properties.get('os_require_quiesce', False):
                raise
            LOG.info(_LI('Skipping quiescing instance: %(reason)s.'),
                     {'reason': err}, instance=instance)

        try:
            # NOTE (rmk): blockRebase cannot be executed on persistent
            #             domains, so we need to temporarily undefine it.
            #             If any part of this block fails, the domain is
            #             re-defined regardless.
            if guest.has_persistent_configuration():
                guest.delete_configuration()

            # NOTE (rmk): Establish a temporary mirror of our root disk and
            #             issue an abort once we have a complete copy.
            dev.rebase(disk_delta, copy=True, reuse_ext=True, shallow=True)

            while dev.wait_for_job():
                time.sleep(0.5)

            dev.abort_job()
            libvirt_utils.chown(disk_delta, os.getuid())
        finally:
            self._host.write_instance_config(xml)
            if quiesced:
                self._set_quiesced(context, instance, image_meta, False)

        # Convert the delta (CoW) image with a backing file to a flat
        # image with no backing file.
        libvirt_utils.extract_snapshot(disk_delta, 'qcow2',
                                       out_path, image_format)

    def _volume_snapshot_update_status(self, context, snapshot_id, status):
        """Send a snapshot status update to Cinder.

        This method captures and logs exceptions that occur
        since callers cannot do anything useful with these exceptions.

        Operations on the Cinder side waiting for this will time out if
        a failure occurs sending the update.

        :param context: security context
        :param snapshot_id: id of snapshot being updated
        :param status: new status value

        """

        try:
            self._volume_api.update_snapshot_status(context,
                                                    snapshot_id,
                                                    status)
        except Exception:
            LOG.exception(_LE('Failed to send updated snapshot status '
                              'to volume service.'))

    def _volume_snapshot_create(self, context, instance, guest,
                                volume_id, new_file):
        """Perform volume snapshot.

           :param guest: VM that volume is attached to
           :param volume_id: volume UUID to snapshot
           :param new_file: relative path to new qcow2 file present on share

        """
        xml = guest.get_xml_desc()
        xml_doc = etree.fromstring(xml)

        device_info = vconfig.LibvirtConfigGuest()
        device_info.parse_dom(xml_doc)

        disks_to_snap = []          # to be snapshotted by libvirt
        network_disks_to_snap = []  # network disks (netfs, gluster, etc.)
        disks_to_skip = []          # local disks not snapshotted

        for guest_disk in device_info.devices:
            if (guest_disk.root_name != 'disk'):
                continue

            if (guest_disk.target_dev is None):
                continue

            if (guest_disk.serial is None or guest_disk.serial != volume_id):
                disks_to_skip.append(guest_disk.target_dev)
                continue

            # disk is a Cinder volume with the correct volume_id

            disk_info = {
                'dev': guest_disk.target_dev,
                'serial': guest_disk.serial,
                'current_file': guest_disk.source_path,
                'source_protocol': guest_disk.source_protocol,
                'source_name': guest_disk.source_name,
                'source_hosts': guest_disk.source_hosts,
                'source_ports': guest_disk.source_ports
            }

            # Determine path for new_file based on current path
            if disk_info['current_file'] is not None:
                current_file = disk_info['current_file']
                new_file_path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(current_file),
                                             new_file)
                disks_to_snap.append((current_file, new_file_path))
            elif disk_info['source_protocol'] in ('gluster', 'netfs'):
                network_disks_to_snap.append((disk_info, new_file))

        if not disks_to_snap and not network_disks_to_snap:
            msg = _('Found no disk to snapshot.')
            raise exception.NovaException(msg)

        snapshot = vconfig.LibvirtConfigGuestSnapshot()

        for current_name, new_filename in disks_to_snap:
            snap_disk = vconfig.LibvirtConfigGuestSnapshotDisk()
            snap_disk.name = current_name
            snap_disk.source_path = new_filename
            snap_disk.source_type = 'file'
            snap_disk.snapshot = 'external'
            snap_disk.driver_name = 'qcow2'

            snapshot.add_disk(snap_disk)

        for disk_info, new_filename in network_disks_to_snap:
            snap_disk = vconfig.LibvirtConfigGuestSnapshotDisk()
            snap_disk.name = disk_info['dev']
            snap_disk.source_type = 'network'
            snap_disk.source_protocol = disk_info['source_protocol']
            snap_disk.snapshot = 'external'
            snap_disk.source_path = new_filename
            old_dir = disk_info['source_name'].split('/')[0]
            snap_disk.source_name = '%s/%s' % (old_dir, new_filename)
            snap_disk.source_hosts = disk_info['source_hosts']
            snap_disk.source_ports = disk_info['source_ports']

            snapshot.add_disk(snap_disk)

        for dev in disks_to_skip:
            snap_disk = vconfig.LibvirtConfigGuestSnapshotDisk()
            snap_disk.name = dev
            snap_disk.snapshot = 'no'

            snapshot.add_disk(snap_disk)

        snapshot_xml = snapshot.to_xml()
        LOG.debug("snap xml: %s", snapshot_xml, instance=instance)

        try:
            guest.snapshot(snapshot, no_metadata=True, disk_only=True,
                           reuse_ext=True, quiesce=True)
            return
        except libvirt.libvirtError:
            LOG.exception(_LE('Unable to create quiesced VM snapshot, '
                              'attempting again with quiescing disabled.'),
                          instance=instance)

        try:
            guest.snapshot(snapshot, no_metadata=True, disk_only=True,
                           reuse_ext=True, quiesce=False)
        except libvirt.libvirtError:
            LOG.exception(_LE('Unable to create VM snapshot, '
                              'failing volume_snapshot operation.'),
                          instance=instance)

            raise

    def _volume_refresh_connection_info(self, context, instance, volume_id):
        bdm = objects.BlockDeviceMapping.get_by_volume_and_instance(
                  context, volume_id, instance.uuid)

        driver_bdm = driver_block_device.convert_volume(bdm)
        if driver_bdm:
            driver_bdm.refresh_connection_info(context, instance,
                                               self._volume_api, self)

    def volume_snapshot_create(self, context, instance, volume_id,
                               create_info):
        """Create snapshots of a Cinder volume via libvirt.

        :param instance: VM instance object reference
        :param volume_id: id of volume being snapshotted
        :param create_info: dict of information used to create snapshots
                     - snapshot_id : ID of snapshot
                     - type : qcow2 / <other>
                     - new_file : qcow2 file created by Cinder which
                     becomes the VM's active image after
                     the snapshot is complete
        """

        LOG.debug("volume_snapshot_create: create_info: %(c_info)s",
                  {'c_info': create_info}, instance=instance)

        try:
            guest = self._host.get_guest(instance)
        except exception.InstanceNotFound:
            raise exception.InstanceNotRunning(instance_id=instance.uuid)

        if create_info['type'] != 'qcow2':
            raise exception.NovaException(_('Unknown type: %s') %
                                          create_info['type'])

        snapshot_id = create_info.get('snapshot_id', None)
        if snapshot_id is None:
            raise exception.NovaException(_('snapshot_id required '
                                            'in create_info'))

        try:
            self._volume_snapshot_create(context, instance, guest,
                                         volume_id, create_info['new_file'])
        except Exception:
            with excutils.save_and_reraise_exception():
                LOG.exception(_LE('Error occurred during '
                                  'volume_snapshot_create, '
                                  'sending error status to Cinder.'),
                              instance=instance)
                self._volume_snapshot_update_status(
                    context, snapshot_id, 'error')

        self._volume_snapshot_update_status(
            context, snapshot_id, 'creating')

        def _wait_for_snapshot():
            snapshot = self._volume_api.get_snapshot(context, snapshot_id)

            if snapshot.get('status') != 'creating':
                self._volume_refresh_connection_info(context, instance,
                                                     volume_id)
                raise loopingcall.LoopingCallDone()

        timer = loopingcall.FixedIntervalLoopingCall(_wait_for_snapshot)
        timer.start(interval=0.5).wait()

    @staticmethod
    def _rebase_with_qemu_img(guest, device, active_disk_object,
                              rebase_base):
        """Rebase a device tied to a guest using qemu-img.

        :param guest:the Guest which owns the device being rebased
        :type guest: nova.virt.libvirt.guest.Guest
        :param device: the guest block device to rebase
        :type device: nova.virt.libvirt.guest.BlockDevice
        :param active_disk_object: the guest block device to rebase
        :type active_disk_object: nova.virt.libvirt.config.\
                                    LibvirtConfigGuestDisk
        :param rebase_base: the new parent in the backing chain
        :type rebase_base: None or string
        """

        # It's unsure how well qemu-img handles network disks for
        # every protocol. So let's be safe.
        active_protocol = active_disk_object.source_protocol
        if active_protocol is not None:
            msg = _("Something went wrong when deleting a volume snapshot: "
                    "rebasing a %(protocol)s network disk using qemu-img "
                    "has not been fully tested") % {'protocol':
                    active_protocol}
            LOG.error(msg)
            raise exception.NovaException(msg)

        if rebase_base is None:
            # If backing_file is specified as "" (the empty string), then
            # the image is rebased onto no backing file (i.e. it will exist
            # independently of any backing file).
            backing_file = ""
            qemu_img_extra_arg = []
        else:
            # If the rebased image is going to have a backing file then
            # explicitly set the backing file format to avoid any security
            # concerns related to file format auto detection.
            backing_file = rebase_base
            b_file_fmt = images.qemu_img_info(backing_file).file_format
            qemu_img_extra_arg = ['-F', b_file_fmt]

        qemu_img_extra_arg.append(active_disk_object.source_path)
        utils.execute("qemu-img", "rebase", "-b", backing_file,
                      *qemu_img_extra_arg)

    def _volume_snapshot_delete(self, context, instance, volume_id,
                                snapshot_id, delete_info=None):
        """Note:
            if file being merged into == active image:
                do a blockRebase (pull) operation
            else:
                do a blockCommit operation
            Files must be adjacent in snap chain.

        :param instance: instance object reference
        :param volume_id: volume UUID
        :param snapshot_id: snapshot UUID (unused currently)
        :param delete_info: {
            'type':              'qcow2',
            'file_to_merge':     'a.img',
            'merge_target_file': 'b.img' or None (if merging file_to_merge into
                                                  active image)
          }


        Libvirt blockjob handling required for this method is broken
        in versions of libvirt that do not contain:
        http://libvirt.org/git/?p=libvirt.git;h=0f9e67bfad (1.1.1)
        (Patch is pending in 1.0.5-maint branch as well, but we cannot detect
        libvirt 1.0.5.5 vs. 1.0.5.6 here.)
        """

        if not self._host.has_min_version(MIN_LIBVIRT_BLOCKJOBINFO_VERSION):
            ver = '.'.join([str(x) for x in MIN_LIBVIRT_BLOCKJOBINFO_VERSION])
            msg = _("Libvirt '%s' or later is required for online deletion "
                    "of volume snapshots.") % ver
            raise exception.Invalid(msg)

        LOG.debug('volume_snapshot_delete: delete_info: %s', delete_info,
                  instance=instance)

        if delete_info['type'] != 'qcow2':
            msg = _('Unknown delete_info type %s') % delete_info['type']
            raise exception.NovaException(msg)

        try:
            guest = self._host.get_guest(instance)
        except exception.InstanceNotFound:
            raise exception.InstanceNotRunning(instance_id=instance.uuid)

        # Find dev name
        my_dev = None
        active_disk = None

        xml = guest.get_xml_desc()
        xml_doc = etree.fromstring(xml)

        device_info = vconfig.LibvirtConfigGuest()
        device_info.parse_dom(xml_doc)

        active_disk_object = None

        for guest_disk in device_info.devices:
            if (guest_disk.root_name != 'disk'):
                continue

            if (guest_disk.target_dev is None or guest_disk.serial is None):
                continue

            if guest_disk.serial == volume_id:
                my_dev = guest_disk.target_dev

                active_disk = guest_disk.source_path
                active_protocol = guest_disk.source_protocol
                active_disk_object = guest_disk
                break

        if my_dev is None or (active_disk is None and active_protocol is None):
            msg = _('Disk with id: %s '
                    'not found attached to instance.') % volume_id
            LOG.debug('Domain XML: %s', xml, instance=instance)
            raise exception.NovaException(msg)

        LOG.debug("found device at %s", my_dev, instance=instance)

        def _get_snap_dev(filename, backing_store):
            if filename is None:
                msg = _('filename cannot be None')
                raise exception.NovaException(msg)

            # libgfapi delete
            LOG.debug("XML: %s", xml)

            LOG.debug("active disk object: %s", active_disk_object)

            # determine reference within backing store for desired image
            filename_to_merge = filename
            matched_name = None
            b = backing_store
            index = None

            current_filename = active_disk_object.source_name.split('/')[1]
            if current_filename == filename_to_merge:
                return my_dev + '[0]'

            while b is not None:
                source_filename = b.source_name.split('/')[1]
                if source_filename == filename_to_merge:
                    LOG.debug('found match: %s', b.source_name)
                    matched_name = b.source_name
                    index = b.index
                    break

                b = b.backing_store

            if matched_name is None:
                msg = _('no match found for %s') % (filename_to_merge)
                raise exception.NovaException(msg)

            LOG.debug('index of match (%s) is %s', b.source_name, index)

            my_snap_dev = '%s[%s]' % (my_dev, index)
            return my_snap_dev

        if delete_info['merge_target_file'] is None:
            # pull via blockRebase()

            # Merge the most recent snapshot into the active image

            rebase_disk = my_dev
            rebase_base = delete_info['file_to_merge']  # often None
            if (active_protocol is not None) and (rebase_base is not None):
                rebase_base = _get_snap_dev(rebase_base,
                                            active_disk_object.backing_store)

            # NOTE(deepakcs): libvirt added support for _RELATIVE in v1.2.7,
            # and when available this flag _must_ be used to ensure backing
            # paths are maintained relative by qemu.
            #
            # If _RELATIVE flag not found, continue with old behaviour
            # (relative backing path seems to work for this case)
            try:
                libvirt.VIR_DOMAIN_BLOCK_REBASE_RELATIVE
                relative = rebase_base is not None
            except AttributeError:
                LOG.warn(_LW("Relative blockrebase support was not detected. "
                             "Continuing with old behaviour."))
                relative = False

            LOG.debug(
                'disk: %(disk)s, base: %(base)s, '
                'bw: %(bw)s, relative: %(relative)s',
                {'disk': rebase_disk,
                 'base': rebase_base,
                 'bw': libvirt_guest.BlockDevice.REBASE_DEFAULT_BANDWIDTH,
                 'relative': str(relative)}, instance=instance)

            dev = guest.get_block_device(rebase_disk)
            if guest.is_active():
                result = dev.rebase(rebase_base, relative=relative)
                if result == 0:
                    LOG.debug('blockRebase started successfully',
                              instance=instance)

                while dev.wait_for_job(abort_on_error=True):
                    LOG.debug('waiting for blockRebase job completion',
                              instance=instance)
                    time.sleep(0.5)

            # If the guest is not running libvirt won't do a blockRebase.
            # In that case, let's ask qemu-img to rebase the disk.
            else:
                LOG.debug('Guest is not running so doing a block rebase '
                          'using "qemu-img rebase"', instance=instance)
                self._rebase_with_qemu_img(guest, dev, active_disk_object,
                                           rebase_base)

        else:
            # commit with blockCommit()
            my_snap_base = None
            my_snap_top = None
            commit_disk = my_dev

            # NOTE(deepakcs): libvirt added support for _RELATIVE in v1.2.7,
            # and when available this flag _must_ be used to ensure backing
            # paths are maintained relative by qemu.
            #
            # If _RELATIVE flag not found, raise exception as relative backing
            # path may not be maintained and Cinder flow is broken if allowed
            # to continue.
            try:
                libvirt.VIR_DOMAIN_BLOCK_COMMIT_RELATIVE
            except AttributeError:
                ver = '.'.join(
                    [str(x) for x in
                     MIN_LIBVIRT_BLOCKJOB_RELATIVE_VERSION])
                msg = _("Relative blockcommit support was not detected. "
                        "Libvirt '%s' or later is required for online "
                        "deletion of file/network storage-backed volume "
                        "snapshots.") % ver
                raise exception.Invalid(msg)

            if active_protocol is not None:
                my_snap_base = _get_snap_dev(delete_info['merge_target_file'],
                                             active_disk_object.backing_store)
                my_snap_top = _get_snap_dev(delete_info['file_to_merge'],
                                            active_disk_object.backing_store)

            commit_base = my_snap_base or delete_info['merge_target_file']
            commit_top = my_snap_top or delete_info['file_to_merge']

            LOG.debug('will call blockCommit with commit_disk=%(commit_disk)s '
                      'commit_base=%(commit_base)s '
                      'commit_top=%(commit_top)s ',
                      {'commit_disk': commit_disk,
                       'commit_base': commit_base,
                       'commit_top': commit_top}, instance=instance)

            dev = guest.get_block_device(commit_disk)
            result = dev.commit(commit_base, commit_top, relative=True)

            if result == 0:
                LOG.debug('blockCommit started successfully',
                          instance=instance)

            while dev.wait_for_job(abort_on_error=True):
                LOG.debug('waiting for blockCommit job completion',
                          instance=instance)
                time.sleep(0.5)

    def volume_snapshot_delete(self, context, instance, volume_id, snapshot_id,
                               delete_info):
        try:
            self._volume_snapshot_delete(context, instance, volume_id,
                                         snapshot_id, delete_info=delete_info)
        except Exception:
            with excutils.save_and_reraise_exception():
                LOG.exception(_LE('Error occurred during '
                                  'volume_snapshot_delete, '
                                  'sending error status to Cinder.'),
                              instance=instance)
                self._volume_snapshot_update_status(
                    context, snapshot_id, 'error_deleting')

        self._volume_snapshot_update_status(context, snapshot_id, 'deleting')
        self._volume_refresh_connection_info(context, instance, volume_id)

    def reboot(self, context, instance, network_info, reboot_type,
               block_device_info=None, bad_volumes_callback=None):
        """Reboot a virtual machine, given an instance reference."""
        if reboot_type == 'SOFT':
            # NOTE(vish): This will attempt to do a graceful shutdown/restart.
            try:
                soft_reboot_success = self._soft_reboot(instance)
            except libvirt.libvirtError as e:
                LOG.debug("Instance soft reboot failed: %s", e,
                          instance=instance)
                soft_reboot_success = False

            if soft_reboot_success:
                LOG.info(_LI("Instance soft rebooted successfully."),
                         instance=instance)
                return
            else:
                LOG.warn(_LW("Failed to soft reboot instance. "
                             "Trying hard reboot."),
                         instance=instance)
        return self._hard_reboot(context, instance, network_info,
                                 block_device_info)

    def _soft_reboot(self, instance):
        """Attempt to shutdown and restart the instance gracefully.

        We use shutdown and create here so we can return if the guest
        responded and actually rebooted. Note that this method only
        succeeds if the guest responds to acpi. Therefore we return
        success or failure so we can fall back to a hard reboot if
        necessary.

        :returns: True if the reboot succeeded
        """
        guest = self._host.get_guest(instance)

        state = guest.get_power_state(self._host)
        old_domid = guest.id
        # NOTE(vish): This check allows us to reboot an instance that
        #             is already shutdown.
        if state == power_state.RUNNING:
            guest.shutdown()
        # NOTE(vish): This actually could take slightly longer than the
        #             FLAG defines depending on how long the get_info
        #             call takes to return.
        self._prepare_pci_devices_for_use(
            pci_manager.get_instance_pci_devs(instance, 'all'))
        for x in range(CONF.libvirt.wait_soft_reboot_seconds):
            guest = self._host.get_guest(instance)

            state = guest.get_power_state(self._host)
            new_domid = guest.id

            # NOTE(ivoks): By checking domain IDs, we make sure we are
            #              not recreating domain that's already running.
            if old_domid != new_domid:
                if state in [power_state.SHUTDOWN,
                             power_state.CRASHED]:
                    LOG.info(_LI("Instance shutdown successfully."),
                             instance=instance)
                    self._create_domain(domain=guest._domain)
                    timer = loopingcall.FixedIntervalLoopingCall(
                        self._wait_for_running, instance)
                    timer.start(interval=0.5).wait()
                    return True
                else:
                    LOG.info(_LI("Instance may have been rebooted during soft "
                                 "reboot, so return now."), instance=instance)
                    return True
            greenthread.sleep(1)
        return False

    def _hard_reboot(self, context, instance, network_info,
                     block_device_info=None):
        """Reboot a virtual machine, given an instance reference.

        Performs a Libvirt reset (if supported) on the domain.

        If Libvirt reset is unavailable this method actually destroys and
        re-creates the domain to ensure the reboot happens, as the guest
        OS cannot ignore this action.
        """

        self._destroy(instance)

        # Convert the system metadata to image metadata
        instance_dir = libvirt_utils.get_instance_path(instance)
        fileutils.ensure_tree(instance_dir)

        disk_info = blockinfo.get_disk_info(CONF.libvirt.virt_type,
                                            instance,
                                            instance.image_meta,
                                            block_device_info)
        # NOTE(vish): This could generate the wrong device_format if we are
        #             using the raw backend and the images don't exist yet.
        #             The create_images_and_backing below doesn't properly
        #             regenerate raw backend images, however, so when it
        #             does we need to (re)generate the xml after the images
        #             are in place.
        xml = self._get_guest_xml(context, instance, network_info, disk_info,
                                  instance.image_meta,
                                  block_device_info=block_device_info,
                                  write_to_disk=True)

        if context.auth_token is not None:
            # NOTE (rmk): Re-populate any missing backing files.
            backing_disk_info = self._get_instance_disk_info(instance.name,
                                                             xml,
                                                             block_device_info)
            self._create_images_and_backing(context, instance, instance_dir,
                                            backing_disk_info)

        # Initialize all the necessary networking, block devices and
        # start the instance.
        self._create_domain_and_network(context, xml, instance, network_info,
                                        disk_info,
                                        block_device_info=block_device_info,
                                        reboot=True,
                                        vifs_already_plugged=True)
        self._prepare_pci_devices_for_use(
            pci_manager.get_instance_pci_devs(instance, 'all'))

        def _wait_for_reboot():
            """Called at an interval until the VM is running again."""
            state = self.get_info(instance).state

            if state == power_state.RUNNING:
                LOG.info(_LI("Instance rebooted successfully."),
                         instance=instance)
                raise loopingcall.LoopingCallDone()

        timer = loopingcall.FixedIntervalLoopingCall(_wait_for_reboot)
        timer.start(interval=0.5).wait()

    def pause(self, instance):
        """Pause VM instance."""
        self._host.get_guest(instance).pause()

    def unpause(self, instance):
        """Unpause paused VM instance."""
        self._host.get_guest(instance).resume()

    def _clean_shutdown(self, instance, timeout, retry_interval):
        """Attempt to shutdown the instance gracefully.

        :param instance: The instance to be shutdown
        :param timeout: How long to wait in seconds for the instance to
                        shutdown
        :param retry_interval: How often in seconds to signal the instance
                               to shutdown while waiting

        :returns: True if the shutdown succeeded
        """

        # List of states that represent a shutdown instance
        SHUTDOWN_STATES = [power_state.SHUTDOWN,
                           power_state.CRASHED]

        try:
            guest = self._host.get_guest(instance)
        except exception.InstanceNotFound:
            # If the instance has gone then we don't need to
            # wait for it to shutdown
            return True

        state = guest.get_power_state(self._host)
        if state in SHUTDOWN_STATES:
            LOG.info(_LI("Instance already shutdown."),
                     instance=instance)
            return True

        LOG.debug("Shutting down instance from state %s", state,
                  instance=instance)
        guest.shutdown()
        retry_countdown = retry_interval

        for sec in six.moves.range(timeout):

            guest = self._host.get_guest(instance)
            state = guest.get_power_state(self._host)

            if state in SHUTDOWN_STATES:
                LOG.info(_LI("Instance shutdown successfully after %d "
                              "seconds."), sec, instance=instance)
                return True

            # Note(PhilD): We can't assume that the Guest was able to process
            #              any previous shutdown signal (for example it may
            #              have still been startingup, so within the overall
            #              timeout we re-trigger the shutdown every
            #              retry_interval
            if retry_countdown == 0:
                retry_countdown = retry_interval
                # Instance could shutdown at any time, in which case we
                # will get an exception when we call shutdown
                try:
                    LOG.debug("Instance in state %s after %d seconds - "
                              "resending shutdown", state, sec,
                              instance=instance)
                    guest.shutdown()
                except libvirt.libvirtError:
                    # Assume this is because its now shutdown, so loop
                    # one more time to clean up.
                    LOG.debug("Ignoring libvirt exception from shutdown "
                              "request.", instance=instance)
                    continue
            else:
                retry_countdown -= 1

            time.sleep(1)

        LOG.info(_LI("Instance failed to shutdown in %d seconds."),
                 timeout, instance=instance)
        return False

    def power_off(self, instance, timeout=0, retry_interval=0):
        """Power off the specified instance."""
        if timeout:
            self._clean_shutdown(instance, timeout, retry_interval)
        self._destroy(instance)

    def power_on(self, context, instance, network_info,
                 block_device_info=None):
        """Power on the specified instance."""
        # We use _hard_reboot here to ensure that all backing files,
        # network, and block device connections, etc. are established
        # and available before we attempt to start the instance.
        self._hard_reboot(context, instance, network_info, block_device_info)

    def trigger_crash_dump(self, instance):

        """Trigger crash dump by injecting an NMI to the specified instance."""
        try:
            self._host.get_guest(instance).inject_nmi()
        except libvirt.libvirtError as ex:
            error_code = ex.get_error_code()

            if error_code == libvirt.VIR_ERR_NO_SUPPORT:
                raise exception.TriggerCrashDumpNotSupported()
            elif error_code == libvirt.VIR_ERR_OPERATION_INVALID:
                raise exception.InstanceNotRunning(instance_id=instance.uuid)

            LOG.exception(_LE('Error from libvirt while injecting an NMI to '
                              '%(instance_uuid)s: '
                              '[Error Code %(error_code)s] %(ex)s'),
                          {'instance_uuid': instance.uuid,
                           'error_code': error_code, 'ex': ex})
            raise

    def suspend(self, context, instance):
        """Suspend the specified instance."""
        guest = self._host.get_guest(instance)

        self._detach_pci_devices(guest,
            pci_manager.get_instance_pci_devs(instance))
        self._detach_sriov_ports(context, instance, guest)
        guest.save_memory_state()

    def resume(self, context, instance, network_info, block_device_info=None):
        """resume the specified instance."""
        disk_info = blockinfo.get_disk_info(
                CONF.libvirt.virt_type, instance, instance.image_meta,
                block_device_info=block_device_info)

        xml = self._get_existing_domain_xml(instance, network_info,
                                            block_device_info)
        guest = self._create_domain_and_network(context, xml, instance,
                           network_info, disk_info,
                           block_device_info=block_device_info,
                           vifs_already_plugged=True)
        self._attach_pci_devices(guest,
            pci_manager.get_instance_pci_devs(instance))
        self._attach_sriov_ports(context, instance, guest, network_info)

    def resume_state_on_host_boot(self, context, instance, network_info,
                                  block_device_info=None):
        """resume guest state when a host is booted."""
        # Check if the instance is running already and avoid doing
        # anything if it is.
        try:
            guest = self._host.get_guest(instance)
            state = guest.get_power_state(self._host)

            ignored_states = (power_state.RUNNING,
                              power_state.SUSPENDED,
                              power_state.NOSTATE,
                              power_state.PAUSED)

            if state in ignored_states:
                return
        except exception.NovaException:
            pass

        # Instance is not up and could be in an unknown state.
        # Be as absolute as possible about getting it back into
        # a known and running state.
        self._hard_reboot(context, instance, network_info, block_device_info)

    def rescue(self, context, instance, network_info, image_meta,
               rescue_password):
        """Loads a VM using rescue images.

        A rescue is normally performed when something goes wrong with the
        primary images and data needs to be corrected/recovered. Rescuing
        should not edit or over-ride the original image, only allow for
        data recovery.

        """
        instance_dir = libvirt_utils.get_instance_path(instance)
        unrescue_xml = self._get_existing_domain_xml(instance, network_info)
        unrescue_xml_path = os.path.join(instance_dir, 'unrescue.xml')
        libvirt_utils.write_to_file(unrescue_xml_path, unrescue_xml)

        rescue_image_id = None
        if image_meta.obj_attr_is_set("id"):
            rescue_image_id = image_meta.id

        rescue_images = {
            'image_id': (rescue_image_id or
                        CONF.libvirt.rescue_image_id or instance.image_ref),
            'kernel_id': (CONF.libvirt.rescue_kernel_id or
                          instance.kernel_id),
            'ramdisk_id': (CONF.libvirt.rescue_ramdisk_id or
                           instance.ramdisk_id),
        }
        disk_info = blockinfo.get_disk_info(CONF.libvirt.virt_type,
                                            instance,
                                            image_meta,
                                            rescue=True)
        self._create_image(context, instance, disk_info['mapping'],
                           suffix='.rescue', disk_images=rescue_images,
                           network_info=network_info,
                           admin_pass=rescue_password)
        xml = self._get_guest_xml(context, instance, network_info, disk_info,
                                  image_meta, rescue=rescue_images,
                                  write_to_disk=True)
        self._destroy(instance)
        self._create_domain(xml)

    def unrescue(self, instance, network_info):
        """Reboot the VM which is being rescued back into primary images.
        """
        instance_dir = libvirt_utils.get_instance_path(instance)
        unrescue_xml_path = os.path.join(instance_dir, 'unrescue.xml')
        xml_path = os.path.join(instance_dir, 'libvirt.xml')
        xml = libvirt_utils.load_file(unrescue_xml_path)
        libvirt_utils.write_to_file(xml_path, xml)
        guest = self._host.get_guest(instance)

        # TODO(sahid): We are converting all calls from a
        # virDomain object to use nova.virt.libvirt.Guest.
        # We should be able to remove virt_dom at the end.
        virt_dom = guest._domain
        self._destroy(instance)
        self._create_domain(xml, virt_dom)
        libvirt_utils.file_delete(unrescue_xml_path)
        rescue_files = os.path.join(instance_dir, "*.rescue")
        for rescue_file in glob.iglob(rescue_files):
            libvirt_utils.file_delete(rescue_file)
        # cleanup rescue volume
        lvm.remove_volumes([lvmdisk for lvmdisk in self._lvm_disks(instance)
                                if lvmdisk.endswith('.rescue')])

    def poll_rebooting_instances(self, timeout, instances):
        pass

    # NOTE(ilyaalekseyev): Implementation like in multinics
    # for xenapi(tr3buchet)
    def spawn(self, context, instance, image_meta, injected_files,
              admin_password, network_info=None, block_device_info=None):
        disk_info = blockinfo.get_disk_info(CONF.libvirt.virt_type,
                                            instance,
                                            image_meta,
                                            block_device_info)
        self._create_image(context, instance,
                           disk_info['mapping'],
                           network_info=network_info,
                           block_device_info=block_device_info,
                           files=injected_files,
                           admin_pass=admin_password)
        xml = self._get_guest_xml(context, instance, network_info,
                                  disk_info, image_meta,
                                  block_device_info=block_device_info,
                                  write_to_disk=True)
        self._create_domain_and_network(context, xml, instance, network_info,
                                        disk_info,
                                        block_device_info=block_device_info)
        LOG.debug("Instance is running", instance=instance)

        def _wait_for_boot():
            """Called at an interval until the VM is running."""
            state = self.get_info(instance).state

            if state == power_state.RUNNING:
                LOG.info(_LI("Instance spawned successfully."),
                         instance=instance)
                raise loopingcall.LoopingCallDone()

        timer = loopingcall.FixedIntervalLoopingCall(_wait_for_boot)
        timer.start(interval=0.5).wait()

    def _flush_libvirt_console(self, pty):
        out, err = utils.execute('dd',
                                 'if=%s' % pty,
                                 'iflag=nonblock',
                                 run_as_root=True,
                                 check_exit_code=False)
        return out

    def _append_to_file(self, data, fpath):
        LOG.info(_LI('data: %(data)r, fpath: %(fpath)r'),
                 {'data': data, 'fpath': fpath})
        with open(fpath, 'a+') as fp:
            fp.write(data)

        return fpath

    def get_console_output(self, context, instance):
        guest = self._host.get_guest(instance)

        xml = guest.get_xml_desc()
        tree = etree.fromstring(xml)

        console_types = {}

        # NOTE(comstud): We want to try 'file' types first, then try 'pty'
        # types.  We can't use Python 2.7 syntax of:
        # tree.find("./devices/console[@type='file']/source")
        # because we need to support 2.6.
        console_nodes = tree.findall('./devices/console')
        for console_node in console_nodes:
            console_type = console_node.get('type')
            console_types.setdefault(console_type, [])
            console_types[console_type].append(console_node)

        # If the guest has a console logging to a file prefer to use that
        if console_types.get('file'):
            for file_console in console_types.get('file'):
                source_node = file_console.find('./source')
                if source_node is None:
                    continue
                path = source_node.get("path")
                if not path:
                    continue

                if not os.path.exists(path):
                    LOG.info(_LI('Instance is configured with a file console, '
                                 'but the backing file is not (yet?) present'),
                             instance=instance)
                    return ""

                libvirt_utils.chown(path, os.getuid())

                with libvirt_utils.file_open(path, 'rb') as fp:
                    log_data, remaining = utils.last_bytes(fp,
                                                           MAX_CONSOLE_BYTES)
                    if remaining > 0:
                        LOG.info(_LI('Truncated console log returned, '
                                     '%d bytes ignored'), remaining,
                                 instance=instance)
                    return log_data

        # Try 'pty' types
        if console_types.get('pty'):
            for pty_console in console_types.get('pty'):
                source_node = pty_console.find('./source')
                if source_node is None:
                    continue
                pty = source_node.get("path")
                if not pty:
                    continue
                break
        else:
            raise exception.ConsoleNotAvailable()

        self._chown_console_log_for_instance(instance)
        data = self._flush_libvirt_console(pty)
        console_log = self._get_console_log_path(instance)
        fpath = self._append_to_file(data, console_log)

        with libvirt_utils.file_open(fpath, 'rb') as fp:
            log_data, remaining = utils.last_bytes(fp, MAX_CONSOLE_BYTES)
            if remaining > 0:
                LOG.info(_LI('Truncated console log returned, '
                             '%d bytes ignored'),
                         remaining, instance=instance)
            return log_data

    def get_host_ip_addr(self):
        ips = compute_utils.get_machine_ips()
        if CONF.my_ip not in ips:
            LOG.warn(_LW('my_ip address (%(my_ip)s) was not found on '
                         'any of the interfaces: %(ifaces)s'),
                     {'my_ip': CONF.my_ip, 'ifaces': ", ".join(ips)})
        return CONF.my_ip

    def get_vnc_console(self, context, instance):
        def get_vnc_port_for_instance(instance_name):
            guest = self._host.get_guest(instance)

            xml = guest.get_xml_desc()
            xml_dom = etree.fromstring(xml)

            graphic = xml_dom.find("./devices/graphics[@type='vnc']")
            if graphic is not None:
                return graphic.get('port')
            # NOTE(rmk): We had VNC consoles enabled but the instance in
            # question is not actually listening for connections.
            raise exception.ConsoleTypeUnavailable(console_type='vnc')

        port = get_vnc_port_for_instance(instance.name)
        host = CONF.vnc.vncserver_proxyclient_address

        return ctype.ConsoleVNC(host=host, port=port)

    def get_spice_console(self, context, instance):
        def get_spice_ports_for_instance(instance_name):
            guest = self._host.get_guest(instance)

            xml = guest.get_xml_desc()
            xml_dom = etree.fromstring(xml)

            graphic = xml_dom.find("./devices/graphics[@type='spice']")
            if graphic is not None:
                return (graphic.get('port'), graphic.get('tlsPort'))
            # NOTE(rmk): We had Spice consoles enabled but the instance in
            # question is not actually listening for connections.
            raise exception.ConsoleTypeUnavailable(console_type='spice')

        ports = get_spice_ports_for_instance(instance.name)
        host = CONF.spice.server_proxyclient_address

        return ctype.ConsoleSpice(host=host, port=ports[0], tlsPort=ports[1])

    def get_serial_console(self, context, instance):
        guest = self._host.get_guest(instance)
        for hostname, port in self._get_serial_ports_from_guest(
                guest, mode='bind'):
            return ctype.ConsoleSerial(host=hostname, port=port)
        raise exception.ConsoleTypeUnavailable(console_type='serial')

    @staticmethod
    def _supports_direct_io(dirpath):

        if not hasattr(os, 'O_DIRECT'):
            LOG.debug("This python runtime does not support direct I/O")
            return False

        testfile = os.path.join(dirpath, ".directio.test")

        hasDirectIO = True
        try:
            f = os.open(testfile, os.O_CREAT | os.O_WRONLY | os.O_DIRECT)
            # Check is the write allowed with 512 byte alignment
            align_size = 512
            m = mmap.mmap(-1, align_size)
            m.write(r"x" * align_size)
            os.write(f, m)
            os.close(f)
            LOG.debug("Path '%(path)s' supports direct I/O",
                      {'path': dirpath})
        except OSError as e:
            if e.errno == errno.EINVAL:
                LOG.debug("Path '%(path)s' does not support direct I/O: "
                          "'%(ex)s'", {'path': dirpath, 'ex': e})
                hasDirectIO = False
            else:
                with excutils.save_and_reraise_exception():
                    LOG.error(_LE("Error on '%(path)s' while checking "
                                  "direct I/O: '%(ex)s'"),
                              {'path': dirpath, 'ex': e})
        except Exception as e:
            with excutils.save_and_reraise_exception():
                LOG.error(_LE("Error on '%(path)s' while checking direct I/O: "
                              "'%(ex)s'"), {'path': dirpath, 'ex': e})
        finally:
            try:
                os.unlink(testfile)
            except Exception:
                pass

        return hasDirectIO

    @staticmethod
    def _create_ephemeral(target, ephemeral_size,
                          fs_label, os_type, is_block_dev=False,
                          max_size=None, context=None, specified_fs=None):
        if not is_block_dev:
            libvirt_utils.create_image('raw', target, '%dG' % ephemeral_size)

        # Run as root only for block devices.
        disk.mkfs(os_type, fs_label, target, run_as_root=is_block_dev,
                  specified_fs=specified_fs)

    @staticmethod
    def _create_swap(target, swap_mb, max_size=None, context=None):
        """Create a swap file of specified size."""
        libvirt_utils.create_image('raw', target, '%dM' % swap_mb)
        utils.mkfs('swap', target)

    @staticmethod
    def _get_console_log_path(instance):
        return os.path.join(libvirt_utils.get_instance_path(instance),
                            'console.log')

    @staticmethod
    def _get_disk_config_path(instance, suffix=''):
        return os.path.join(libvirt_utils.get_instance_path(instance),
                            'disk.config' + suffix)

    @staticmethod
    def _get_disk_config_image_type():
        # TODO(mikal): there is a bug here if images_type has
        # changed since creation of the instance, but I am pretty
        # sure that this bug already exists.
        return 'rbd' if CONF.libvirt.images_type == 'rbd' else 'raw'

    def _chown_console_log_for_instance(self, instance):
        console_log = self._get_console_log_path(instance)
        if os.path.exists(console_log):
            libvirt_utils.chown(console_log, os.getuid())

    def _chown_disk_config_for_instance(self, instance):
        disk_config = self._get_disk_config_path(instance)
        if os.path.exists(disk_config):
            libvirt_utils.chown(disk_config, os.getuid())

    @staticmethod
    def _is_booted_from_volume(instance, disk_mapping):
        """Determines whether the VM is booting from volume

        Determines whether the disk mapping indicates that the VM
        is booting from a volume.
        """
        return ((not bool(instance.get('image_ref')))
                or 'disk' not in disk_mapping)

    @staticmethod
    def _has_local_disk(instance, disk_mapping):
        """Determines whether the VM has a local disk

        Determines whether the disk mapping indicates that the VM
        has a local disk (e.g. ephemeral, swap disk and config-drive).
        """
        if disk_mapping:
            if ('disk.local' in disk_mapping or
                'disk.swap' in disk_mapping or
                'disk.config' in disk_mapping):
                return True
        return False

    def _inject_data(self, instance, network_info, admin_pass, files, suffix):
        """Injects data in a disk image

        Helper used for injecting data in a disk image file system.

        Keyword arguments:
          instance -- a dict that refers instance specifications
          network_info -- a dict that refers network speficications
          admin_pass -- a string used to set an admin password
          files -- a list of files needs to be injected
          suffix -- a string used as an image name suffix
        """
        # Handles the partition need to be used.
        target_partition = None
        if not instance.kernel_id:
            target_partition = CONF.libvirt.inject_partition
            if target_partition == 0:
                target_partition = None
        if CONF.libvirt.virt_type == 'lxc':
            target_partition = None

        # Handles the key injection.
        if CONF.libvirt.inject_key and instance.get('key_data'):
            key = str(instance.key_data)
        else:
            key = None

        # Handles the admin password injection.
        if not CONF.libvirt.inject_password:
            admin_pass = None

        # Handles the network injection.
        net = netutils.get_injected_network_template(
                network_info, libvirt_virt_type=CONF.libvirt.virt_type)

        # Handles the metadata injection
        metadata = instance.get('metadata')

        image_type = CONF.libvirt.images_type
        if any((key, net, metadata, admin_pass, files)):
            injection_image = self.image_backend.image(
                instance,
                'disk' + suffix,
                image_type)
            img_id = instance.image_ref

            if not injection_image.check_image_exists():
                LOG.warn(_LW('Image %s not found on disk storage. '
                         'Continue without injecting data'),
                         injection_image.path, instance=instance)
                return
            try:
                disk.inject_data(injection_image.get_model(self._conn),
                                 key, net, metadata, admin_pass, files,
                                 partition=target_partition,
                                 mandatory=('files',))
            except Exception as e:
                with excutils.save_and_reraise_exception():
                    LOG.error(_LE('Error injecting data into image '
                                  '%(img_id)s (%(e)s)'),
                              {'img_id': img_id, 'e': e},
                              instance=instance)

    # NOTE(sileht): many callers of this method assume that this
    # method doesn't fail if an image already exists but instead
    # think that it will be reused (ie: (live)-migration/resize)
    def _create_image(self, context, instance,
                      disk_mapping, suffix='',
                      disk_images=None, network_info=None,
                      block_device_info=None, files=None,
                      admin_pass=None, inject_files=True,
                      fallback_from_host=None):
        booted_from_volume = self._is_booted_from_volume(
            instance, disk_mapping)

        def image(fname, image_type=CONF.libvirt.images_type):
            return self.image_backend.image(instance,
                                            fname + suffix, image_type)

        def raw(fname):
            return image(fname, image_type='raw')

        # ensure directories exist and are writable
        fileutils.ensure_tree(libvirt_utils.get_instance_path(instance))

        LOG.info(_LI('Creating image'), instance=instance)

        # NOTE(dprince): for rescue console.log may already exist... chown it.
        self._chown_console_log_for_instance(instance)

        # NOTE(yaguang): For evacuate disk.config already exist in shared
        # storage, chown it.
        self._chown_disk_config_for_instance(instance)

        # NOTE(vish): No need add the suffix to console.log
        libvirt_utils.write_to_file(
            self._get_console_log_path(instance), '', 7)

        if not disk_images:
            disk_images = {'image_id': instance.image_ref,
                           'kernel_id': instance.kernel_id,
                           'ramdisk_id': instance.ramdisk_id}

        if disk_images['kernel_id']:
            fname = imagecache.get_cache_fname(disk_images, 'kernel_id')
            raw('kernel').cache(fetch_func=libvirt_utils.fetch_raw_image,
                                context=context,
                                filename=fname,
                                image_id=disk_images['kernel_id'],
                                user_id=instance.user_id,
                                project_id=instance.project_id)
            if disk_images['ramdisk_id']:
                fname = imagecache.get_cache_fname(disk_images, 'ramdisk_id')
                raw('ramdisk').cache(fetch_func=libvirt_utils.fetch_raw_image,
                                     context=context,
                                     filename=fname,
                                     image_id=disk_images['ramdisk_id'],
                                     user_id=instance.user_id,
                                     project_id=instance.project_id)

        inst_type = instance.get_flavor()

        # NOTE(ndipanov): Even if disk_mapping was passed in, which
        # currently happens only on rescue - we still don't want to
        # create a base image.
        if not booted_from_volume:
            root_fname = imagecache.get_cache_fname(disk_images, 'image_id')
            size = instance.root_gb * units.Gi

            if size == 0 or suffix == '.rescue':
                size = None

            backend = image('disk')
            if instance.task_state == task_states.RESIZE_FINISH:
                backend.create_snap(libvirt_utils.RESIZE_SNAPSHOT_NAME)
            if backend.SUPPORTS_CLONE:
                def clone_fallback_to_fetch(*args, **kwargs):
                    try:
                        backend.clone(context, disk_images['image_id'])
                    except exception.ImageUnacceptable:
                        libvirt_utils.fetch_image(*args, **kwargs)
                fetch_func = clone_fallback_to_fetch
            else:
                fetch_func = libvirt_utils.fetch_image
            self._try_fetch_image_cache(backend, fetch_func, context,
                                        root_fname, disk_images['image_id'],
                                        instance, size, fallback_from_host)

        # Lookup the filesystem type if required
        os_type_with_default = disk.get_fs_type_for_os_type(instance.os_type)
        # Generate a file extension based on the file system
        # type and the mkfs commands configured if any
        file_extension = disk.get_file_extension_for_os_type(
                                                          os_type_with_default)

        ephemeral_gb = instance.ephemeral_gb
        if 'disk.local' in disk_mapping:
            disk_image = image('disk.local')
            fn = functools.partial(self._create_ephemeral,
                                   fs_label='ephemeral0',
                                   os_type=instance.os_type,
                                   is_block_dev=disk_image.is_block_dev)
            fname = "ephemeral_%s_%s" % (ephemeral_gb, file_extension)
            size = ephemeral_gb * units.Gi
            disk_image.cache(fetch_func=fn,
                             context=context,
                             filename=fname,
                             size=size,
                             ephemeral_size=ephemeral_gb)

        for idx, eph in enumerate(driver.block_device_info_get_ephemerals(
                block_device_info)):
            disk_image = image(blockinfo.get_eph_disk(idx))

            specified_fs = eph.get('guest_format')
            if specified_fs and not self.is_supported_fs_format(specified_fs):
                msg = _("%s format is not supported") % specified_fs
                raise exception.InvalidBDMFormat(details=msg)

            fn = functools.partial(self._create_ephemeral,
                                   fs_label='ephemeral%d' % idx,
                                   os_type=instance.os_type,
                                   is_block_dev=disk_image.is_block_dev)
            size = eph['size'] * units.Gi
            fname = "ephemeral_%s_%s" % (eph['size'], file_extension)
            disk_image.cache(fetch_func=fn,
                             context=context,
                             filename=fname,
                             size=size,
                             ephemeral_size=eph['size'],
                             specified_fs=specified_fs)

        if 'disk.swap' in disk_mapping:
            mapping = disk_mapping['disk.swap']
            swap_mb = 0

            swap = driver.block_device_info_get_swap(block_device_info)
            if driver.swap_is_usable(swap):
                swap_mb = swap['swap_size']
            elif (inst_type['swap'] > 0 and
                  not block_device.volume_in_mapping(
                    mapping['dev'], block_device_info)):
                swap_mb = inst_type['swap']

            if swap_mb > 0:
                size = swap_mb * units.Mi
                image('disk.swap').cache(fetch_func=self._create_swap,
                                         context=context,
                                         filename="swap_%s" % swap_mb,
                                         size=size,
                                         swap_mb=swap_mb)

        # Config drive
        if configdrive.required_by(instance):
            LOG.info(_LI('Using config drive'), instance=instance)
            extra_md = {}
            if admin_pass:
                extra_md['admin_pass'] = admin_pass

            inst_md = instance_metadata.InstanceMetadata(instance,
                content=files, extra_md=extra_md, network_info=network_info)
            with configdrive.ConfigDriveBuilder(instance_md=inst_md) as cdb:
                configdrive_path = self._get_disk_config_path(instance, suffix)
                LOG.info(_LI('Creating config drive at %(path)s'),
                         {'path': configdrive_path}, instance=instance)

                try:
                    cdb.make_drive(configdrive_path)
                except processutils.ProcessExecutionError as e:
                    with excutils.save_and_reraise_exception():
                        LOG.error(_LE('Creating config drive failed '
                                      'with error: %s'),
                                  e, instance=instance)

            try:
                # Tell the storage backend about the config drive
                config_drive_image = self.image_backend.image(
                    instance, 'disk.config' + suffix,
                    self._get_disk_config_image_type())

                config_drive_image.import_file(
                    instance, configdrive_path, 'disk.config' + suffix)
            finally:
                # NOTE(mikal): if the config drive was imported into RBD, then
                # we no longer need the local copy
                if CONF.libvirt.images_type == 'rbd':
                    os.unlink(configdrive_path)

        # File injection only if needed
        elif inject_files and CONF.libvirt.inject_partition != -2:
            if booted_from_volume:
                LOG.warn(_LW('File injection into a boot from volume '
                             'instance is not supported'), instance=instance)
            self._inject_data(
                instance, network_info, admin_pass, files, suffix)

        if CONF.libvirt.virt_type == 'uml':
            libvirt_utils.chown(image('disk').path, 'root')

    def _prepare_pci_devices_for_use(self, pci_devices):
        # kvm , qemu support managed mode
        # In managed mode, the configured device will be automatically
        # detached from the host OS drivers when the guest is started,
        # and then re-attached when the guest shuts down.
        if CONF.libvirt.virt_type != 'xen':
            # we do manual detach only for xen
            return
        try:
            for dev in pci_devices:
                libvirt_dev_addr = dev['hypervisor_name']
                libvirt_dev = \
                        self._host.device_lookup_by_name(libvirt_dev_addr)
                # Note(yjiang5) Spelling for 'dettach' is correct, see
                # http://libvirt.org/html/libvirt-libvirt.html.
                libvirt_dev.dettach()

            # Note(yjiang5): A reset of one PCI device may impact other
            # devices on the same bus, thus we need two separated loops
            # to detach and then reset it.
            for dev in pci_devices:
                libvirt_dev_addr = dev['hypervisor_name']
                libvirt_dev = \
                        self._host.device_lookup_by_name(libvirt_dev_addr)
                libvirt_dev.reset()

        except libvirt.libvirtError as exc:
            raise exception.PciDevicePrepareFailed(id=dev['id'],
                                                   instance_uuid=
                                                   dev['instance_uuid'],
                                                   reason=six.text_type(exc))

    def _detach_pci_devices(self, guest, pci_devs):

        # for libvirt version < 1.1.1, this is race condition
        # so forbid detach if not had this version
        if not self._host.has_min_version(MIN_LIBVIRT_DEVICE_CALLBACK_VERSION):
            if pci_devs:
                reason = (_("Detaching PCI devices with libvirt < %(ver)s"
                           " is not permitted") %
                           {'ver': MIN_LIBVIRT_DEVICE_CALLBACK_VERSION})
                raise exception.PciDeviceDetachFailed(reason=reason,
                                                      dev=pci_devs)
        try:
            for dev in pci_devs:
                guest.detach_device(self._get_guest_pci_device(dev), live=True)
                # after detachDeviceFlags returned, we should check the dom to
                # ensure the detaching is finished
                xml = guest.get_xml_desc()
                xml_doc = etree.fromstring(xml)
                guest_config = vconfig.LibvirtConfigGuest()
                guest_config.parse_dom(xml_doc)

                for hdev in [d for d in guest_config.devices
                    if isinstance(d, vconfig.LibvirtConfigGuestHostdevPCI)]:
                    hdbsf = [hdev.domain, hdev.bus, hdev.slot, hdev.function]
                    dbsf = pci_utils.parse_address(dev.address)
                    if [int(x, 16) for x in hdbsf] ==\
                            [int(x, 16) for x in dbsf]:
                        raise exception.PciDeviceDetachFailed(reason=
                                                              "timeout",
                                                              dev=dev)

        except libvirt.libvirtError as ex:
            error_code = ex.get_error_code()
            if error_code == libvirt.VIR_ERR_NO_DOMAIN:
                LOG.warn(_LW("Instance disappeared while detaching "
                             "a PCI device from it."))
            else:
                raise

    def _attach_pci_devices(self, guest, pci_devs):
        try:
            for dev in pci_devs:
                guest.attach_device(self._get_guest_pci_device(dev))

        except libvirt.libvirtError:
            LOG.error(_LE('Attaching PCI devices %(dev)s to %(dom)s failed.'),
                      {'dev': pci_devs, 'dom': guest.id})
            raise

    @staticmethod
    def _has_sriov_port(network_info):
        for vif in network_info:
            if vif['vnic_type'] == network_model.VNIC_TYPE_DIRECT:
                return True
        return False

    def _attach_sriov_ports(self, context, instance, guest, network_info=None):
        if network_info is None:
            network_info = instance.info_cache.network_info
        if network_info is None:
            return

        if self._has_sriov_port(network_info):
            for vif in network_info:
                if vif['vnic_type'] in network_model.VNIC_TYPES_SRIOV:
                    cfg = self.vif_driver.get_config(instance,
                                                     vif,
                                                     instance.image_meta,
                                                     instance.flavor,
                                                     CONF.libvirt.virt_type,
                                                     self._host)
                    LOG.debug('Attaching SR-IOV port %(port)s to %(dom)s',
                              {'port': vif, 'dom': guest.id},
                              instance=instance)
                    guest.attach_device(cfg)

    def _detach_sriov_ports(self, context, instance, guest):
        network_info = instance.info_cache.network_info
        if network_info is None:
            return

        if self._has_sriov_port(network_info):
            # for libvirt version < 1.1.1, this is race condition
            # so forbid detach if it's an older version
            if not self._host.has_min_version(
                            MIN_LIBVIRT_DEVICE_CALLBACK_VERSION):
                reason = (_("Detaching SR-IOV ports with"
                           " libvirt < %(ver)s is not permitted") %
                           {'ver': MIN_LIBVIRT_DEVICE_CALLBACK_VERSION})
                raise exception.PciDeviceDetachFailed(reason=reason,
                                                      dev=network_info)

            # In case of SR-IOV vif types we create pci request per SR-IOV port
            # Therefore we can trust that pci_slot value in the vif is correct.
            sriov_pci_addresses = [
                vif['profile']['pci_slot']
                for vif in network_info
                if vif['vnic_type'] in network_model.VNIC_TYPES_SRIOV and
                   vif['profile'].get('pci_slot') is not None
            ]

            # use detach_pci_devices to avoid failure in case of
            # multiple guest SRIOV ports with the same MAC
            # (protection use-case, ports are on different physical
            # interfaces)
            pci_devs = pci_manager.get_instance_pci_devs(instance, 'all')
            sriov_devs = [pci_dev for pci_dev in pci_devs
                          if pci_dev.address in sriov_pci_addresses]
            self._detach_pci_devices(guest, sriov_devs)

    def _set_host_enabled(self, enabled,
                          disable_reason=DISABLE_REASON_UNDEFINED):
        """Enables / Disables the compute service on this host.

           This doesn't override non-automatic disablement with an automatic
           setting; thereby permitting operators to keep otherwise
           healthy hosts out of rotation.
        """

        status_name = {True: 'disabled',
                       False: 'enabled'}

        disable_service = not enabled

        ctx = nova_context.get_admin_context()
        try:
            service = objects.Service.get_by_compute_host(ctx, CONF.host)

            if service.disabled != disable_service:
                # Note(jang): this is a quick fix to stop operator-
                # disabled compute hosts from re-enabling themselves
                # automatically. We prefix any automatic reason code
                # with a fixed string. We only re-enable a host
                # automatically if we find that string in place.
                # This should probably be replaced with a separate flag.
                if not service.disabled or (
                        service.disabled_reason and
                        service.disabled_reason.startswith(DISABLE_PREFIX)):
                    service.disabled = disable_service
                    service.disabled_reason = (
                       DISABLE_PREFIX + disable_reason
                       if disable_service else DISABLE_REASON_UNDEFINED)
                    service.save()
                    LOG.debug('Updating compute service status to %s',
                              status_name[disable_service])
                else:
                    LOG.debug('Not overriding manual compute service '
                              'status with: %s',
                              status_name[disable_service])
        except exception.ComputeHostNotFound:
            LOG.warn(_LW('Cannot update service status on host "%s" '
                         'since it is not registered.'), CONF.host)
        except Exception:
            LOG.warn(_LW('Cannot update service status on host "%s" '
                         'due to an unexpected exception.'), CONF.host,
                     exc_info=True)

    def _get_guest_cpu_model_config(self):
        mode = CONF.libvirt.cpu_mode
        model = CONF.libvirt.cpu_model

        if (CONF.libvirt.virt_type == "kvm" or
            CONF.libvirt.virt_type == "qemu"):
            if mode is None:
                mode = "host-model"
            if mode == "none":
                return vconfig.LibvirtConfigGuestCPU()
        else:
            if mode is None or mode == "none":
                return None

        if ((CONF.libvirt.virt_type != "kvm" and
             CONF.libvirt.virt_type != "qemu")):
            msg = _("Config requested an explicit CPU model, but "
                    "the current libvirt hypervisor '%s' does not "
                    "support selecting CPU models") % CONF.libvirt.virt_type
            raise exception.Invalid(msg)

        if mode == "custom" and model is None:
            msg = _("Config requested a custom CPU model, but no "
                    "model name was provided")
            raise exception.Invalid(msg)
        elif mode != "custom" and model is not None:
            msg = _("A CPU model name should not be set when a "
                    "host CPU model is requested")
            raise exception.Invalid(msg)

        LOG.debug("CPU mode '%(mode)s' model '%(model)s' was chosen",
                  {'mode': mode, 'model': (model or "")})

        cpu = vconfig.LibvirtConfigGuestCPU()
        cpu.mode = mode
        cpu.model = model

        return cpu

    def _get_guest_cpu_config(self, flavor, image_meta,
                              guest_cpu_numa_config, instance_numa_topology):
        cpu = self._get_guest_cpu_model_config()

        if cpu is None:
            return None

        topology = hardware.get_best_cpu_topology(
                flavor, image_meta, numa_topology=instance_numa_topology)

        cpu.sockets = topology.sockets
        cpu.cores = topology.cores
        cpu.threads = topology.threads
        cpu.numa = guest_cpu_numa_config

        return cpu

    def _get_guest_disk_config(self, instance, name, disk_mapping, inst_type,
                               image_type=None):
        if CONF.libvirt.hw_disk_discard:
            if not self._host.has_min_version(MIN_LIBVIRT_DISCARD_VERSION,
                                              MIN_QEMU_DISCARD_VERSION,
                                              host.HV_DRIVER_QEMU):
                msg = (_('Volume sets discard option, but libvirt %(libvirt)s'
                         ' or later is required, qemu %(qemu)s'
                         ' or later is required.') %
                      {'libvirt': MIN_LIBVIRT_DISCARD_VERSION,
                       'qemu': MIN_QEMU_DISCARD_VERSION})
                raise exception.Invalid(msg)

        image = self.image_backend.image(instance,
                                         name,
                                         image_type)
        if (name == 'disk.config' and image_type == 'rbd' and
                not image.check_image_exists()):
            # This is likely an older config drive that has not been migrated
            # to rbd yet. Try to fall back on 'raw' image type.
            # TODO(melwitt): Add online migration of some sort so we can
            # remove this fall back once we know all config drives are in rbd.
            image = self.image_backend.image(instance, name, 'raw')
            LOG.debug('Config drive not found in RBD, falling back to the '
                      'instance directory', instance=instance)
        disk_info = disk_mapping[name]
        return image.libvirt_info(disk_info['bus'],
                                  disk_info['dev'],
                                  disk_info['type'],
                                  self.disk_cachemode,
                                  inst_type['extra_specs'],
                                  self._host.get_version())

    def _get_guest_fs_config(self, instance, name, image_type=None):
        image = self.image_backend.image(instance,
                                         name,
                                         image_type)
        return image.libvirt_fs_info("/", "ploop")

    def _get_guest_storage_config(self, instance, image_meta,
                                  disk_info,
                                  rescue, block_device_info,
                                  inst_type, os_type):
        devices = []
        disk_mapping = disk_info['mapping']

        block_device_mapping = driver.block_device_info_get_mapping(
            block_device_info)
        mount_rootfs = CONF.libvirt.virt_type == "lxc"
        if mount_rootfs:
            fs = vconfig.LibvirtConfigGuestFilesys()
            fs.source_type = "mount"
            fs.source_dir = os.path.join(
                libvirt_utils.get_instance_path(instance), 'rootfs')
            devices.append(fs)
        elif os_type == vm_mode.EXE and CONF.libvirt.virt_type == "parallels":
            if 'disk' in disk_mapping:
                fs = self._get_guest_fs_config(instance, "disk")
                devices.append(fs)
        else:

            if rescue:
                diskrescue = self._get_guest_disk_config(instance,
                                                         'disk.rescue',
                                                         disk_mapping,
                                                         inst_type)
                devices.append(diskrescue)

                diskos = self._get_guest_disk_config(instance,
                                                     'disk',
                                                     disk_mapping,
                                                     inst_type)
                devices.append(diskos)
            else:
                if 'disk' in disk_mapping:
                    diskos = self._get_guest_disk_config(instance,
                                                         'disk',
                                                         disk_mapping,
                                                         inst_type)
                    devices.append(diskos)

                if 'disk.local' in disk_mapping:
                    disklocal = self._get_guest_disk_config(instance,
                                                            'disk.local',
                                                            disk_mapping,
                                                            inst_type)
                    devices.append(disklocal)
                    instance.default_ephemeral_device = (
                        block_device.prepend_dev(disklocal.target_dev))

                for idx, eph in enumerate(
                    driver.block_device_info_get_ephemerals(
                        block_device_info)):
                    diskeph = self._get_guest_disk_config(
                        instance,
                        blockinfo.get_eph_disk(idx),
                        disk_mapping, inst_type)
                    devices.append(diskeph)

                if 'disk.swap' in disk_mapping:
                    diskswap = self._get_guest_disk_config(instance,
                                                           'disk.swap',
                                                           disk_mapping,
                                                           inst_type)
                    devices.append(diskswap)
                    instance.default_swap_device = (
                        block_device.prepend_dev(diskswap.target_dev))

            if 'disk.config' in disk_mapping:
                diskconfig = self._get_guest_disk_config(
                    instance, 'disk.config', disk_mapping, inst_type,
                    self._get_disk_config_image_type())
                devices.append(diskconfig)

        for vol in block_device.get_bdms_to_connect(block_device_mapping,
                                                   mount_rootfs):
            connection_info = vol['connection_info']
            vol_dev = block_device.prepend_dev(vol['mount_device'])
            info = disk_mapping[vol_dev]
            self._connect_volume(connection_info, info)
            cfg = self._get_volume_config(connection_info, info)
            devices.append(cfg)
            vol['connection_info'] = connection_info
            vol.save()

        for d in devices:
            self._set_cache_mode(d)

        if image_meta.properties.get('hw_scsi_model'):
            hw_scsi_model = image_meta.properties.hw_scsi_model
            scsi_controller = vconfig.LibvirtConfigGuestController()
            scsi_controller.type = 'scsi'
            scsi_controller.model = hw_scsi_model
            devices.append(scsi_controller)

        return devices

    def _get_host_sysinfo_serial_hardware(self):
        """Get a UUID from the host hardware

        Get a UUID for the host hardware reported by libvirt.
        This is typically from the SMBIOS data, unless it has
        been overridden in /etc/libvirt/libvirtd.conf
        """
        caps = self._host.get_capabilities()
        return caps.host.uuid

    def _get_host_sysinfo_serial_os(self):
        """Get a UUID from the host operating system

        Get a UUID for the host operating system. Modern Linux
        distros based on systemd provide a /etc/machine-id
        file containing a UUID. This is also provided inside
        systemd based containers and can be provided by other
        init systems too, since it is just a plain text file.
        """
        if not os.path.exists("/etc/machine-id"):
            msg = _("Unable to get host UUID: /etc/machine-id does not exist")
            raise exception.NovaException(msg)

        with open("/etc/machine-id") as f:
            # We want to have '-' in the right place
            # so we parse & reformat the value
            lines = f.read().split()
            if not lines:
                msg = _("Unable to get host UUID: /etc/machine-id is empty")
                raise exception.NovaException(msg)

            return str(uuid.UUID(lines[0]))

    def _get_host_sysinfo_serial_auto(self):
        if os.path.exists("/etc/machine-id"):
            return self._get_host_sysinfo_serial_os()
        else:
            return self._get_host_sysinfo_serial_hardware()

    def _get_guest_config_sysinfo(self, instance):
        sysinfo = vconfig.LibvirtConfigGuestSysinfo()

        sysinfo.system_manufacturer = version.vendor_string()
        sysinfo.system_product = version.product_string()
        sysinfo.system_version = version.version_string_with_package()

        sysinfo.system_serial = self._sysinfo_serial_func()
        sysinfo.system_uuid = instance.uuid

        sysinfo.system_family = "Virtual Machine"

        return sysinfo

    def _get_guest_pci_device(self, pci_device):

        dbsf = pci_utils.parse_address(pci_device.address)
        dev = vconfig.LibvirtConfigGuestHostdevPCI()
        dev.domain, dev.bus, dev.slot, dev.function = dbsf

        # only kvm support managed mode
        if CONF.libvirt.virt_type in ('xen', 'parallels',):
            dev.managed = 'no'
        if CONF.libvirt.virt_type in ('kvm', 'qemu'):
            dev.managed = 'yes'

        return dev

    def _get_guest_config_meta(self, context, instance):
        """Get metadata config for guest."""

        meta = vconfig.LibvirtConfigGuestMetaNovaInstance()
        meta.package = version.version_string_with_package()
        meta.name = instance.display_name
        meta.creationTime = time.time()

        if instance.image_ref not in ("", None):
            meta.roottype = "image"
            meta.rootid = instance.image_ref

        if context is not None:
            ometa = vconfig.LibvirtConfigGuestMetaNovaOwner()
            ometa.userid = context.user_id
            ometa.username = context.user_name
            ometa.projectid = context.project_id
            ometa.projectname = context.project_name
            meta.owner = ometa

        fmeta = vconfig.LibvirtConfigGuestMetaNovaFlavor()
        flavor = instance.flavor
        fmeta.name = flavor.name
        fmeta.memory = flavor.memory_mb
        fmeta.vcpus = flavor.vcpus
        fmeta.ephemeral = flavor.ephemeral_gb
        fmeta.disk = flavor.root_gb
        fmeta.swap = flavor.swap

        meta.flavor = fmeta

        return meta

    def _machine_type_mappings(self):
        mappings = {}
        for mapping in CONF.libvirt.hw_machine_type:
            host_arch, _, machine_type = mapping.partition('=')
            mappings[host_arch] = machine_type
        return mappings

    def _get_machine_type(self, image_meta, caps):
        # The underlying machine type can be set as an image attribute,
        # or otherwise based on some architecture specific defaults

        mach_type = None

        if image_meta.properties.get('hw_machine_type') is not None:
            mach_type = image_meta.properties.hw_machine_type
        else:
            # For ARM systems we will default to vexpress-a15 for armv7
            # and virt for aarch64
            if caps.host.cpu.arch == arch.ARMV7:
                mach_type = "vexpress-a15"

            if caps.host.cpu.arch == arch.AARCH64:
                mach_type = "virt"

            if caps.host.cpu.arch in (arch.S390, arch.S390X):
                mach_type = 's390-ccw-virtio'

            # If set in the config, use that as the default.
            if CONF.libvirt.hw_machine_type:
                mappings = self._machine_type_mappings()
                mach_type = mappings.get(caps.host.cpu.arch)

        return mach_type

    @staticmethod
    def _create_idmaps(klass, map_strings):
        idmaps = []
        if len(map_strings) > 5:
            map_strings = map_strings[0:5]
            LOG.warn(_LW("Too many id maps, only included first five."))
        for map_string in map_strings:
            try:
                idmap = klass()
                values = [int(i) for i in map_string.split(":")]
                idmap.start = values[0]
                idmap.target = values[1]
                idmap.count = values[2]
                idmaps.append(idmap)
            except (ValueError, IndexError):
                LOG.warn(_LW("Invalid value for id mapping %s"), map_string)
        return idmaps

    def _get_guest_idmaps(self):
        id_maps = []
        if CONF.libvirt.virt_type == 'lxc' and CONF.libvirt.uid_maps:
            uid_maps = self._create_idmaps(vconfig.LibvirtConfigGuestUIDMap,
                                           CONF.libvirt.uid_maps)
            id_maps.extend(uid_maps)
        if CONF.libvirt.virt_type == 'lxc' and CONF.libvirt.gid_maps:
            gid_maps = self._create_idmaps(vconfig.LibvirtConfigGuestGIDMap,
                                           CONF.libvirt.gid_maps)
            id_maps.extend(gid_maps)
        return id_maps

    def _update_guest_cputune(self, guest, flavor, virt_type):
        is_able = self._host.is_cpu_control_policy_capable()

        cputuning = ['shares', 'period', 'quota']
        wants_cputune = any([k for k in cputuning
            if "quota:cpu_" + k in flavor.extra_specs.keys()])

        if wants_cputune and not is_able:
            raise exception.UnsupportedHostCPUControlPolicy()

        if not is_able or virt_type not in ('lxc', 'kvm', 'qemu'):
            return

        if guest.cputune is None:
            guest.cputune = vconfig.LibvirtConfigGuestCPUTune()
            # Setting the default cpu.shares value to be a value
            # dependent on the number of vcpus
        guest.cputune.shares = 1024 * guest.vcpus

        for name in cputuning:
            key = "quota:cpu_" + name
            if key in flavor.extra_specs:
                setattr(guest.cputune, name,
                        int(flavor.extra_specs[key]))

    def _get_cpu_numa_config_from_instance(self, instance_numa_topology,
                                           wants_hugepages):
        if instance_numa_topology:
            guest_cpu_numa = vconfig.LibvirtConfigGuestCPUNUMA()
            for instance_cell in instance_numa_topology.cells:
                guest_cell = vconfig.LibvirtConfigGuestCPUNUMACell()
                guest_cell.id = instance_cell.id
                guest_cell.cpus = instance_cell.cpuset
                guest_cell.memory = instance_cell.memory * units.Ki

                # The vhost-user network backend requires file backed
                # guest memory (ie huge pages) to be marked as shared
                # access, not private, so an external process can read
                # and write the pages.
                #
                # You can't change the shared vs private flag for an
                # already running guest, and since we can't predict what
                # types of NIC may be hotplugged, we have no choice but
                # to unconditionally turn on the shared flag. This has
                # no real negative functional effect on the guest, so
                # is a reasonable approach to take
                if wants_hugepages:
                    guest_cell.memAccess = "shared"
                guest_cpu_numa.cells.append(guest_cell)
            return guest_cpu_numa

    def _has_cpu_policy_support(self):
        for ver in BAD_LIBVIRT_CPU_POLICY_VERSIONS:
            if self._host.has_version(ver):
                ver_ = self._version_to_string(ver)
                raise exception.CPUPinningNotSupported(reason=_(
                    'Invalid libvirt version %(version)s') % {'version': ver_})
        return True

    def _wants_hugepages(self, host_topology, instance_topology):
        """Determine if the guest / host topology implies the
           use of huge pages for guest RAM backing
        """

        if host_topology is None or instance_topology is None:
            return False

        avail_pagesize = [page.size_kb
                          for page in host_topology.cells[0].mempages]
        avail_pagesize.sort()
        # Remove smallest page size as that's not classed as a largepage
        avail_pagesize = avail_pagesize[1:]

        # See if we have page size set
        for cell in instance_topology.cells:
            if (cell.pagesize is not None and
                cell.pagesize in avail_pagesize):
                return True

        return False

    def _get_guest_numa_config(self, instance_numa_topology, flavor, pci_devs,
                               allowed_cpus=None, image_meta=None):
        """Returns the config objects for the guest NUMA specs.

        Determines the CPUs that the guest can be pinned to if the guest
        specifies a cell topology and the host supports it. Constructs the
        libvirt XML config object representing the NUMA topology selected
        for the guest. Returns a tuple of:

            (cpu_set, guest_cpu_tune, guest_cpu_numa, guest_numa_tune)

        With the following caveats:

            a) If there is no specified guest NUMA topology, then
               all tuple elements except cpu_set shall be None. cpu_set
               will be populated with the chosen CPUs that the guest
               allowed CPUs fit within, which could be the supplied
               allowed_cpus value if the host doesn't support NUMA
               topologies.

            b) If there is a specified guest NUMA topology, then
               cpu_set will be None and guest_cpu_numa will be the
               LibvirtConfigGuestCPUNUMA object representing the guest's
               NUMA topology. If the host supports NUMA, then guest_cpu_tune
               will contain a LibvirtConfigGuestCPUTune object representing
               the optimized chosen cells that match the host capabilities
               with the instance's requested topology. If the host does
               not support NUMA, then guest_cpu_tune and guest_numa_tune
               will be None.
        """

        if (not self._has_numa_support() and
                instance_numa_topology is not None):
            # We should not get here, since we should have avoided
            # reporting NUMA topology from _get_host_numa_topology
            # in the first place. Just in case of a scheduler
            # mess up though, raise an exception
            raise exception.NUMATopologyUnsupported()

        topology = self._get_host_numa_topology()

        # We have instance NUMA so translate it to the config class
        guest_cpu_numa_config = self._get_cpu_numa_config_from_instance(
                instance_numa_topology,
                self._wants_hugepages(topology, instance_numa_topology))

        if not guest_cpu_numa_config:
            # No NUMA topology defined for instance - let the host kernel deal
            # with the NUMA effects.
            # TODO(ndipanov): Attempt to spread the instance
            # across NUMA nodes and expose the topology to the
            # instance as an optimisation
            return GuestNumaConfig(allowed_cpus, None, None, None)
        else:
            if topology:
                # Now get the CpuTune configuration from the numa_topology
                guest_cpu_tune = vconfig.LibvirtConfigGuestCPUTune()
                guest_numa_tune = vconfig.LibvirtConfigGuestNUMATune()
                allpcpus = []

                numa_mem = vconfig.LibvirtConfigGuestNUMATuneMemory()
                numa_memnodes = [vconfig.LibvirtConfigGuestNUMATuneMemNode()
                                 for _ in guest_cpu_numa_config.cells]

                for host_cell in topology.cells:
                    for guest_node_id, guest_config_cell in enumerate(
                            guest_cpu_numa_config.cells):
                        if guest_config_cell.id == host_cell.id:
                            node = numa_memnodes[guest_node_id]
                            node.cellid = guest_config_cell.id
                            node.nodeset = [host_cell.id]
                            node.mode = "strict"

                            numa_mem.nodeset.append(host_cell.id)

                            object_numa_cell = (
                                    instance_numa_topology.cells[guest_node_id]
                                )
                            for cpu in guest_config_cell.cpus:
                                pin_cpuset = (
                                    vconfig.LibvirtConfigGuestCPUTuneVCPUPin())
                                pin_cpuset.id = cpu
                                # If there is pinning information in the cell
                                # we pin to individual CPUs, otherwise we float
                                # over the whole host NUMA node

                                if (object_numa_cell.cpu_pinning and
                                        self._has_cpu_policy_support()):
                                    pcpu = object_numa_cell.cpu_pinning[cpu]
                                    pin_cpuset.cpuset = set([pcpu])
                                else:
                                    pin_cpuset.cpuset = host_cell.cpuset
                                allpcpus.extend(pin_cpuset.cpuset)
                                guest_cpu_tune.vcpupin.append(pin_cpuset)

                # TODO(berrange) When the guest has >1 NUMA node, it will
                # span multiple host NUMA nodes. By pinning emulator threads
                # to the union of all nodes, we guarantee there will be
                # cross-node memory access by the emulator threads when
                # responding to guest I/O operations. The only way to avoid
                # this would be to pin emulator threads to a single node and
                # tell the guest OS to only do I/O from one of its virtual
                # NUMA nodes. This is not even remotely practical.
                #
                # The long term solution is to make use of a new QEMU feature
                # called "I/O Threads" which will let us configure an explicit
                # I/O thread for each guest vCPU or guest NUMA node. It is
                # still TBD how to make use of this feature though, especially
                # how to associate IO threads with guest devices to eliminiate
                # cross NUMA node traffic. This is an area of investigation
                # for QEMU community devs.
                emulatorpin = vconfig.LibvirtConfigGuestCPUTuneEmulatorPin()
                emulatorpin.cpuset = set(allpcpus)
                guest_cpu_tune.emulatorpin = emulatorpin
                # Sort the vcpupin list per vCPU id for human-friendlier XML
                guest_cpu_tune.vcpupin.sort(key=operator.attrgetter("id"))

                if hardware.is_realtime_enabled(flavor):
                    if not self._host.has_min_version(
                            MIN_LIBVIRT_REALTIME_VERSION):
                        raise exception.RealtimePolicyNotSupported()

                    vcpus_rt, vcpus_em = hardware.vcpus_realtime_topology(
                        set(cpu.id for cpu in guest_cpu_tune.vcpupin),
                        flavor, image_meta)

                    vcpusched = vconfig.LibvirtConfigGuestCPUTuneVCPUSched()
                    vcpusched.vcpus = vcpus_rt
                    vcpusched.scheduler = "fifo"
                    vcpusched.priority = (
                        CONF.libvirt.realtime_scheduler_priority)
                    guest_cpu_tune.vcpusched.append(vcpusched)
                    guest_cpu_tune.emulatorpin.cpuset = vcpus_em

                guest_numa_tune.memory = numa_mem
                guest_numa_tune.memnodes = numa_memnodes

                # normalize cell.id
                for i, (cell, memnode) in enumerate(
                                            zip(guest_cpu_numa_config.cells,
                                                guest_numa_tune.memnodes)):
                    cell.id = i
                    memnode.cellid = i

                return GuestNumaConfig(None, guest_cpu_tune,
                                       guest_cpu_numa_config,
                                       guest_numa_tune)
            else:
                return GuestNumaConfig(allowed_cpus, None,
                                       guest_cpu_numa_config, None)

    def _get_guest_os_type(self, virt_type):
        """Returns the guest OS type based on virt type."""
        if virt_type == "lxc":
            ret = vm_mode.EXE
        elif virt_type == "uml":
            ret = vm_mode.UML
        elif virt_type == "xen":
            ret = vm_mode.XEN
        else:
            ret = vm_mode.HVM
        return ret

    def _set_guest_for_rescue(self, rescue, guest, inst_path, virt_type,
                              root_device_name):
        if rescue.get('kernel_id'):
            guest.os_kernel = os.path.join(inst_path, "kernel.rescue")
            if virt_type == "xen":
                guest.os_cmdline = "ro root=%s" % root_device_name
            else:
                guest.os_cmdline = ("root=%s %s" % (root_device_name, CONSOLE))
                if virt_type == "qemu":
                    guest.os_cmdline += " no_timer_check"
        if rescue.get('ramdisk_id'):
            guest.os_initrd = os.path.join(inst_path, "ramdisk.rescue")

    def _set_guest_for_inst_kernel(self, instance, guest, inst_path, virt_type,
                                root_device_name, image_meta):
        guest.os_kernel = os.path.join(inst_path, "kernel")
        if virt_type == "xen":
            guest.os_cmdline = "ro root=%s" % root_device_name
        else:
            guest.os_cmdline = ("root=%s %s" % (root_device_name, CONSOLE))
            if virt_type == "qemu":
                guest.os_cmdline += " no_timer_check"
        if instance.ramdisk_id:
            guest.os_initrd = os.path.join(inst_path, "ramdisk")
        # we only support os_command_line with images with an explicit
        # kernel set and don't want to break nova if there's an
        # os_command_line property without a specified kernel_id param
        if image_meta.properties.get("os_command_line"):
            guest.os_cmdline = image_meta.properties.os_command_line

    def _set_clock(self, guest, os_type, image_meta, virt_type):
        # NOTE(mikal): Microsoft Windows expects the clock to be in
        # "localtime". If the clock is set to UTC, then you can use a
        # registry key to let windows know, but Microsoft says this is
        # buggy in http://support.microsoft.com/kb/2687252
        clk = vconfig.LibvirtConfigGuestClock()
        if os_type == 'windows':
            LOG.info(_LI('Configuring timezone for windows instance to '
                         'localtime'))
            clk.offset = 'localtime'
        else:
            clk.offset = 'utc'
        guest.set_clock(clk)

        if virt_type == "kvm":
            self._set_kvm_timers(clk, os_type, image_meta)

    def _set_kvm_timers(self, clk, os_type, image_meta):
        # TODO(berrange) One day this should be per-guest
        # OS type configurable
        tmpit = vconfig.LibvirtConfigGuestTimer()
        tmpit.name = "pit"
        tmpit.tickpolicy = "delay"

        tmrtc = vconfig.LibvirtConfigGuestTimer()
        tmrtc.name = "rtc"
        tmrtc.tickpolicy = "catchup"

        clk.add_timer(tmpit)
        clk.add_timer(tmrtc)

        guestarch = libvirt_utils.get_arch(image_meta)
        if guestarch in (arch.I686, arch.X86_64):
            # NOTE(rfolco): HPET is a hardware timer for x86 arch.
            # qemu -no-hpet is not supported on non-x86 targets.
            tmhpet = vconfig.LibvirtConfigGuestTimer()
            tmhpet.name = "hpet"
            tmhpet.present = False
            clk.add_timer(tmhpet)

        # With new enough QEMU we can provide Windows guests
        # with the paravirtualized hyperv timer source. This
        # is the windows equiv of kvm-clock, allowing Windows
        # guests to accurately keep time.
        if (os_type == 'windows' and
            self._host.has_min_version(MIN_LIBVIRT_HYPERV_TIMER_VERSION,
                                       MIN_QEMU_HYPERV_TIMER_VERSION)):
            tmhyperv = vconfig.LibvirtConfigGuestTimer()
            tmhyperv.name = "hypervclock"
            tmhyperv.present = True
            clk.add_timer(tmhyperv)

    def _set_features(self, guest, os_type, caps, virt_type):
        if virt_type == "xen":
            # PAE only makes sense in X86
            if caps.host.cpu.arch in (arch.I686, arch.X86_64):
                guest.features.append(vconfig.LibvirtConfigGuestFeaturePAE())

        if (virt_type not in ("lxc", "uml", "parallels", "xen") or
                (virt_type == "xen" and guest.os_type == vm_mode.HVM)):
            guest.features.append(vconfig.LibvirtConfigGuestFeatureACPI())
            guest.features.append(vconfig.LibvirtConfigGuestFeatureAPIC())

        if (virt_type in ("qemu", "kvm") and
                os_type == 'windows' and
                self._host.has_min_version(MIN_LIBVIRT_HYPERV_FEATURE_VERSION,
                                           MIN_QEMU_HYPERV_FEATURE_VERSION)):
            hv = vconfig.LibvirtConfigGuestFeatureHyperV()
            hv.relaxed = True

            if self._host.has_min_version(
                    MIN_LIBVIRT_HYPERV_FEATURE_EXTRA_VERSION):
                hv.spinlocks = True
                # Increase spinlock retries - value recommended by
                # KVM maintainers who certify Windows guests
                # with Microsoft
                hv.spinlock_retries = 8191
                hv.vapic = True
            guest.features.append(hv)

    def _create_serial_console_devices(self, guest, instance, flavor,
                                       image_meta):
        guest_arch = libvirt_utils.get_arch(image_meta)

        if CONF.serial_console.enabled:
            num_ports = hardware.get_number_of_serial_ports(
                flavor, image_meta)
            for port in six.moves.range(num_ports):
                if guest_arch in (arch.S390, arch.S390X):
                    console = vconfig.LibvirtConfigGuestConsole()
                else:
                    console = vconfig.LibvirtConfigGuestSerial()
                console.port = port
                console.type = "tcp"
                console.listen_host = (
                    CONF.serial_console.proxyclient_address)
                console.listen_port = (
                    serial_console.acquire_port(
                        console.listen_host))
                guest.add_device(console)
        else:
            # The QEMU 'pty' driver throws away any data if no
            # client app is connected. Thus we can't get away
            # with a single type=pty console. Instead we have
            # to configure two separate consoles.
            if guest_arch in (arch.S390, arch.S390X):
                consolelog = vconfig.LibvirtConfigGuestConsole()
                consolelog.target_type = "sclplm"
            else:
                consolelog = vconfig.LibvirtConfigGuestSerial()
            consolelog.type = "file"
            consolelog.source_path = self._get_console_log_path(instance)
            guest.add_device(consolelog)

    def _add_video_driver(self, guest, image_meta, flavor):
        VALID_VIDEO_DEVICES = ("vga", "cirrus", "vmvga", "xen", "qxl")
        video = vconfig.LibvirtConfigGuestVideo()
        # NOTE(ldbragst): The following logic sets the video.type
        # depending on supported defaults given the architecture,
        # virtualization type, and features. The video.type attribute can
        # be overridden by the user with image_meta.properties, which
        # is carried out in the next if statement below this one.
        guestarch = libvirt_utils.get_arch(image_meta)
        if guest.os_type == vm_mode.XEN:
            video.type = 'xen'
        elif CONF.libvirt.virt_type == 'parallels':
            video.type = 'vga'
        elif guestarch in (arch.PPC, arch.PPC64, arch.PPC64LE):
            # NOTE(ldbragst): PowerKVM doesn't support 'cirrus' be default
            # so use 'vga' instead when running on Power hardware.
            video.type = 'vga'
        elif CONF.spice.enabled:
            video.type = 'qxl'
        if image_meta.properties.get('hw_video_model'):
            video.type = image_meta.properties.hw_video_model
            if (video.type not in VALID_VIDEO_DEVICES):
                raise exception.InvalidVideoMode(model=video.type)

        # Set video memory, only if the flavor's limit is set
        video_ram = image_meta.properties.get('hw_video_ram', 0)
        max_vram = int(flavor.extra_specs.get('hw_video:ram_max_mb', 0))
        if video_ram > max_vram:
            raise exception.RequestedVRamTooHigh(req_vram=video_ram,
                                                 max_vram=max_vram)
        if max_vram and video_ram:
            video.vram = video_ram * units.Mi / units.Ki
        guest.add_device(video)

    def _add_qga_device(self, guest, instance):
        qga = vconfig.LibvirtConfigGuestChannel()
        qga.type = "unix"
        qga.target_name = "org.qemu.guest_agent.0"
        qga.source_path = ("/var/lib/libvirt/qemu/%s.%s.sock" %
                          ("org.qemu.guest_agent.0", instance.name))
        guest.add_device(qga)

    def _add_rng_device(self, guest, flavor):
        rng_device = vconfig.LibvirtConfigGuestRng()
        rate_bytes = flavor.extra_specs.get('hw_rng:rate_bytes', 0)
        period = flavor.extra_specs.get('hw_rng:rate_period', 0)
        if rate_bytes:
            rng_device.rate_bytes = int(rate_bytes)
            rng_device.rate_period = int(period)
        rng_path = CONF.libvirt.rng_dev_path
        if (rng_path and not os.path.exists(rng_path)):
            raise exception.RngDeviceNotExist(path=rng_path)
        rng_device.backend = rng_path
        guest.add_device(rng_device)

    def _set_qemu_guest_agent(self, guest, flavor, instance, image_meta):
        # Enable qga only if the 'hw_qemu_guest_agent' is equal to yes
        if image_meta.properties.get('hw_qemu_guest_agent', False):
            LOG.debug("Qemu guest agent is enabled through image "
                      "metadata", instance=instance)
            self._add_qga_device(guest, instance)
        rng_is_virtio = image_meta.properties.get('hw_rng_model') == 'virtio'
        rng_allowed_str = flavor.extra_specs.get('hw_rng:allowed', '')
        rng_allowed = strutils.bool_from_string(rng_allowed_str)
        if rng_is_virtio and rng_allowed:
            self._add_rng_device(guest, flavor)

    def _get_guest_memory_backing_config(
            self, inst_topology, numatune, flavor):
        wantsmempages = False
        if inst_topology:
            for cell in inst_topology.cells:
                if cell.pagesize:
                    wantsmempages = True
                    break

        wantsrealtime = hardware.is_realtime_enabled(flavor)

        membacking = None
        if wantsmempages:
            pages = self._get_memory_backing_hugepages_support(
                inst_topology, numatune)
            if pages:
                membacking = vconfig.LibvirtConfigGuestMemoryBacking()
                membacking.hugepages = pages
        if wantsrealtime:
            if not membacking:
                membacking = vconfig.LibvirtConfigGuestMemoryBacking()
            membacking.locked = True
            membacking.sharedpages = False

        return membacking

    def _get_memory_backing_hugepages_support(self, inst_topology, numatune):
        if not self._has_hugepage_support():
            # We should not get here, since we should have avoided
            # reporting NUMA topology from _get_host_numa_topology
            # in the first place. Just in case of a scheduler
            # mess up though, raise an exception
            raise exception.MemoryPagesUnsupported()

        host_topology = self._get_host_numa_topology()

        if host_topology is None:
            # As above, we should not get here but just in case...
            raise exception.MemoryPagesUnsupported()

        # Currently libvirt does not support the smallest
        # pagesize set as a backend memory.
        # https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1173507
        avail_pagesize = [page.size_kb
                          for page in host_topology.cells[0].mempages]
        avail_pagesize.sort()
        smallest = avail_pagesize[0]

        pages = []
        for guest_cellid, inst_cell in enumerate(inst_topology.cells):
            if inst_cell.pagesize and inst_cell.pagesize > smallest:
                for memnode in numatune.memnodes:
                    if guest_cellid == memnode.cellid:
                        page = (
                            vconfig.LibvirtConfigGuestMemoryBackingPage())
                        page.nodeset = [guest_cellid]
                        page.size_kb = inst_cell.pagesize
                        pages.append(page)
                        break  # Quit early...
        return pages

    def _get_flavor(self, ctxt, instance, flavor):
        if flavor is not None:
            return flavor
        return instance.flavor

    def _has_uefi_support(self):
        # This means that the host can support uefi booting for guests
        supported_archs = [arch.X86_64, arch.AARCH64]
        caps = self._host.get_capabilities()
        return ((caps.host.cpu.arch in supported_archs) and
                self._host.has_min_version(MIN_LIBVIRT_UEFI_VERSION) and
                os.path.exists(DEFAULT_UEFI_LOADER_PATH[caps.host.cpu.arch]))

    def _configure_guest_by_virt_type(self, guest, virt_type, caps, instance,
                                      image_meta, flavor, root_device_name):
        if virt_type == "xen":
            if guest.os_type == vm_mode.HVM:
                guest.os_loader = CONF.libvirt.xen_hvmloader_path
        elif virt_type in ("kvm", "qemu"):
            if caps.host.cpu.arch in (arch.I686, arch.X86_64):
                guest.sysinfo = self._get_guest_config_sysinfo(instance)
                guest.os_smbios = vconfig.LibvirtConfigGuestSMBIOS()
            hw_firmware_type = image_meta.properties.get('hw_firmware_type')
            if hw_firmware_type == fields.FirmwareType.UEFI:
                if self._has_uefi_support():
                    global uefi_logged
                    if not uefi_logged:
                        LOG.warn(_LW("uefi support is without some kind of "
                                     "functional testing and therefore "
                                     "considered experimental."))
                        uefi_logged = True
                    guest.os_loader = DEFAULT_UEFI_LOADER_PATH[
                        caps.host.cpu.arch]
                    guest.os_loader_type = "pflash"
                else:
                    raise exception.UEFINotSupported()
            guest.os_mach_type = self._get_machine_type(image_meta, caps)
            if image_meta.properties.get('hw_boot_menu') is None:
                guest.os_bootmenu = strutils.bool_from_string(
                    flavor.extra_specs.get('hw:boot_menu', 'no'))
            else:
                guest.os_bootmenu = image_meta.properties.hw_boot_menu

        elif virt_type == "lxc":
            guest.os_init_path = "/sbin/init"
            guest.os_cmdline = CONSOLE
        elif virt_type == "uml":
            guest.os_kernel = "/usr/bin/linux"
            guest.os_root = root_device_name
        elif virt_type == "parallels":
            if guest.os_type == vm_mode.EXE:
                guest.os_init_path = "/sbin/init"

    def _conf_non_lxc_uml(self, virt_type, guest, root_device_name, rescue,
                    instance, inst_path, image_meta, disk_info):
        if rescue:
            self._set_guest_for_rescue(rescue, guest, inst_path, virt_type,
                                       root_device_name)
        elif instance.kernel_id:
            self._set_guest_for_inst_kernel(instance, guest, inst_path,
                                            virt_type, root_device_name,
                                            image_meta)
        else:
            guest.os_boot_dev = blockinfo.get_boot_order(disk_info)

    def _create_consoles(self, virt_type, guest, instance, flavor, image_meta,
                         caps):
        if virt_type in ("qemu", "kvm"):
            # Create the serial console char devices
            self._create_serial_console_devices(guest, instance, flavor,
                                                image_meta)
            if caps.host.cpu.arch in (arch.S390, arch.S390X):
                consolepty = vconfig.LibvirtConfigGuestConsole()
                consolepty.target_type = "sclp"
            else:
                consolepty = vconfig.LibvirtConfigGuestSerial()
        else:
            consolepty = vconfig.LibvirtConfigGuestConsole()
        return consolepty

    def _cpu_config_to_vcpu_model(self, cpu_config, vcpu_model):
        """Update VirtCPUModel object according to libvirt CPU config.

        :param:cpu_config: vconfig.LibvirtConfigGuestCPU presenting the
                           instance's virtual cpu configuration.
        :param:vcpu_model: VirtCPUModel object. A new object will be created
                           if None.

        :return: Updated VirtCPUModel object, or None if cpu_config is None

        """

        if not cpu_config:
            return
        if not vcpu_model:
            vcpu_model = objects.VirtCPUModel()

        vcpu_model.arch = cpu_config.arch
        vcpu_model.vendor = cpu_config.vendor
        vcpu_model.model = cpu_config.model
        vcpu_model.mode = cpu_config.mode
        vcpu_model.match = cpu_config.match

        if cpu_config.sockets:
            vcpu_model.topology = objects.VirtCPUTopology(
                sockets=cpu_config.sockets,
                cores=cpu_config.cores,
                threads=cpu_config.threads)
        else:
            vcpu_model.topology = None

        features = [objects.VirtCPUFeature(
            name=f.name,
            policy=f.policy) for f in cpu_config.features]
        vcpu_model.features = features

        return vcpu_model

    def _vcpu_model_to_cpu_config(self, vcpu_model):
        """Create libvirt CPU config according to VirtCPUModel object.

        :param:vcpu_model: VirtCPUModel object.

        :return: vconfig.LibvirtConfigGuestCPU.

        """

        cpu_config = vconfig.LibvirtConfigGuestCPU()
        cpu_config.arch = vcpu_model.arch
        cpu_config.model = vcpu_model.model
        cpu_config.mode = vcpu_model.mode
        cpu_config.match = vcpu_model.match
        cpu_config.vendor = vcpu_model.vendor
        if vcpu_model.topology:
            cpu_config.sockets = vcpu_model.topology.sockets
            cpu_config.cores = vcpu_model.topology.cores
            cpu_config.threads = vcpu_model.topology.threads
        if vcpu_model.features:
            for f in vcpu_model.features:
                xf = vconfig.LibvirtConfigGuestCPUFeature()
                xf.name = f.name
                xf.policy = f.policy
                cpu_config.features.add(xf)
        return cpu_config

    def _get_guest_config(self, instance, network_info, image_meta,
                          disk_info, rescue=None, block_device_info=None,
                          context=None):
        """Get config data for parameters.

        :param rescue: optional dictionary that should contain the key
            'ramdisk_id' if a ramdisk is needed for the rescue image and
            'kernel_id' if a kernel is needed for the rescue image.
        """
        flavor = instance.flavor
        inst_path = libvirt_utils.get_instance_path(instance)
        disk_mapping = disk_info['mapping']

        virt_type = CONF.libvirt.virt_type
        guest = vconfig.LibvirtConfigGuest()
        guest.virt_type = virt_type
        guest.name = instance.name
        guest.uuid = instance.uuid
        # We are using default unit for memory: KiB
        guest.memory = flavor.memory_mb * units.Ki
        guest.vcpus = flavor.vcpus
        allowed_cpus = hardware.get_vcpu_pin_set()
        pci_devs = pci_manager.get_instance_pci_devs(instance, 'all')

        guest_numa_config = self._get_guest_numa_config(
            instance.numa_topology, flavor, pci_devs, allowed_cpus, image_meta)

        guest.cpuset = guest_numa_config.cpuset
        guest.cputune = guest_numa_config.cputune
        guest.numatune = guest_numa_config.numatune

        guest.membacking = self._get_guest_memory_backing_config(
            instance.numa_topology,
            guest_numa_config.numatune,
            flavor)

        guest.metadata.append(self._get_guest_config_meta(context,
                                                          instance))
        guest.idmaps = self._get_guest_idmaps()

        self._update_guest_cputune(guest, flavor, virt_type)

        guest.cpu = self._get_guest_cpu_config(
            flavor, image_meta, guest_numa_config.numaconfig,
            instance.numa_topology)

        # Notes(yjiang5): we always sync the instance's vcpu model with
        # the corresponding config file.
        instance.vcpu_model = self._cpu_config_to_vcpu_model(
            guest.cpu, instance.vcpu_model)

        if 'root' in disk_mapping:
            root_device_name = block_device.prepend_dev(
                disk_mapping['root']['dev'])
        else:
            root_device_name = None

        if root_device_name:
            # NOTE(yamahata):
            # for nova.api.ec2.cloud.CloudController.get_metadata()
            instance.root_device_name = root_device_name

        guest.os_type = (vm_mode.get_from_instance(instance) or
                self._get_guest_os_type(virt_type))
        caps = self._host.get_capabilities()

        self._configure_guest_by_virt_type(guest, virt_type, caps, instance,
                                           image_meta, flavor,
                                           root_device_name)
        if virt_type not in ('lxc', 'uml'):
            self._conf_non_lxc_uml(virt_type, guest, root_device_name, rescue,
                    instance, inst_path, image_meta, disk_info)

        self._set_features(guest, instance.os_type, caps, virt_type)
        self._set_clock(guest, instance.os_type, image_meta, virt_type)

        storage_configs = self._get_guest_storage_config(
                instance, image_meta, disk_info, rescue, block_device_info,
                flavor, guest.os_type)
        for config in storage_configs:
            guest.add_device(config)

        for vif in network_info:
            config = self.vif_driver.get_config(
                instance, vif, image_meta,
                flavor, virt_type, self._host)
            guest.add_device(config)

        consolepty = self._create_consoles(virt_type, guest, instance, flavor,
                                           image_meta, caps)
        if virt_type != 'parallels':
            consolepty.type = "pty"
            guest.add_device(consolepty)

        tablet = self._get_guest_usb_tablet(guest.os_type)
        if tablet:
            guest.add_device(tablet)

        if (CONF.spice.enabled and CONF.spice.agent_enabled and
                virt_type not in ('lxc', 'uml', 'xen')):
            channel = vconfig.LibvirtConfigGuestChannel()
            channel.target_name = "com.redhat.spice.0"
            guest.add_device(channel)

        # NB some versions of libvirt support both SPICE and VNC
        # at the same time. We're not trying to second guess which
        # those versions are. We'll just let libvirt report the
        # errors appropriately if the user enables both.
        add_video_driver = False
        if ((CONF.vnc.enabled and
             virt_type not in ('lxc', 'uml'))):
            graphics = vconfig.LibvirtConfigGuestGraphics()
            graphics.type = "vnc"
            graphics.keymap = CONF.vnc.keymap
            graphics.listen = CONF.vnc.vncserver_listen
            guest.add_device(graphics)
            add_video_driver = True

        if (CONF.spice.enabled and
                virt_type not in ('lxc', 'uml', 'xen')):
            graphics = vconfig.LibvirtConfigGuestGraphics()
            graphics.type = "spice"
            graphics.keymap = CONF.spice.keymap
            graphics.listen = CONF.spice.server_listen
            guest.add_device(graphics)
            add_video_driver = True

        if add_video_driver:
            self._add_video_driver(guest, image_meta, flavor)

        # Qemu guest agent only support 'qemu' and 'kvm' hypervisor
        if virt_type in ('qemu', 'kvm'):
            self._set_qemu_guest_agent(guest, flavor, instance, image_meta)

        if virt_type in ('xen', 'qemu', 'kvm'):
            for pci_dev in pci_manager.get_instance_pci_devs(instance):
                guest.add_device(self._get_guest_pci_device(pci_dev))
        else:
            if len(pci_devs) > 0:
                raise exception.PciDeviceUnsupportedHypervisor(
                    type=virt_type)

        if 'hw_watchdog_action' in flavor.extra_specs:
            LOG.warn(_LW('Old property name "hw_watchdog_action" is now '
                         'deprecated and will be removed in the next release. '
                         'Use updated property name '
                         '"hw:watchdog_action" instead'), instance=instance)
        # TODO(pkholkin): accepting old property name 'hw_watchdog_action'
        #                should be removed in the next release
        watchdog_action = (flavor.extra_specs.get('hw_watchdog_action') or
                           flavor.extra_specs.get('hw:watchdog_action')
                           or 'disabled')
        watchdog_action = image_meta.properties.get('hw_watchdog_action',
                                                    watchdog_action)

        # NB(sross): currently only actually supported by KVM/QEmu
        if watchdog_action != 'disabled':
            if watchdog_actions.is_valid_watchdog_action(watchdog_action):
                bark = vconfig.LibvirtConfigGuestWatchdog()
                bark.action = watchdog_action
                guest.add_device(bark)
            else:
                raise exception.InvalidWatchdogAction(action=watchdog_action)

        # Memory balloon device only support 'qemu/kvm' and 'xen' hypervisor
        if (virt_type in ('xen', 'qemu', 'kvm') and
                CONF.libvirt.mem_stats_period_seconds > 0):
            balloon = vconfig.LibvirtConfigMemoryBalloon()
            if virt_type in ('qemu', 'kvm'):
                balloon.model = 'virtio'
            else:
                balloon.model = 'xen'
            balloon.period = CONF.libvirt.mem_stats_period_seconds
            guest.add_device(balloon)

        return guest

    def _get_guest_usb_tablet(self, os_type):
        # We want a tablet if VNC is enabled, or SPICE is enabled and
        # the SPICE agent is disabled. If the SPICE agent is enabled
        # it provides a paravirt mouse which drastically reduces
        # overhead (by eliminating USB polling).
        #
        # NB: this implies that if both SPICE + VNC are enabled
        # at the same time, we'll get the tablet whether the
        # SPICE agent is used or not.
        need_usb_tablet = False
        if CONF.vnc.enabled:
            need_usb_tablet = CONF.libvirt.use_usb_tablet
        elif CONF.spice.enabled and not CONF.spice.agent_enabled:
            need_usb_tablet = CONF.libvirt.use_usb_tablet

        tablet = None
        if need_usb_tablet and os_type == vm_mode.HVM:
            tablet = vconfig.LibvirtConfigGuestInput()
            tablet.type = "tablet"
            tablet.bus = "usb"
        return tablet

    def _get_guest_xml(self, context, instance, network_info, disk_info,
                       image_meta, rescue=None,
                       block_device_info=None, write_to_disk=False):
        # NOTE(danms): Stringifying a NetworkInfo will take a lock. Do
        # this ahead of time so that we don't acquire it while also
        # holding the logging lock.
        network_info_str = str(network_info)
        msg = ('Start _get_guest_xml '
               'network_info=%(network_info)s '
               'disk_info=%(disk_info)s '
               'image_meta=%(image_meta)s rescue=%(rescue)s '
               'block_device_info=%(block_device_info)s' %
               {'network_info': network_info_str, 'disk_info': disk_info,
                'image_meta': image_meta, 'rescue': rescue,
                'block_device_info': block_device_info})
        # NOTE(mriedem): block_device_info can contain auth_password so we
        # need to sanitize the password in the message.
        LOG.debug(strutils.mask_password(msg), instance=instance)
        conf = self._get_guest_config(instance, network_info, image_meta,
                                      disk_info, rescue, block_device_info,
                                      context)
        xml = conf.to_xml()

        if write_to_disk:
            instance_dir = libvirt_utils.get_instance_path(instance)
            xml_path = os.path.join(instance_dir, 'libvirt.xml')
            libvirt_utils.write_to_file(xml_path, xml)

        LOG.debug('End _get_guest_xml xml=%(xml)s',
                  {'xml': xml}, instance=instance)
        return xml

    def get_info(self, instance):
        """Retrieve information from libvirt for a specific instance name.

        If a libvirt error is encountered during lookup, we might raise a
        NotFound exception or Error exception depending on how severe the
        libvirt error is.

        """
        guest = self._host.get_guest(instance)
        # Kind of ugly but we need to pass host to get_info as for a
        # workaround, see libvirt/compat.py
        return guest.get_info(self._host)

    def _create_domain_setup_lxc(self, instance, image_meta,
                                 block_device_info, disk_info):
        inst_path = libvirt_utils.get_instance_path(instance)
        disk_info = disk_info or {}
        disk_mapping = disk_info.get('mapping', {})

        if self._is_booted_from_volume(instance, disk_mapping):
            block_device_mapping = driver.block_device_info_get_mapping(
                                                            block_device_info)
            root_disk = block_device.get_root_bdm(block_device_mapping)
            disk_info = blockinfo.get_info_from_bdm(
                instance, CONF.libvirt.virt_type, image_meta, root_disk)
            self._connect_volume(root_disk['connection_info'], disk_info)
            disk_path = root_disk['connection_info']['data']['device_path']

            # NOTE(apmelton) - Even though the instance is being booted from a
            # cinder volume, it is still presented as a local block device.
            # LocalBlockImage is used here to indicate that the instance's
            # disk is backed by a local block device.
            image_model = imgmodel.LocalBlockImage(disk_path)
        else:
            image = self.image_backend.image(instance, 'disk')
            image_model = image.get_model(self._conn)

        container_dir = os.path.join(inst_path, 'rootfs')
        fileutils.ensure_tree(container_dir)
        rootfs_dev = disk.setup_container(image_model,
                                          container_dir=container_dir)

        try:
            # Save rootfs device to disconnect it when deleting the instance
            if rootfs_dev:
                instance.system_metadata['rootfs_device_name'] = rootfs_dev
            if CONF.libvirt.uid_maps or CONF.libvirt.gid_maps:
                id_maps = self._get_guest_idmaps()
                libvirt_utils.chown_for_id_maps(container_dir, id_maps)
        except Exception:
            with excutils.save_and_reraise_exception():
                self._create_domain_cleanup_lxc(instance)

    def _create_domain_cleanup_lxc(self, instance):
        inst_path = libvirt_utils.get_instance_path(instance)
        container_dir = os.path.join(inst_path, 'rootfs')

        try:
            state = self.get_info(instance).state
        except exception.InstanceNotFound:
            # The domain may not be present if the instance failed to start
            state = None

        if state == power_state.RUNNING:
            # NOTE(uni): Now the container is running with its own private
            # mount namespace and so there is no need to keep the container
            # rootfs mounted in the host namespace
            LOG.debug('Attempting to unmount container filesystem: %s',
                      container_dir, instance=instance)
            disk.clean_lxc_namespace(container_dir=container_dir)
        else:
            disk.teardown_container(container_dir=container_dir)

    @contextlib.contextmanager
    def _lxc_disk_handler(self, instance, image_meta,
                          block_device_info, disk_info):
        """Context manager to handle the pre and post instance boot,
           LXC specific disk operations.

           An image or a volume path will be prepared and setup to be
           used by the container, prior to starting it.
           The disk will be disconnected and unmounted if a container has
           failed to start.
        """

        if CONF.libvirt.virt_type != 'lxc':
            yield
            return

        self._create_domain_setup_lxc(instance, image_meta,
                                      block_device_info, disk_info)

        try:
            yield
        finally:
            self._create_domain_cleanup_lxc(instance)

    # TODO(sahid): Consider renaming this to _create_guest.
    def _create_domain(self, xml=None, domain=None,
                       power_on=True, pause=False):
        """Create a domain.

        Either domain or xml must be passed in. If both are passed, then
        the domain definition is overwritten from the xml.

        :returns guest.Guest: Guest just created
        """
        if xml:
            guest = libvirt_guest.Guest.create(xml, self._host)
        else:
            guest = libvirt_guest.Guest(domain)

        if power_on or pause:
            guest.launch(pause=pause)

        if not utils.is_neutron():
            guest.enable_hairpin()

        return guest

    def _neutron_failed_callback(self, event_name, instance):
        LOG.error(_LE('Neutron Reported failure on event '
                      '%(event)s for instance %(uuid)s'),
                  {'event': event_name, 'uuid': instance.uuid},
                  instance=instance)
        if CONF.vif_plugging_is_fatal:
            raise exception.VirtualInterfaceCreateException()

    def _get_neutron_events(self, network_info):
        # NOTE(danms): We need to collect any VIFs that are currently
        # down that we expect a down->up event for. Anything that is
        # already up will not undergo that transition, and for
        # anything that might be stale (cache-wise) assume it's
        # already up so we don't block on it.
        return [('network-vif-plugged', vif['id'])
                for vif in network_info if vif.get('active', True) is False]

    def _create_domain_and_network(self, context, xml, instance, network_info,
                                   disk_info, block_device_info=None,
                                   power_on=True, reboot=False,
                                   vifs_already_plugged=False):

        """Do required network setup and create domain."""
        block_device_mapping = driver.block_device_info_get_mapping(
            block_device_info)

        for vol in block_device_mapping:
            connection_info = vol['connection_info']

            if (not reboot and 'data' in connection_info and
                    'volume_id' in connection_info['data']):
                volume_id = connection_info['data']['volume_id']
                encryption = encryptors.get_encryption_metadata(
                    context, self._volume_api, volume_id, connection_info)

                if encryption:
                    encryptor = self._get_volume_encryptor(connection_info,
                                                           encryption)
                    encryptor.attach_volume(context, **encryption)

        timeout = CONF.vif_plugging_timeout
        if (self._conn_supports_start_paused and
            utils.is_neutron() and not
            vifs_already_plugged and power_on and timeout):
            events = self._get_neutron_events(network_info)
        else:
            events = []

        pause = bool(events)
        guest = None
        try:
            with self.virtapi.wait_for_instance_event(
                    instance, events, deadline=timeout,
                    error_callback=self._neutron_failed_callback):
                self.plug_vifs(instance, network_info)
                self.firewall_driver.setup_basic_filtering(instance,
                                                           network_info)
                self.firewall_driver.prepare_instance_filter(instance,
                                                             network_info)
                with self._lxc_disk_handler(instance, instance.image_meta,
                                            block_device_info, disk_info):
                    guest = self._create_domain(
                        xml, pause=pause, power_on=power_on)

                self.firewall_driver.apply_instance_filter(instance,
                                                           network_info)
        except exception.VirtualInterfaceCreateException:
            # Neutron reported failure and we didn't swallow it, so
            # bail here
            with excutils.save_and_reraise_exception():
                if guest:
                    guest.poweroff()
                self.cleanup(context, instance, network_info=network_info,
                             block_device_info=block_device_info)
        except eventlet.timeout.Timeout:
            # We never heard from Neutron
            LOG.warn(_LW('Timeout waiting for vif plugging callback for '
                         'instance %(uuid)s'), {'uuid': instance.uuid},
                     instance=instance)
            if CONF.vif_plugging_is_fatal:
                if guest:
                    guest.poweroff()
                self.cleanup(context, instance, network_info=network_info,
                             block_device_info=block_device_info)
                raise exception.VirtualInterfaceCreateException()

        # Resume only if domain has been paused
        if pause:
            guest.resume()
        return guest

    def _get_vcpu_total(self):
        """Get available vcpu number of physical computer.

        :returns: the number of cpu core instances can be used.

        """
        try:
            total_pcpus = self._host.get_cpu_count()
        except libvirt.libvirtError:
            LOG.warn(_LW("Cannot get the number of cpu, because this "
                         "function is not implemented for this platform. "))
            return 0

        if CONF.vcpu_pin_set is None:
            return total_pcpus

        available_ids = hardware.get_vcpu_pin_set()
        # We get the list of online CPUs on the host and see if the requested
        # set falls under these. If not, we retain the old behavior.
        online_pcpus = None
        try:
            online_pcpus = self._host.get_online_cpus()
        except libvirt.libvirtError as ex:
            error_code = ex.get_error_code()
            LOG.warn(_LW("Couldn't retrieve the online CPUs due to a Libvirt "
                         "error: %(error)s with error code: %(error_code)s"),
                     {'error': ex, 'error_code': error_code})
        if online_pcpus:
            if not (available_ids <= online_pcpus):
                msg = (_("Invalid vcpu_pin_set config, one or more of the "
                         "specified cpuset is not online. Online cpuset(s): "
                         "%(online)s, requested cpuset(s): %(req)s"),
                       {'online': sorted(online_pcpus),
                        'req': sorted(available_ids)})
                raise exception.Invalid(msg)
        elif sorted(available_ids)[-1] >= total_pcpus:
            raise exception.Invalid(_("Invalid vcpu_pin_set config, "
                                      "out of hypervisor cpu range."))
        return len(available_ids)

    @staticmethod
    def _get_local_gb_info():
        """Get local storage info of the compute node in GB.

        :returns: A dict containing:
             :total: How big the overall usable filesystem is (in gigabytes)
             :free: How much space is free (in gigabytes)
             :used: How much space is used (in gigabytes)
        """

        if CONF.libvirt.images_type == 'lvm':
            info = lvm.get_volume_group_info(
                               CONF.libvirt.images_volume_group)
        elif CONF.libvirt.images_type == 'rbd':
            info = LibvirtDriver._get_rbd_driver().get_pool_info()
        else:
            info = libvirt_utils.get_fs_info(CONF.instances_path)

        for (k, v) in six.iteritems(info):
            info[k] = v / units.Gi

        return info

    def _get_vcpu_used(self):
        """Get vcpu usage number of physical computer.

        :returns: The total number of vcpu(s) that are currently being used.

        """

        total = 0
        if CONF.libvirt.virt_type == 'lxc':
            return total + 1

        for guest in self._host.list_guests():
            try:
                vcpus = guest.get_vcpus_info()
                if vcpus is not None:
                    total += len(list(vcpus))
            except libvirt.libvirtError as e:
                LOG.warn(_LW("couldn't obtain the vcpu count from domain id:"
                             " %(uuid)s, exception: %(ex)s"),
                         {"uuid": guest.uuid, "ex": e})
            # NOTE(gtt116): give other tasks a chance.
            greenthread.sleep(0)
        return total

    def _get_instance_capabilities(self):
        """Get hypervisor instance capabilities

        Returns a list of tuples that describe instances the
        hypervisor is capable of hosting.  Each tuple consists
        of the triplet (arch, hypervisor_type, vm_mode).

        :returns: List of tuples describing instance capabilities
        """
        caps = self._host.get_capabilities()
        instance_caps = list()
        for g in caps.guests:
            for dt in g.domtype:
                instance_cap = (
                    arch.canonicalize(g.arch),
                    hv_type.canonicalize(dt),
                    vm_mode.canonicalize(g.ostype))
                instance_caps.append(instance_cap)

        return instance_caps

    def _get_cpu_info(self):
        """Get cpuinfo information.

        Obtains cpu feature from virConnect.getCapabilities.

        :return: see above description

        """

        caps = self._host.get_capabilities()
        cpu_info = dict()

        cpu_info['arch'] = caps.host.cpu.arch
        cpu_info['model'] = caps.host.cpu.model
        cpu_info['vendor'] = caps.host.cpu.vendor

        topology = dict()
        topology['cells'] = len(getattr(caps.host.topology, 'cells', [1]))
        topology['sockets'] = caps.host.cpu.sockets
        topology['cores'] = caps.host.cpu.cores
        topology['threads'] = caps.host.cpu.threads
        cpu_info['topology'] = topology

        features = set()
        for f in caps.host.cpu.features:
            features.add(f.name)
        cpu_info['features'] = features
        return cpu_info

    def _get_pcidev_info(self, devname):
        """Returns a dict of PCI device."""

        def _get_device_type(cfgdev, pci_address):
            """Get a PCI device's device type.

            An assignable PCI device can be a normal PCI device,
            a SR-IOV Physical Function (PF), or a SR-IOV Virtual
            Function (VF). Only normal PCI devices or SR-IOV VFs
            are assignable, while SR-IOV PFs are always owned by
            hypervisor.
            """
            for fun_cap in cfgdev.pci_capability.fun_capability:
                if fun_cap.type == 'virt_functions':
                    return {
                        'dev_type': fields.PciDeviceType.SRIOV_PF,
                    }
                if (fun_cap.type == 'phys_function' and
                    len(fun_cap.device_addrs) != 0):
                    phys_address = "%04x:%02x:%02x.%01x" % (
                        fun_cap.device_addrs[0][0],
                        fun_cap.device_addrs[0][1],
                        fun_cap.device_addrs[0][2],
                        fun_cap.device_addrs[0][3])
                    return {
                        'dev_type': fields.PciDeviceType.SRIOV_VF,
                        'parent_addr': phys_address,
                    }

            # Note(moshele): libvirt < 1.3 reported virt_functions capability
            # only when VFs are enabled. The check below is a workaround
            # to get the correct report regardless of whether or not any
            # VFs are enabled for the device.
            if not self._host.has_min_version(
                MIN_LIBVIRT_PF_WITH_NO_VFS_CAP_VERSION):
                is_physical_function = pci_utils.is_physical_function(
                    *pci_utils.get_pci_address_fields(pci_address))
                if is_physical_function:
                    return {'dev_type': fields.PciDeviceType.SRIOV_PF}

            return {'dev_type': fields.PciDeviceType.STANDARD}

        virtdev = self._host.device_lookup_by_name(devname)
        xmlstr = virtdev.XMLDesc(0)
        cfgdev = vconfig.LibvirtConfigNodeDevice()
        cfgdev.parse_str(xmlstr)

        address = "%04x:%02x:%02x.%1x" % (
            cfgdev.pci_capability.domain,
            cfgdev.pci_capability.bus,
            cfgdev.pci_capability.slot,
            cfgdev.pci_capability.function)

        device = {
            "dev_id": cfgdev.name,
            "address": address,
            "product_id": "%04x" % cfgdev.pci_capability.product_id,
            "vendor_id": "%04x" % cfgdev.pci_capability.vendor_id,
            }

        device["numa_node"] = cfgdev.pci_capability.numa_node

        # requirement by DataBase Model
        device['label'] = 'label_%(vendor_id)s_%(product_id)s' % device
        device.update(_get_device_type(cfgdev, address))
        return device

    def _get_pci_passthrough_devices(self):
        """Get host PCI devices information.

        Obtains pci devices information from libvirt, and returns
        as a JSON string.

        Each device information is a dictionary, with mandatory keys
        of 'address', 'vendor_id', 'product_id', 'dev_type', 'dev_id',
        'label' and other optional device specific information.

        Refer to the objects/pci_device.py for more idea of these keys.

        :returns: a JSON string containaing a list of the assignable PCI
                  devices information
        """
        # Bail early if we know we can't support `listDevices` to avoid
        # repeated warnings within a periodic task
        if not getattr(self, '_list_devices_supported', True):
            return jsonutils.dumps([])

        try:
            dev_names = self._host.list_pci_devices() or []
        except libvirt.libvirtError as ex:
            error_code = ex.get_error_code()
            if error_code == libvirt.VIR_ERR_NO_SUPPORT:
                self._list_devices_supported = False
                LOG.warn(_LW("URI %(uri)s does not support "
                             "listDevices: %(error)s"),
                             {'uri': self._uri(), 'error': ex})
                return jsonutils.dumps([])
            else:
                raise

        pci_info = []
        for name in dev_names:
            pci_info.append(self._get_pcidev_info(name))

        return jsonutils.dumps(pci_info)

    def _has_numa_support(self):
        # This means that the host can support LibvirtConfigGuestNUMATune
        # and the nodeset field in LibvirtConfigGuestMemoryBackingPage
        for ver in BAD_LIBVIRT_NUMA_VERSIONS:
            if self._host.has_version(ver):
                if not getattr(self, '_bad_libvirt_numa_version_warn', False):
                    LOG.warn(_LW('You are running with libvirt version %s '
                                 'which is known to have broken NUMA support. '
                                 'Consider patching or updating libvirt on '
                                 'this host if you need NUMA support.'),
                             self._version_to_string(ver))
                    self._bad_libvirt_numa_version_warn = True
                return False

        support_matrix = {(arch.I686, arch.X86_64): MIN_LIBVIRT_NUMA_VERSION,
                          (arch.PPC64,
                           arch.PPC64LE): MIN_LIBVIRT_NUMA_VERSION_PPC}
        caps = self._host.get_capabilities()
        is_supported = False
        for archs, libvirt_ver in support_matrix.items():
            if ((caps.host.cpu.arch in archs) and
                    self._host.has_min_version(libvirt_ver,
                                               MIN_QEMU_NUMA_HUGEPAGE_VERSION,
                                               host.HV_DRIVER_QEMU)):
                is_supported = True
        return is_supported

    def _has_hugepage_support(self):
        # This means that the host can support multiple values for the size
        # field in LibvirtConfigGuestMemoryBackingPage
        supported_archs = [arch.I686, arch.X86_64]
        caps = self._host.get_capabilities()
        return ((caps.host.cpu.arch in supported_archs) and
                self._host.has_min_version(MIN_LIBVIRT_HUGEPAGE_VERSION,
                                           MIN_QEMU_NUMA_HUGEPAGE_VERSION,
                                           host.HV_DRIVER_QEMU))

    def _get_host_numa_topology(self):
        if not self._has_numa_support():
            return

        caps = self._host.get_capabilities()
        topology = caps.host.topology

        if topology is None or not topology.cells:
            return

        cells = []
        allowed_cpus = hardware.get_vcpu_pin_set()
        online_cpus = self._host.get_online_cpus()
        if allowed_cpus:
            allowed_cpus &= online_cpus
        else:
            allowed_cpus = online_cpus

        for cell in topology.cells:
            cpuset = set(cpu.id for cpu in cell.cpus)
            siblings = sorted(map(set,
                                  set(tuple(cpu.siblings)
                                        if cpu.siblings else ()
                                      for cpu in cell.cpus)
                                  ))
            cpuset &= allowed_cpus
            siblings = [sib & allowed_cpus for sib in siblings]
            # Filter out singles and empty sibling sets that may be left
            siblings = [sib for sib in siblings if len(sib) > 1]

            mempages = []
            if self._has_hugepage_support():
                mempages = [
                    objects.NUMAPagesTopology(
                        size_kb=pages.size,
                        total=pages.total,
                        used=0)
                    for pages in cell.mempages]

            cell = objects.NUMACell(id=cell.id, cpuset=cpuset,
                                    memory=cell.memory / units.Ki,
                                    cpu_usage=0, memory_usage=0,
                                    siblings=siblings,
                                    pinned_cpus=set([]),
                                    mempages=mempages)
            cells.append(cell)

        return objects.NUMATopology(cells=cells)

    def get_all_volume_usage(self, context, compute_host_bdms):
        """Return usage info for volumes attached to vms on
           a given host.
        """
        vol_usage = []

        for instance_bdms in compute_host_bdms:
            instance = instance_bdms['instance']

            for bdm in instance_bdms['instance_bdms']:
                mountpoint = bdm['device_name']
                if mountpoint.startswith('/dev/'):
                    mountpoint = mountpoint[5:]
                volume_id = bdm['volume_id']

                LOG.debug("Trying to get stats for the volume %s",
                          volume_id, instance=instance)
                vol_stats = self.block_stats(instance, mountpoint)

                if vol_stats:
                    stats = dict(volume=volume_id,
                                 instance=instance,
                                 rd_req=vol_stats[0],
                                 rd_bytes=vol_stats[1],
                                 wr_req=vol_stats[2],
                                 wr_bytes=vol_stats[3])
                    LOG.debug(
                        "Got volume usage stats for the volume=%(volume)s,"
                        " rd_req=%(rd_req)d, rd_bytes=%(rd_bytes)d, "
                        "wr_req=%(wr_req)d, wr_bytes=%(wr_bytes)d",
                        stats, instance=instance)
                    vol_usage.append(stats)

        return vol_usage

    def block_stats(self, instance, disk_id):
        """Note that this function takes an instance name."""
        try:
            guest = self._host.get_guest(instance)

            # TODO(sahid): We are converting all calls from a
            # virDomain object to use nova.virt.libvirt.Guest.
            # We should be able to remove domain at the end.
            domain = guest._domain
            return domain.blockStats(disk_id)
        except libvirt.libvirtError as e:
            errcode = e.get_error_code()
            LOG.info(_LI('Getting block stats failed, device might have '
                         'been detached. Instance=%(instance_name)s '
                         'Disk=%(disk)s Code=%(errcode)s Error=%(e)s'),
                     {'instance_name': instance.name, 'disk': disk_id,
                      'errcode': errcode, 'e': e},
                     instance=instance)
        except exception.InstanceNotFound:
            LOG.info(_LI('Could not find domain in libvirt for instance %s. '
                         'Cannot get block stats for device'), instance.name,
                     instance=instance)

    def get_console_pool_info(self, console_type):
        # TODO(mdragon): console proxy should be implemented for libvirt,
        #                in case someone wants to use it with kvm or
        #                such. For now return fake data.
        return {'address': '127.0.0.1',
                'username': 'fakeuser',
                'password': 'fakepassword'}

    def refresh_security_group_rules(self, security_group_id):
        self.firewall_driver.refresh_security_group_rules(security_group_id)

    def refresh_instance_security_rules(self, instance):
        self.firewall_driver.refresh_instance_security_rules(instance)

    def get_available_resource(self, nodename):
        """Retrieve resource information.

        This method is called when nova-compute launches, and
        as part of a periodic task that records the results in the DB.

        :param nodename: unused in this driver
        :returns: dictionary containing resource info
        """

        disk_info_dict = self._get_local_gb_info()
        data = {}

        # NOTE(dprince): calling capabilities before getVersion works around
        # an initialization issue with some versions of Libvirt (1.0.5.5).
        # See: https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1000116
        # See: https://bugs.launchpad.net/nova/+bug/1215593
        data["supported_instances"] = self._get_instance_capabilities()

        data["vcpus"] = self._get_vcpu_total()
        data["memory_mb"] = self._host.get_memory_mb_total()
        data["local_gb"] = disk_info_dict['total']
        data["vcpus_used"] = self._get_vcpu_used()
        data["memory_mb_used"] = self._host.get_memory_mb_used()
        data["local_gb_used"] = disk_info_dict['used']
        data["hypervisor_type"] = self._host.get_driver_type()
        data["hypervisor_version"] = self._host.get_version()
        data["hypervisor_hostname"] = self._host.get_hostname()
        # TODO(berrange): why do we bother converting the
        # libvirt capabilities XML into a special JSON format ?
        # The data format is different across all the drivers
        # so we could just return the raw capabilities XML
        # which 'compare_cpu' could use directly
        #
        # That said, arch_filter.py now seems to rely on
        # the libvirt drivers format which suggests this
        # data format needs to be standardized across drivers
        data["cpu_info"] = jsonutils.dumps(self._get_cpu_info())

        disk_free_gb = disk_info_dict['free']
        disk_over_committed = self._get_disk_over_committed_size_total()
        available_least = disk_free_gb * units.Gi - disk_over_committed
        data['disk_available_least'] = available_least / units.Gi

        data['pci_passthrough_devices'] = \
            self._get_pci_passthrough_devices()

        numa_topology = self._get_host_numa_topology()
        if numa_topology:
            data['numa_topology'] = numa_topology._to_json()
        else:
            data['numa_topology'] = None

        return data

    def check_instance_shared_storage_local(self, context, instance):
        """Check if instance files located on shared storage.

        This runs check on the destination host, and then calls
        back to the source host to check the results.

        :param context: security context
        :param instance: nova.objects.instance.Instance object
        :returns:
         - tempfile: A dict containing the tempfile info on the destination
                     host
         - None:

            1. If the instance path is not existing.
            2. If the image backend is shared block storage type.
        """
        if self.image_backend.backend().is_shared_block_storage():
            return None

        dirpath = libvirt_utils.get_instance_path(instance)

        if not os.path.exists(dirpath):
            return None

        fd, tmp_file = tempfile.mkstemp(dir=dirpath)
        LOG.debug("Creating tmpfile %s to verify with other "
                  "compute node that the instance is on "
                  "the same shared storage.",
                  tmp_file, instance=instance)
        os.close(fd)
        return {"filename": tmp_file}

    def check_instance_shared_storage_remote(self, context, data):
        return os.path.exists(data['filename'])

    def check_instance_shared_storage_cleanup(self, context, data):
        fileutils.delete_if_exists(data["filename"])

    def check_can_live_migrate_destination(self, context, instance,
                                           src_compute_info, dst_compute_info,
                                           block_migration=False,
                                           disk_over_commit=False):
        """Check if it is possible to execute live migration.

        This runs checks on the destination host, and then calls
        back to the source host to check the results.

        :param context: security context
        :param instance: nova.db.sqlalchemy.models.Instance
        :param block_migration: if true, prepare for block migration
        :param disk_over_commit: if true, allow disk over commit
        :returns: a LibvirtLiveMigrateData object
        """
        disk_available_gb = dst_compute_info['disk_available_least']
        disk_available_mb = (
            (disk_available_gb * units.Ki) - CONF.reserved_host_disk_mb)

        # Compare CPU
        if not instance.vcpu_model or not instance.vcpu_model.model:
            source_cpu_info = src_compute_info['cpu_info']
            self._compare_cpu(None, source_cpu_info)
        else:
            self._compare_cpu(instance.vcpu_model, None)

        # Create file on storage, to be checked on source host
        filename = self._create_shared_storage_test_file()

        data = objects.LibvirtLiveMigrateData()
        data.filename = filename
        data.image_type = CONF.libvirt.images_type
        # Notes(eliqiao): block_migration and disk_over_commit are not
        # nullable, so just don't set them if they are None
        if block_migration is not None:
            data.block_migration = block_migration
        if disk_over_commit is not None:
            data.disk_over_commit = disk_over_commit
        data.disk_available_mb = disk_available_mb
        return data

    def check_can_live_migrate_destination_cleanup(self, context,
                                                   dest_check_data):
        """Do required cleanup on dest host after check_can_live_migrate calls

        :param context: security context
        """
        filename = dest_check_data.filename
        self._cleanup_shared_storage_test_file(filename)

    def check_can_live_migrate_source(self, context, instance,
                                      dest_check_data,
                                      block_device_info=None):
        """Check if it is possible to execute live migration.

        This checks if the live migration can succeed, based on the
        results from check_can_live_migrate_destination.

        :param context: security context
        :param instance: nova.db.sqlalchemy.models.Instance
        :param dest_check_data: result of check_can_live_migrate_destination
        :param block_device_info: result of _get_instance_block_device_info
        :returns: a LibvirtLiveMigrateData object
        """
        # Checking shared storage connectivity
        # if block migration, instances_paths should not be on shared storage.
        source = CONF.host

        if not isinstance(dest_check_data, migrate_data_obj.LiveMigrateData):
            md_obj = objects.LibvirtLiveMigrateData()
            md_obj.from_legacy_dict(dest_check_data)
            dest_check_data = md_obj

        dest_check_data.is_shared_instance_path = (
            self._check_shared_storage_test_file(
                dest_check_data.filename))

        dest_check_data.is_shared_block_storage = (
            self._is_shared_block_storage(instance, dest_check_data,
                                          block_device_info))

        disk_info_text = self.get_instance_disk_info(
            instance, block_device_info=block_device_info)
        booted_from_volume = self._is_booted_from_volume(instance,
                                                         disk_info_text)
        has_local_disk = self._has_local_disk(instance, disk_info_text)

        if 'block_migration' not in dest_check_data:
            dest_check_data.block_migration = (
                not dest_check_data.is_on_shared_storage())

        if dest_check_data.block_migration:
            # TODO(eliqiao): Once block_migration flag is removed from the API
            # we can safely remove the if condition
            if dest_check_data.is_on_shared_storage():
                reason = _("Block migration can not be used "
                           "with shared storage.")
                raise exception.InvalidLocalStorage(reason=reason, path=source)
            if 'disk_over_commit' in dest_check_data:
                self._assert_dest_node_has_enough_disk(context, instance,
                                        dest_check_data.disk_available_mb,
                                        dest_check_data.disk_over_commit,
                                        block_device_info)
            if block_device_info:
                bdm = block_device_info.get('block_device_mapping')
                # NOTE(pkoniszewski): libvirt from version 1.2.17 upwards
                # supports selective block device migration. It means that it
                # is possible to define subset of block devices to be copied
                # during migration. If they are not specified - block devices
                # won't be migrated. However, it does not work when live
                # migration is tunnelled through libvirt.
                if bdm and not self._host.has_min_version(
                        MIN_LIBVIRT_BLOCK_LM_WITH_VOLUMES_VERSION):
                    # NOTE(stpierre): if this instance has mapped volumes,
                    # we can't do a block migration, since that will result
                    # in volumes being copied from themselves to themselves,
                    # which is a recipe for disaster.
                    ver = ".".join([str(x) for x in
                                    MIN_LIBVIRT_BLOCK_LM_WITH_VOLUMES_VERSION])
                    msg = (_('Cannot block migrate instance %(uuid)s with'
                             ' mapped volumes. Selective block device'
                             ' migration feature requires libvirt version'
                             ' %(libvirt_ver)s') %
                           {'uuid': instance.uuid, 'libvirt_ver': ver})
                    LOG.error(msg, instance=instance)
                    raise exception.MigrationPreCheckError(reason=msg)
                # NOTE(eliqiao): Selective disk migrations are not supported
                # with tunnelled block migrations so we can block them early.
                if (bdm and
                    (self._block_migration_flags &
                     libvirt.VIR_MIGRATE_TUNNELLED != 0)):
                    msg = (_('Cannot block migrate instance %(uuid)s with'
                             ' mapped volumes. Selective block device'
                             ' migration is not supported with tunnelled'
                             ' block migrations.') % {'uuid': instance.uuid})
                    LOG.error(msg, instance=instance)
                    raise exception.MigrationPreCheckError(reason=msg)
        elif not (dest_check_data.is_shared_block_storage or
                  dest_check_data.is_shared_instance_path or
                  (booted_from_volume and not has_local_disk)):
            reason = _("Live migration can not be used "
                       "without shared storage except "
                       "a booted from volume VM which "
                       "does not have a local disk.")
            raise exception.InvalidSharedStorage(reason=reason, path=source)

        # NOTE(mikal): include the instance directory name here because it
        # doesn't yet exist on the destination but we want to force that
        # same name to be used
        instance_path = libvirt_utils.get_instance_path(instance,
                                                        relative=True)
        dest_check_data.instance_relative_path = instance_path

        return dest_check_data

    def _is_shared_block_storage(self, instance, dest_check_data,
                                 block_device_info=None):
        """Check if all block storage of an instance can be shared
        between source and destination of a live migration.

        Returns true if the instance is volume backed and has no local disks,
        or if the image backend is the same on source and destination and the
        backend shares block storage between compute nodes.

        :param instance: nova.objects.instance.Instance object
        :param dest_check_data: dict with boolean fields image_type,
                                is_shared_instance_path, and is_volume_backed
        """
        if (dest_check_data.obj_attr_is_set('image_type') and
                CONF.libvirt.images_type == dest_check_data.image_type and
                self.image_backend.backend().is_shared_block_storage()):
            # NOTE(dgenin): currently true only for RBD image backend
            return True

        if (dest_check_data.is_shared_instance_path and
                self.image_backend.backend().is_file_in_instance_path()):
            # NOTE(angdraug): file based image backends (Raw, Qcow2)
            # place block device files under the instance path
            return True

        if (dest_check_data.is_volume_backed and
                not bool(jsonutils.loads(
                    self.get_instance_disk_info(instance,
                                                block_device_info)))):
            return True

        return False

    def _assert_dest_node_has_enough_disk(self, context, instance,
                                             available_mb, disk_over_commit,
                                             block_device_info=None):
        """Checks if destination has enough disk for block migration."""
        # Libvirt supports qcow2 disk format,which is usually compressed
        # on compute nodes.
        # Real disk image (compressed) may enlarged to "virtual disk size",
        # that is specified as the maximum disk size.
        # (See qemu-img -f path-to-disk)
        # Scheduler recognizes destination host still has enough disk space
        # if real disk size < available disk size
        # if disk_over_commit is True,
        #  otherwise virtual disk size < available disk size.

        available = 0
        if available_mb:
            available = available_mb * units.Mi

        ret = self.get_instance_disk_info(instance,
                                          block_device_info=block_device_info)
        disk_infos = jsonutils.loads(ret)

        necessary = 0
        if disk_over_commit:
            for info in disk_infos:
                necessary += int(info['disk_size'])
        else:
            for info in disk_infos:
                necessary += int(info['virt_disk_size'])

        # Check that available disk > necessary disk
        if (available - necessary) < 0:
            reason = (_('Unable to migrate %(instance_uuid)s: '
                        'Disk of instance is too large(available'
                        ' on destination host:%(available)s '
                        '< need:%(necessary)s)') %
                      {'instance_uuid': instance.uuid,
                       'available': available,
                       'necessary': necessary})
            raise exception.MigrationPreCheckError(reason=reason)

    def _compare_cpu(self, guest_cpu, host_cpu_str):
        """Check the host is compatible with the requested CPU

        :param guest_cpu: nova.objects.VirtCPUModel or None
        :param host_cpu_str: JSON from _get_cpu_info() method

        If the 'guest_cpu' parameter is not None, this will be
        validated for migration compatibility with the host.
        Otherwise the 'host_cpu_str' JSON string will be used for
        validation.

        :returns:
            None. if given cpu info is not compatible to this server,
            raise exception.
        """

        # NOTE(kchamart): Comparing host to guest CPU model for emulated
        # guests (<domain type='qemu'>) should not matter -- in this
        # mode (QEMU "TCG") the CPU is fully emulated in software and no
        # hardware acceleration, like KVM, is involved. So, skip the CPU
        # compatibility check for the QEMU domain type, and retain it for
        # KVM guests.
        if CONF.libvirt.virt_type not in ['kvm']:
            return

        if guest_cpu is None:
            info = jsonutils.loads(host_cpu_str)
            LOG.info(_LI('Instance launched has CPU info: %s'), host_cpu_str)
            cpu = vconfig.LibvirtConfigCPU()
            cpu.arch = info['arch']
            cpu.model = info['model']
            cpu.vendor = info['vendor']
            cpu.sockets = info['topology']['sockets']
            cpu.cores = info['topology']['cores']
            cpu.threads = info['topology']['threads']
            for f in info['features']:
                cpu.add_feature(vconfig.LibvirtConfigCPUFeature(f))
        else:
            cpu = self._vcpu_model_to_cpu_config(guest_cpu)

        u = ("http://libvirt.org/html/libvirt-libvirt-host.html#"
             "virCPUCompareResult")
        m = _("CPU doesn't have compatibility.\n\n%(ret)s\n\nRefer to %(u)s")
        # unknown character exists in xml, then libvirt complains
        try:
            ret = self._host.compare_cpu(cpu.to_xml())
        except libvirt.libvirtError as e:
            error_code = e.get_error_code()
            if error_code == libvirt.VIR_ERR_NO_SUPPORT:
                LOG.debug("URI %(uri)s does not support cpu comparison. "
                          "It will be proceeded though. Error: %(error)s",
                          {'uri': self._uri(), 'error': e})
                return
            else:
                LOG.error(m, {'ret': e, 'u': u})
                raise exception.MigrationPreCheckError(
                    reason=m % {'ret': e, 'u': u})

        if ret <= 0:
            LOG.error(m, {'ret': ret, 'u': u})
            raise exception.InvalidCPUInfo(reason=m % {'ret': ret, 'u': u})

    def _create_shared_storage_test_file(self):
        """Makes tmpfile under CONF.instances_path."""
        dirpath = CONF.instances_path
        fd, tmp_file = tempfile.mkstemp(dir=dirpath)
        LOG.debug("Creating tmpfile %s to notify to other "
                  "compute nodes that they should mount "
                  "the same storage.", tmp_file)
        os.close(fd)
        return os.path.basename(tmp_file)

    def _check_shared_storage_test_file(self, filename):
        """Confirms existence of the tmpfile under CONF.instances_path.

        Cannot confirm tmpfile return False.
        """
        # NOTE(tpatzig): if instances_path is a shared volume that is
        # under heavy IO (many instances on many compute nodes),
        # then checking the existence of the testfile fails,
        # just because it takes longer until the client refreshes and new
        # content gets visible.
        # os.utime (like touch) on the directory forces the client to refresh.
        os.utime(CONF.instances_path, None)

        tmp_file = os.path.join(CONF.instances_path, filename)
        if not os.path.exists(tmp_file):
            return False
        else:
            return True

    def _cleanup_shared_storage_test_file(self, filename):
        """Removes existence of the tmpfile under CONF.instances_path."""
        tmp_file = os.path.join(CONF.instances_path, filename)
        os.remove(tmp_file)

    def ensure_filtering_rules_for_instance(self, instance, network_info):
        """Ensure that an instance's filtering rules are enabled.

        When migrating an instance, we need the filtering rules to
        be configured on the destination host before starting the
        migration.

        Also, when restarting the compute service, we need to ensure
        that filtering rules exist for all running services.
        """

        self.firewall_driver.setup_basic_filtering(instance, network_info)
        self.firewall_driver.prepare_instance_filter(instance,
                network_info)

        # nwfilters may be defined in a separate thread in the case
        # of libvirt non-blocking mode, so we wait for completion
        timeout_count = list(range(CONF.live_migration_retry_count))
        while timeout_count:
            if self.firewall_driver.instance_filter_exists(instance,
                                                           network_info):
                break
            timeout_count.pop()
            if len(timeout_count) == 0:
                msg = _('The firewall filter for %s does not exist')
                raise exception.NovaException(msg % instance.name)
            greenthread.sleep(1)

    def filter_defer_apply_on(self):
        self.firewall_driver.filter_defer_apply_on()

    def filter_defer_apply_off(self):
        self.firewall_driver.filter_defer_apply_off()

    def live_migration(self, context, instance, dest,
                       post_method, recover_method, block_migration=False,
                       migrate_data=None):
        """Spawning live_migration operation for distributing high-load.

        :param context: security context
        :param instance:
            nova.db.sqlalchemy.models.Instance object
            instance object that is migrated.
        :param dest: destination host
        :param post_method:
            post operation method.
            expected nova.compute.manager._post_live_migration.
        :param recover_method:
            recovery method when any exception occurs.
            expected nova.compute.manager._rollback_live_migration.
        :param block_migration: if true, do block migration.
        :param migrate_data: a LibvirtLiveMigrateData object

        """

        # 'dest' will be substituted into 'migration_uri' so ensure
        # it does't contain any characters that could be used to
        # exploit the URI accepted by libivrt
        if not libvirt_utils.is_valid_hostname(dest):
            raise exception.InvalidHostname(hostname=dest)

        self._live_migration(context, instance, dest,
                             post_method, recover_method, block_migration,
                             migrate_data)

    def live_migration_abort(self, instance):
        """Aborting a running live-migration.

        :param instance: instance object that is in migration

        """

        guest = self._host.get_guest(instance)
        dom = guest._domain

        try:
            dom.abortJob()
        except libvirt.libvirtError as e:
            LOG.error(_LE("Failed to cancel migration %s"),
                      e, instance=instance)
            raise

    def _update_xml(self, xml_str, migrate_bdm_info, listen_addrs,
                    serial_listen_addr):
        xml_doc = etree.fromstring(xml_str)

        if migrate_bdm_info:
            xml_doc = self._update_volume_xml(xml_doc, migrate_bdm_info)
        if listen_addrs:
            xml_doc = self._update_graphics_xml(xml_doc, listen_addrs)
        else:
            self._check_graphics_addresses_can_live_migrate(listen_addrs)
        if serial_listen_addr:
            xml_doc = self._update_serial_xml(xml_doc, serial_listen_addr)
        else:
            self._verify_serial_console_is_disabled()

        return etree.tostring(xml_doc)

    def _update_graphics_xml(self, xml_doc, listen_addrs):

        # change over listen addresses
        for dev in xml_doc.findall('./devices/graphics'):
            gr_type = dev.get('type')
            listen_tag = dev.find('listen')
            if gr_type in ('vnc', 'spice'):
                if listen_tag is not None:
                    listen_tag.set('address', listen_addrs[gr_type])
                if dev.get('listen') is not None:
                    dev.set('listen', listen_addrs[gr_type])

        return xml_doc

    def _update_volume_xml(self, xml_doc, migrate_bdm_info):
        """Update XML using device information of destination host."""

        # Update volume xml
        parser = etree.XMLParser(remove_blank_text=True)
        disk_nodes = xml_doc.findall('./devices/disk')

        bdm_info_by_serial = {x.serial: x for x in migrate_bdm_info}
        for pos, disk_dev in enumerate(disk_nodes):
            serial_source = disk_dev.findtext('serial')
            bdm_info = bdm_info_by_serial.get(serial_source)
            if (serial_source is None or
                    not bdm_info or not bdm_info.connection_info or
                    serial_source not in bdm_info_by_serial):
                continue
            conf = self._get_volume_config(
                bdm_info.connection_info, bdm_info.as_disk_info())
            xml_doc2 = etree.XML(conf.to_xml(), parser)
            serial_dest = xml_doc2.findtext('serial')

            # Compare source serial and destination serial number.
            # If these serial numbers match, continue the process.
            if (serial_dest and (serial_source == serial_dest)):
                LOG.debug("Find same serial number: pos=%(pos)s, "
                          "serial=%(num)s",
                          {'pos': pos, 'num': serial_source})
                for cnt, item_src in enumerate(disk_dev):
                    # If source and destination have same item, update
                    # the item using destination value.
                    for item_dst in xml_doc2.findall(item_src.tag):
                        disk_dev.remove(item_src)
                        item_dst.tail = None
                        disk_dev.insert(cnt, item_dst)

                # If destination has additional items, thses items should be
                # added here.
                for item_dst in list(xml_doc2):
                    item_dst.tail = None
                    disk_dev.insert(cnt, item_dst)

        return xml_doc

    def _update_serial_xml(self, xml_doc, listen_addr):
        for dev in xml_doc.findall("./devices/serial[@type='tcp']/source"):
            if dev.get('host') is not None:
                dev.set('host', listen_addr)

        for dev in xml_doc.findall("./devices/console[@type='tcp']/source"):
            if dev.get('host') is not None:
                dev.set('host', listen_addr)

        return xml_doc

    def _check_graphics_addresses_can_live_migrate(self, listen_addrs):
        LOCAL_ADDRS = ('0.0.0.0', '127.0.0.1', '::', '::1')

        local_vnc = CONF.vnc.vncserver_listen in LOCAL_ADDRS
        local_spice = CONF.spice.server_listen in LOCAL_ADDRS

        if ((CONF.vnc.enabled and not local_vnc) or
            (CONF.spice.enabled and not local_spice)):

            msg = _('Your libvirt version does not support the'
                    ' VIR_DOMAIN_XML_MIGRATABLE flag or your'
                    ' destination node does not support'
                    ' retrieving listen addresses.  In order'
                    ' for live migration to work properly, you'
                    ' must configure the graphics (VNC and/or'
                    ' SPICE) listen addresses to be either'
                    ' the catch-all address (0.0.0.0 or ::) or'
                    ' the local address (127.0.0.1 or ::1).')
            raise exception.MigrationError(reason=msg)

        if listen_addrs:
            dest_local_vnc = listen_addrs.get('vnc') in LOCAL_ADDRS
            dest_local_spice = listen_addrs.get('spice') in LOCAL_ADDRS

            if ((CONF.vnc.enabled and not dest_local_vnc) or
                (CONF.spice.enabled and not dest_local_spice)):

                LOG.warn(_LW('Your libvirt version does not support the'
                             ' VIR_DOMAIN_XML_MIGRATABLE flag, and the'
                             ' graphics (VNC and/or SPICE) listen'
                             ' addresses on the destination node do not'
                             ' match the addresses on the source node.'
                             ' Since the source node has listen'
                             ' addresses set to either the catch-all'
                             ' address (0.0.0.0 or ::) or the local'
                             ' address (127.0.0.1 or ::1), the live'
                             ' migration will succeed, but the VM will'
                             ' continue to listen on the current'
                             ' addresses.'))

    def _verify_serial_console_is_disabled(self):
        if CONF.serial_console.enabled:

            msg = _('Your libvirt version does not support the'
                    ' VIR_DOMAIN_XML_MIGRATABLE flag or your'
                    ' destination node does not support'
                    ' retrieving listen addresses.  In order'
                    ' for live migration to work properly you'
                    ' must either disable serial console or'
                    ' upgrade your libvirt version.')
            raise exception.MigrationError(reason=msg)

    def _live_migration_operation(self, context, instance, dest,
                                  block_migration, migrate_data, dom,
                                  device_names):
        """Invoke the live migration operation

        :param context: security context
        :param instance:
            nova.db.sqlalchemy.models.Instance object
            instance object that is migrated.
        :param dest: destination host
        :param block_migration: if true, do block migration.
        :param migrate_data: a LibvirtLiveMigrateData object
        :param dom: the libvirt domain object
        :param device_names: list of device names that are being migrated with
            instance

        This method is intended to be run in a background thread and will
        block that thread until the migration is finished or failed.
        """
        # TODO(sahid): Should pass a guest to this method.
        guest = libvirt_guest.Guest(dom)

        try:
            if migrate_data.block_migration:
                migration_flags = self._block_migration_flags
            else:
                migration_flags = self._live_migration_flags

            listen_addrs = {}
            if 'graphics_listen_addr_vnc' in migrate_data:
                listen_addrs['vnc'] = str(
                    migrate_data.graphics_listen_addr_vnc)
            if 'graphics_listen_addr_spice' in migrate_data:
                listen_addrs['spice'] = str(
                    migrate_data.graphics_listen_addr_spice)
            serial_listen_addr = (migrate_data.serial_listen_addr if
                'serial_listen_addr' in migrate_data else None)
            if ('target_connect_addr' in migrate_data and
                    migrate_data.target_connect_addr is not None):
                dest = migrate_data.target_connect_addr

            migratable_flag = getattr(libvirt, 'VIR_DOMAIN_XML_MIGRATABLE',
                                      None)

            if (migratable_flag is None or (
                    not listen_addrs and not migrate_data.bdms)):
                # TODO(alexs-h): These checks could be moved to the
                # check_can_live_migrate_destination/source phase
                self._check_graphics_addresses_can_live_migrate(listen_addrs)
                self._verify_serial_console_is_disabled()
                dom.migrateToURI(self._live_migration_uri(dest),
                                 migration_flags,
                                 None,
                                 CONF.libvirt.live_migration_bandwidth)
            else:
                old_xml_str = guest.get_xml_desc(dump_migratable=True)
                new_xml_str = self._update_xml(old_xml_str,
                                               migrate_data.bdms,
                                               listen_addrs,
                                               serial_listen_addr)
                try:
                    if self._host.has_min_version(
                            MIN_LIBVIRT_BLOCK_LM_WITH_VOLUMES_VERSION):
                        params = {
                            'bandwidth': CONF.libvirt.live_migration_bandwidth,
                            'destination_xml': new_xml_str,
                            'migrate_disks': device_names,
                        }
                        # NOTE(pkoniszewski): Because of precheck which blocks
                        # tunnelled block live migration with mapped volumes we
                        # can safely remove migrate_disks when tunnelling is
                        # on. Otherwise we will block all tunnelled block
                        # migrations, even when an instance does not have
                        # volumes mapped. This is because selective disk
                        # migration is not supported in tunnelled block live
                        # migration. Also we cannot fallback to migrateToURI2
                        # in this case because of bug #1398999
                        if (migration_flags &
                            libvirt.VIR_MIGRATE_TUNNELLED != 0):
                            params.pop('migrate_disks')
                        dom.migrateToURI3(
                            self._live_migration_uri(dest),
                            params,
                            migration_flags)
                    else:
                        dom.migrateToURI2(
                            self._live_migration_uri(dest),
                            None,
                            new_xml_str,
                            migration_flags,
                            None,
                            CONF.libvirt.live_migration_bandwidth)
                except libvirt.libvirtError as ex:
                    # NOTE(mriedem): There is a bug in older versions of
                    # libvirt where the VIR_DOMAIN_XML_MIGRATABLE flag causes
                    # virDomainDefCheckABIStability to not compare the source
                    # and target domain xml's correctly for the CPU model.
                    # We try to handle that error here and attempt the legacy
                    # migrateToURI path, which could fail if the console
                    # addresses are not correct, but in that case we have the
                    # _check_graphics_addresses_can_live_migrate check in place
                    # to catch it.
                    # TODO(mriedem): Remove this workaround when
                    # Red Hat BZ #1141838 is closed.
                    error_code = ex.get_error_code()
                    if error_code == libvirt.VIR_ERR_CONFIG_UNSUPPORTED:
                        LOG.warn(_LW('An error occurred trying to live '
                                     'migrate. Falling back to legacy live '
                                     'migrate flow. Error: %s'), ex,
                                 instance=instance)
                        self._check_graphics_addresses_can_live_migrate(
                            listen_addrs)
                        self._verify_serial_console_is_disabled()
                        dom.migrateToURI(
                            self._live_migration_uri(dest),
                            migration_flags,
                            None,
                            CONF.libvirt.live_migration_bandwidth)
                    else:
                        raise
        except Exception as e:
            with excutils.save_and_reraise_exception():
                LOG.error(_LE("Live Migration failure: %s"), e,
                          instance=instance)

        # If 'migrateToURI' fails we don't know what state the
        # VM instances on each host are in. Possibilities include
        #
        #  1. src==running, dst==none
        #
        #     Migration failed & rolled back, or never started
        #
        #  2. src==running, dst==paused
        #
        #     Migration started but is still ongoing
        #
        #  3. src==paused,  dst==paused
        #
        #     Migration data transfer completed, but switchover
        #     is still ongoing, or failed
        #
        #  4. src==paused,  dst==running
        #
        #     Migration data transfer completed, switchover
        #     happened but cleanup on source failed
        #
        #  5. src==none,    dst==running
        #
        #     Migration fully succeeded.
        #
        # Libvirt will aim to complete any migration operation
        # or roll it back. So even if the migrateToURI call has
        # returned an error, if the migration was not finished
        # libvirt should clean up.
        #
        # So we take the error raise here with a pinch of salt
        # and rely on the domain job info status to figure out
        # what really happened to the VM, which is a much more
        # reliable indicator.
        #
        # In particular we need to try very hard to ensure that
        # Nova does not "forget" about the guest. ie leaving it
        # running on a different host to the one recorded in
        # the database, as that would be a serious resource leak

        LOG.debug("Migration operation thread has finished",
                  instance=instance)

    @staticmethod
    def _migration_downtime_steps(data_gb):
        '''Calculate downtime value steps and time between increases.

        :param data_gb: total GB of RAM and disk to transfer

        This looks at the total downtime steps and upper bound
        downtime value and uses an exponential backoff. So initially
        max downtime is increased by small amounts, and as time goes
        by it is increased by ever larger amounts

        For example, with 10 steps, 30 second step delay, 3 GB
        of RAM and 400ms target maximum downtime, the downtime will
        be increased every 90 seconds in the following progression:

        -   0 seconds -> set downtime to  37ms
        -  90 seconds -> set downtime to  38ms
        - 180 seconds -> set downtime to  39ms
        - 270 seconds -> set downtime to  42ms
        - 360 seconds -> set downtime to  46ms
        - 450 seconds -> set downtime to  55ms
        - 540 seconds -> set downtime to  70ms
        - 630 seconds -> set downtime to  98ms
        - 720 seconds -> set downtime to 148ms
        - 810 seconds -> set downtime to 238ms
        - 900 seconds -> set downtime to 400ms

        This allows the guest a good chance to complete migration
        with a small downtime value.
        '''
        downtime = CONF.libvirt.live_migration_downtime
        steps = CONF.libvirt.live_migration_downtime_steps
        delay = CONF.libvirt.live_migration_downtime_delay

        if downtime < LIVE_MIGRATION_DOWNTIME_MIN:
            downtime = LIVE_MIGRATION_DOWNTIME_MIN
        if steps < LIVE_MIGRATION_DOWNTIME_STEPS_MIN:
            steps = LIVE_MIGRATION_DOWNTIME_STEPS_MIN
        if delay < LIVE_MIGRATION_DOWNTIME_DELAY_MIN:
            delay = LIVE_MIGRATION_DOWNTIME_DELAY_MIN
        delay = int(delay * data_gb)

        offset = downtime / float(steps + 1)
        base = (downtime - offset) ** (1 / float(steps))

        for i in range(steps + 1):
            yield (int(delay * i), int(offset + base ** i))

    def _live_migration_copy_disk_paths(self, context, instance, guest):
        '''Get list of disks to copy during migration

        :param context: security context
        :param instance: the instance being migrated
        :param guest: the Guest instance being migrated

        Get the list of disks to copy during migration.

        :returns: a list of local source paths and a list of device names to
            copy
        '''

        disk_paths = []
        device_names = []
        block_devices = []

        # TODO(pkoniszewski): Remove version check when we bump min libvirt
        # version to >= 1.2.17.
        if (self._block_migration_flags &
                libvirt.VIR_MIGRATE_TUNNELLED == 0 and
                self._host.has_min_version(
                    MIN_LIBVIRT_BLOCK_LM_WITH_VOLUMES_VERSION)):
            bdm_list = objects.BlockDeviceMappingList.get_by_instance_uuid(
                context, instance.uuid)
            block_device_info = driver.get_block_device_info(instance,
                                                             bdm_list)

            block_device_mappings = driver.block_device_info_get_mapping(
                block_device_info)
            for bdm in block_device_mappings:
                device_name = str(bdm['mount_device'].rsplit('/', 1)[1])
                block_devices.append(device_name)

        for dev in guest.get_all_disks():
            if dev.readonly or dev.shareable:
                continue
            if dev.source_type not in ["file", "block"]:
                continue
            if dev.target_dev in block_devices:
                continue
            disk_paths.append(dev.source_path)
            device_names.append(dev.target_dev)
        return (disk_paths, device_names)

    def _live_migration_data_gb(self, instance, disk_paths):
        '''Calculate total amount of data to be transferred

        :param instance: the nova.objects.Instance being migrated
        :param disk_paths: list of disk paths that are being migrated
        with instance

        Calculates the total amount of data that needs to be
        transferred during the live migration. The actual
        amount copied will be larger than this, due to the
        guest OS continuing to dirty RAM while the migration
        is taking place. So this value represents the minimal
        data size possible.

        :returns: data size to be copied in GB
        '''

        ram_gb = instance.flavor.memory_mb * units.Mi / units.Gi
        if ram_gb < 2:
            ram_gb = 2

        disk_gb = 0
        for path in disk_paths:
            try:
                size = os.stat(path).st_size
                size_gb = (size / units.Gi)
                if size_gb < 2:
                    size_gb = 2
                disk_gb += size_gb
            except OSError as e:
                LOG.warn(_LW("Unable to stat %(disk)s: %(ex)s"),
                         {'disk': path, 'ex': e})
                # Ignore error since we don't want to break
                # the migration monitoring thread operation

        return ram_gb + disk_gb

    def _live_migration_monitor(self, context, instance, guest,
                                dest, post_method,
                                recover_method, block_migration,
                                migrate_data, dom, finish_event,
                                disk_paths):
        data_gb = self._live_migration_data_gb(instance, disk_paths)
        downtime_steps = list(self._migration_downtime_steps(data_gb))
        completion_timeout = int(
            CONF.libvirt.live_migration_completion_timeout * data_gb)
        progress_timeout = CONF.libvirt.live_migration_progress_timeout
        migration = migrate_data.migration

        n = 0
        start = time.time()
        progress_time = start
        progress_watermark = None
        while True:
            info = host.DomainJobInfo.for_domain(dom)

            if info.type == libvirt.VIR_DOMAIN_JOB_NONE:
                # Annoyingly this could indicate many possible
                # states, so we must fix the mess:
                #
                #   1. Migration has not yet begun
                #   2. Migration has stopped due to failure
                #   3. Migration has stopped due to completion
                #
                # We can detect option 1 by seeing if thread is still
                # running. We can distinguish 2 vs 3 by seeing if the
                # VM still exists & running on the current host
                #
                if not finish_event.ready():
                    LOG.debug("Operation thread is still running",
                              instance=instance)
                    # Leave type untouched
                else:
                    try:
                        if guest.is_active():
                            LOG.debug("VM running on src, migration failed",
                                      instance=instance)
                            info.type = libvirt.VIR_DOMAIN_JOB_FAILED
                        else:
                            LOG.debug("VM is shutoff, migration finished",
                                      instance=instance)
                            info.type = libvirt.VIR_DOMAIN_JOB_COMPLETED
                    except libvirt.libvirtError as ex:
                        LOG.debug("Error checking domain status %(ex)s",
                                  ex, instance=instance)
                        if ex.get_error_code() == libvirt.VIR_ERR_NO_DOMAIN:
                            LOG.debug("VM is missing, migration finished",
                                      instance=instance)
                            info.type = libvirt.VIR_DOMAIN_JOB_COMPLETED
                        else:
                            LOG.info(_LI("Error %(ex)s, migration failed"),
                                     instance=instance)
                            info.type = libvirt.VIR_DOMAIN_JOB_FAILED

                if info.type != libvirt.VIR_DOMAIN_JOB_NONE:
                    LOG.debug("Fixed incorrect job type to be %d",
                              info.type, instance=instance)

            if info.type == libvirt.VIR_DOMAIN_JOB_NONE:
                # Migration is not yet started
                LOG.debug("Migration not running yet",
                          instance=instance)
            elif info.type == libvirt.VIR_DOMAIN_JOB_UNBOUNDED:
                # Migration is still running
                #
                # This is where we wire up calls to change live
                # migration status. eg change max downtime, cancel
                # the operation, change max bandwidth
                now = time.time()
                elapsed = now - start
                abort = False

                if ((progress_watermark is None) or
                    (progress_watermark == 0) or
                    (progress_watermark > info.data_remaining)):
                    progress_watermark = info.data_remaining
                    progress_time = now

                if (progress_timeout != 0 and
                    (now - progress_time) > progress_timeout):
                    LOG.warn(_LW("Live migration stuck for %d sec"),
                             (now - progress_time), instance=instance)
                    abort = True

                if (completion_timeout != 0 and
                    elapsed > completion_timeout):
                    LOG.warn(_LW("Live migration not completed after %d sec"),
                             completion_timeout, instance=instance)
                    abort = True

                if abort:
                    try:
                        dom.abortJob()
                    except libvirt.libvirtError as e:
                        LOG.warn(_LW("Failed to abort migration %s"),
                                 e, instance=instance)
                        raise

                # See if we need to increase the max downtime. We
                # ignore failures, since we'd rather continue trying
                # to migrate
                if (len(downtime_steps) > 0 and
                    elapsed > downtime_steps[0][0]):
                    downtime = downtime_steps.pop(0)
                    LOG.info(_LI("Increasing downtime to %(downtime)d ms "
                                 "after %(waittime)d sec elapsed time"),
                             {"downtime": downtime[1],
                              "waittime": downtime[0]},
                             instance=instance)

                    try:
                        dom.migrateSetMaxDowntime(downtime[1])
                    except libvirt.libvirtError as e:
                        LOG.warn(
                            _LW("Unable to increase max downtime to %(time)d"
                                "ms: %(e)s"),
                            {"time": downtime[1], "e": e}, instance=instance)

                # We loop every 500ms, so don't log on every
                # iteration to avoid spamming logs for long
                # running migrations. Just once every 5 secs
                # is sufficient for developers to debug problems.
                # We log once every 30 seconds at info to help
                # admins see slow running migration operations
                # when debug logs are off.
                if (n % 10) == 0:
                    # Note(Shaohe Feng) every 5 secs to update the migration
                    # db, that keeps updates to the instance and migration
                    # objects in sync.
                    migration.memory_total = info.memory_total
                    migration.memory_processed = info.memory_processed
                    migration.memory_remaining = info.memory_remaining
                    migration.disk_total = info.disk_total
                    migration.disk_processed = info.disk_processed
                    migration.disk_remaining = info.disk_remaining
                    migration.save()
                    # Ignoring memory_processed, as due to repeated
                    # dirtying of data, this can be way larger than
                    # memory_total. Best to just look at what's
                    # remaining to copy and ignore what's done already
                    #
                    # TODO(berrange) perhaps we could include disk
                    # transfer stats in the progress too, but it
                    # might make memory info more obscure as large
                    # disk sizes might dwarf memory size
                    remaining = 100
                    if info.memory_total != 0:
                        remaining = round(info.memory_remaining *
                                          100 / info.memory_total)
                    instance.progress = 100 - remaining
                    instance.save()

                    lg = LOG.debug
                    if (n % 60) == 0:
                        lg = LOG.info

                    lg(_LI("Migration running for %(secs)d secs, "
                           "memory %(remaining)d%% remaining; "
                           "(bytes processed=%(processed_memory)d, "
                           "remaining=%(remaining_memory)d, "
                           "total=%(total_memory)d)"),
                       {"secs": n / 2, "remaining": remaining,
                        "processed_memory": info.memory_processed,
                        "remaining_memory": info.memory_remaining,
                        "total_memory": info.memory_total}, instance=instance)
                    if info.data_remaining > progress_watermark:
                        lg(_LI("Data remaining %(remaining)d bytes, "
                               "low watermark %(watermark)d bytes "
                               "%(last)d seconds ago"),
                           {"remaining": info.data_remaining,
                            "watermark": progress_watermark,
                            "last": (now - progress_time)}, instance=instance)

                n = n + 1
            elif info.type == libvirt.VIR_DOMAIN_JOB_COMPLETED:
                # Migration is all done
                LOG.info(_LI("Migration operation has completed"),
                         instance=instance)
                post_method(context, instance, dest, block_migration,
                            migrate_data)
                break
            elif info.type == libvirt.VIR_DOMAIN_JOB_FAILED:
                # Migration did not succeed
                LOG.error(_LE("Migration operation has aborted"),
                          instance=instance)
                recover_method(context, instance, dest, block_migration,
                               migrate_data)
                break
            elif info.type == libvirt.VIR_DOMAIN_JOB_CANCELLED:
                # Migration was stopped by admin
                LOG.warn(_LW("Migration operation was cancelled"),
                         instance=instance)
                recover_method(context, instance, dest, block_migration,
                               migrate_data, migration_status='cancelled')
                break
            else:
                LOG.warn(_LW("Unexpected migration job type: %d"),
                         info.type, instance=instance)

            time.sleep(0.5)

    def _live_migration(self, context, instance, dest, post_method,
                        recover_method, block_migration,
                        migrate_data):
        """Do live migration.

        :param context: security context
        :param instance:
            nova.db.sqlalchemy.models.Instance object
            instance object that is migrated.
        :param dest: destination host
        :param post_method:
            post operation method.
            expected nova.compute.manager._post_live_migration.
        :param recover_method:
            recovery method when any exception occurs.
            expected nova.compute.manager._rollback_live_migration.
        :param block_migration: if true, do block migration.
        :param migrate_data: a LibvirtLiveMigrateData object

        This fires off a new thread to run the blocking migration
        operation, and then this thread monitors the progress of
        migration and controls its operation
        """

        guest = self._host.get_guest(instance)

        disk_paths = []
        device_names = []
        if migrate_data.block_migration:
            disk_paths, device_names = self._live_migration_copy_disk_paths(
                context, instance, guest)

        # TODO(sahid): We are converting all calls from a
        # virDomain object to use nova.virt.libvirt.Guest.
        # We should be able to remove dom at the end.
        dom = guest._domain

        opthread = utils.spawn(self._live_migration_operation,
                                     context, instance, dest,
                                     block_migration,
                                     migrate_data, dom,
                                     device_names)

        finish_event = eventlet.event.Event()

        def thread_finished(thread, event):
            LOG.debug("Migration operation thread notification",
                      instance=instance)
            event.send()
        opthread.link(thread_finished, finish_event)

        # Let eventlet schedule the new thread right away
        time.sleep(0)

        try:
            LOG.debug("Starting monitoring of live migration",
                      instance=instance)
            self._live_migration_monitor(context, instance, guest, dest,
                                         post_method, recover_method,
                                         block_migration, migrate_data,
                                         dom, finish_event, disk_paths)
        except Exception as ex:
            LOG.warn(_LW("Error monitoring migration: %(ex)s"),
                     {"ex": ex}, instance=instance, exc_info=True)
            raise
        finally:
            LOG.debug("Live migration monitoring is all done",
                      instance=instance)

    def live_migration_force_complete(self, instance):
        # NOTE(pkoniszewski): currently only pause during live migration is
        # supported to force live migration to complete, so just try to pause
        # the instance
        self.pause(instance)

    def _try_fetch_image(self, context, path, image_id, instance,
                         fallback_from_host=None):
        try:
            libvirt_utils.fetch_image(context, path,
                                      image_id,
                                      instance.user_id,
                                      instance.project_id)
        except exception.ImageNotFound:
            if not fallback_from_host:
                raise
            LOG.debug("Image %(image_id)s doesn't exist anymore on "
                      "image service, attempting to copy image "
                      "from %(host)s",
                      {'image_id': image_id, 'host': fallback_from_host})
            libvirt_utils.copy_image(src=path, dest=path,
                                     host=fallback_from_host,
                                     receive=True)

    def _fetch_instance_kernel_ramdisk(self, context, instance,
                                       fallback_from_host=None):
        """Download kernel and ramdisk for instance in instance directory."""
        instance_dir = libvirt_utils.get_instance_path(instance)
        if instance.kernel_id:
            kernel_path = os.path.join(instance_dir, 'kernel')
            # NOTE(dsanders): only fetch image if it's not available at
            # kernel_path. This also avoids ImageNotFound exception if
            # the image has been deleted from glance
            if not os.path.exists(kernel_path):
                self._try_fetch_image(context,
                                      kernel_path,
                                      instance.kernel_id,
                                      instance, fallback_from_host)
            if instance.ramdisk_id:
                ramdisk_path = os.path.join(instance_dir, 'ramdisk')
                # NOTE(dsanders): only fetch image if it's not available at
                # ramdisk_path. This also avoids ImageNotFound exception if
                # the image has been deleted from glance
                if not os.path.exists(ramdisk_path):
                    self._try_fetch_image(context,
                                          ramdisk_path,
                                          instance.ramdisk_id,
                                          instance, fallback_from_host)

    def rollback_live_migration_at_destination(self, context, instance,
                                               network_info,
                                               block_device_info,
                                               destroy_disks=True,
                                               migrate_data=None):
        """Clean up destination node after a failed live migration."""
        try:
            self.destroy(context, instance, network_info, block_device_info,
                         destroy_disks, migrate_data)
        finally:
            # NOTE(gcb): Failed block live migration may leave instance
            # directory at destination node, ensure it is always deleted.
            is_shared_instance_path = True
            if migrate_data:
                is_shared_instance_path = migrate_data.is_shared_instance_path
            if not is_shared_instance_path:
                instance_dir = libvirt_utils.get_instance_path_at_destination(
                    instance, migrate_data)
                if os.path.exists(instance_dir):
                        shutil.rmtree(instance_dir)

    def pre_live_migration(self, context, instance, block_device_info,
                           network_info, disk_info, migrate_data=None):
        """Preparation live migration."""
        if disk_info is not None:
            disk_info = jsonutils.loads(disk_info)

        # Steps for volume backed instance live migration w/o shared storage.
        is_shared_block_storage = True
        is_shared_instance_path = True
        is_block_migration = True
        if migrate_data:
            if not isinstance(migrate_data, migrate_data_obj.LiveMigrateData):
                obj = objects.LibvirtLiveMigrateData()
                obj.from_legacy_dict(migrate_data)
                migrate_data = obj
            LOG.debug('migrate_data in pre_live_migration: %s', migrate_data,
                      instance=instance)
            is_shared_block_storage = migrate_data.is_shared_block_storage
            is_shared_instance_path = migrate_data.is_shared_instance_path
            is_block_migration = migrate_data.block_migration

        if not is_shared_instance_path:
            instance_dir = libvirt_utils.get_instance_path_at_destination(
                            instance, migrate_data)

            if os.path.exists(instance_dir):
                raise exception.DestinationDiskExists(path=instance_dir)

            LOG.debug('Creating instance directory: %s', instance_dir,
                      instance=instance)
            os.mkdir(instance_dir)

            # Recreate the disk.info file and in doing so stop the
            # imagebackend from recreating it incorrectly by inspecting the
            # contents of each file when using the Raw backend.
            if disk_info:
                image_disk_info = {}
                for info in disk_info:
                    image_file = os.path.basename(info['path'])
                    image_path = os.path.join(instance_dir, image_file)
                    image_disk_info[image_path] = info['type']

                LOG.debug('Creating disk.info with the contents: %s',
                          image_disk_info, instance=instance)

                image_disk_info_path = os.path.join(instance_dir,
                                                    'disk.info')
                libvirt_utils.write_to_file(image_disk_info_path,
                                            jsonutils.dumps(image_disk_info))

            if not is_shared_block_storage:
                # Ensure images and backing files are present.
                LOG.debug('Checking to make sure images and backing files are '
                          'present before live migration.', instance=instance)
                self._create_images_and_backing(
                    context, instance, instance_dir, disk_info,
                    fallback_from_host=instance.host)
                if (configdrive.required_by(instance) and
                        CONF.config_drive_format == 'iso9660'):
                    # NOTE(pkoniszewski): Due to a bug in libvirt iso config
                    # drive needs to be copied to destination prior to
                    # migration when instance path is not shared and block
                    # storage is not shared. Files that are already present
                    # on destination are excluded from a list of files that
                    # need to be copied to destination. If we don't do that
                    # live migration will fail on copying iso config drive to
                    # destination and writing to read-only device.
                    # Please see bug/1246201 for more details.
                    src = "%s:%s/disk.config" % (instance.host, instance_dir)
                    self._remotefs.copy_file(src, instance_dir)

            if not is_block_migration:
                # NOTE(angdraug): when block storage is shared between source
                # and destination and instance path isn't (e.g. volume backed
                # or rbd backed instance), instance path on destination has to
                # be prepared

                # Touch the console.log file, required by libvirt.
                console_file = self._get_console_log_path(instance)
                LOG.debug('Touch instance console log: %s', console_file,
                          instance=instance)
                libvirt_utils.file_open(console_file, 'a').close()

                # if image has kernel and ramdisk, just download
                # following normal way.
                self._fetch_instance_kernel_ramdisk(context, instance)

        # Establishing connection to volume server.
        block_device_mapping = driver.block_device_info_get_mapping(
            block_device_info)

        if len(block_device_mapping):
            LOG.debug('Connecting volumes before live migration.',
                      instance=instance)

        for bdm in block_device_mapping:
            connection_info = bdm['connection_info']
            disk_info = blockinfo.get_info_from_bdm(
                instance, CONF.libvirt.virt_type,
                instance.image_meta, bdm)
            self._connect_volume(connection_info, disk_info)

        # We call plug_vifs before the compute manager calls
        # ensure_filtering_rules_for_instance, to ensure bridge is set up
        # Retry operation is necessary because continuously request comes,
        # concurrent request occurs to iptables, then it complains.
        LOG.debug('Plugging VIFs before live migration.', instance=instance)
        max_retry = CONF.live_migration_retry_count
        for cnt in range(max_retry):
            try:
                self.plug_vifs(instance, network_info)
                break
            except processutils.ProcessExecutionError:
                if cnt == max_retry - 1:
                    raise
                else:
                    LOG.warn(_LW('plug_vifs() failed %(cnt)d. Retry up to '
                                 '%(max_retry)d.'),
                             {'cnt': cnt,
                              'max_retry': max_retry},
                             instance=instance)
                    greenthread.sleep(1)

        # Store vncserver_listen and latest disk device info
        if not migrate_data:
            migrate_data = objects.LibvirtLiveMigrateData(bdms=[])
        else:
            migrate_data.bdms = []
        migrate_data.graphics_listen_addr_vnc = CONF.vnc.vncserver_listen
        migrate_data.graphics_listen_addr_spice = CONF.spice.server_listen
        migrate_data.serial_listen_addr = \
            CONF.serial_console.proxyclient_address
        # Store live_migration_inbound_addr
        migrate_data.target_connect_addr = \
            CONF.libvirt.live_migration_inbound_addr

        for vol in block_device_mapping:
            connection_info = vol['connection_info']
            if connection_info.get('serial'):
                disk_info = blockinfo.get_info_from_bdm(
                    instance, CONF.libvirt.virt_type,
                    instance.image_meta, vol)

                bdmi = objects.LibvirtLiveMigrateBDMInfo()
                bdmi.serial = connection_info['serial']
                bdmi.connection_info = connection_info
                bdmi.bus = disk_info['bus']
                bdmi.dev = disk_info['dev']
                bdmi.type = disk_info['type']
                bdmi.format = disk_info.get('format')
                bdmi.boot_index = disk_info.get('boot_index')
                migrate_data.bdms.append(bdmi)

        return migrate_data

    def _try_fetch_image_cache(self, image, fetch_func, context, filename,
                               image_id, instance, size,
                               fallback_from_host=None):
        try:
            image.cache(fetch_func=fetch_func,
                        context=context,
                        filename=filename,
                        image_id=image_id,
                        user_id=instance.user_id,
                        project_id=instance.project_id,
                        size=size)
        except exception.ImageNotFound:
            if not fallback_from_host:
                raise
            LOG.debug("Image %(image_id)s doesn't exist anymore "
                      "on image service, attempting to copy "
                      "image from %(host)s",
                      {'image_id': image_id, 'host': fallback_from_host},
                      instance=instance)

            def copy_from_host(target, max_size):
                libvirt_utils.copy_image(src=target,
                                         dest=target,
                                         host=fallback_from_host,
                                         receive=True)
            image.cache(fetch_func=copy_from_host,
                        filename=filename)

    def _create_images_and_backing(self, context, instance, instance_dir,
                                   disk_info, fallback_from_host=None):
        """:param context: security context
           :param instance:
               nova.db.sqlalchemy.models.Instance object
               instance object that is migrated.
           :param instance_dir:
               instance path to use, calculated externally to handle block
               migrating an instance with an old style instance path
           :param disk_info:
               disk info specified in _get_instance_disk_info (list of dicts)
           :param fallback_from_host:
               host where we can retrieve images if the glance images are
               not available.

        """
        if not disk_info:
            disk_info = []

        for info in disk_info:
            base = os.path.basename(info['path'])
            # Get image type and create empty disk image, and
            # create backing file in case of qcow2.
            instance_disk = os.path.join(instance_dir, base)
            if not info['backing_file'] and not os.path.exists(instance_disk):
                libvirt_utils.create_image(info['type'], instance_disk,
                                           info['virt_disk_size'])
            elif info['backing_file']:
                # Creating backing file follows same way as spawning instances.
                cache_name = os.path.basename(info['backing_file'])

                image = self.image_backend.image(instance,
                                                 instance_disk,
                                                 CONF.libvirt.images_type)
                if cache_name.startswith('ephemeral'):
                    image.cache(fetch_func=self._create_ephemeral,
                                fs_label=cache_name,
                                os_type=instance.os_type,
                                filename=cache_name,
                                size=info['virt_disk_size'],
                                ephemeral_size=instance.ephemeral_gb)
                elif cache_name.startswith('swap'):
                    inst_type = instance.get_flavor()
                    swap_mb = inst_type.swap
                    image.cache(fetch_func=self._create_swap,
                                filename="swap_%s" % swap_mb,
                                size=swap_mb * units.Mi,
                                swap_mb=swap_mb)
                else:
                    self._try_fetch_image_cache(image,
                                                libvirt_utils.fetch_image,
                                                context, cache_name,
                                                instance.image_ref,
                                                instance,
                                                info['virt_disk_size'],
                                                fallback_from_host)

        # if image has kernel and ramdisk, just download
        # following normal way.
        self._fetch_instance_kernel_ramdisk(
            context, instance, fallback_from_host=fallback_from_host)

    def post_live_migration(self, context, instance, block_device_info,
                            migrate_data=None):
        # Disconnect from volume server
        block_device_mapping = driver.block_device_info_get_mapping(
                block_device_info)
        connector = self.get_volume_connector(instance)
        volume_api = self._volume_api
        for vol in block_device_mapping:
            # Retrieve connection info from Cinder's initialize_connection API.
            # The info returned will be accurate for the source server.
            volume_id = vol['connection_info']['serial']
            connection_info = volume_api.initialize_connection(context,
                                                               volume_id,
                                                               connector)

            # TODO(leeantho) The following multipath_id logic is temporary
            # and will be removed in the future once os-brick is updated
            # to handle multipath for drivers in a more efficient way.
            # For now this logic is needed to ensure the connection info
            # data is correct.

            # Pull out multipath_id from the bdm information. The
            # multipath_id can be placed into the connection info
            # because it is based off of the volume and will be the
            # same on the source and destination hosts.
            if 'multipath_id' in vol['connection_info']['data']:
                multipath_id = vol['connection_info']['data']['multipath_id']
                connection_info['data']['multipath_id'] = multipath_id

            disk_dev = vol['mount_device'].rpartition("/")[2]
            self._disconnect_volume(connection_info, disk_dev)

    def post_live_migration_at_source(self, context, instance, network_info):
        """Unplug VIFs from networks at source.

        :param context: security context
        :param instance: instance object reference
        :param network_info: instance network information
        """
        self.unplug_vifs(instance, network_info)

    def post_live_migration_at_destination(self, context,
                                           instance,
                                           network_info,
                                           block_migration=False,
                                           block_device_info=None):
        """Post operation of live migration at destination host.

        :param context: security context
        :param instance:
            nova.db.sqlalchemy.models.Instance object
            instance object that is migrated.
        :param network_info: instance network information
        :param block_migration: if true, post operation of block_migration.
        """
        # Define migrated instance, otherwise, suspend/destroy does not work.
        # In case of block migration, destination does not have
        # libvirt.xml
        disk_info = blockinfo.get_disk_info(
            CONF.libvirt.virt_type, instance,
            instance.image_meta, block_device_info)
        xml = self._get_guest_xml(context, instance,
                                  network_info, disk_info,
                                  instance.image_meta,
                                  block_device_info=block_device_info,
                                  write_to_disk=True)
        self._host.write_instance_config(xml)

    def _get_instance_disk_info(self, instance_name, xml,
                                block_device_info=None):
        """Get the non-volume disk information from the domain xml

        :param str instance_name: the name of the instance (domain)
        :param str xml: the libvirt domain xml for the instance
        :param dict block_device_info: block device info for BDMs
        :returns disk_info: list of dicts with keys:

          * 'type': the disk type (str)
          * 'path': the disk path (str)
          * 'virt_disk_size': the virtual disk size (int)
          * 'backing_file': backing file of a disk image (str)
          * 'disk_size': physical disk size (int)
          * 'over_committed_disk_size': virt_disk_size - disk_size or 0
        """
        block_device_mapping = driver.block_device_info_get_mapping(
            block_device_info)

        volume_devices = set()
        for vol in block_device_mapping:
            disk_dev = vol['mount_device'].rpartition("/")[2]
            volume_devices.add(disk_dev)

        disk_info = []
        doc = etree.fromstring(xml)
        disk_nodes = doc.findall('.//devices/disk')
        path_nodes = doc.findall('.//devices/disk/source')
        driver_nodes = doc.findall('.//devices/disk/driver')
        target_nodes = doc.findall('.//devices/disk/target')

        for cnt, path_node in enumerate(path_nodes):
            disk_type = disk_nodes[cnt].get('type')
            path = path_node.get('file') or path_node.get('dev')
            target = target_nodes[cnt].attrib['dev']

            if not path:
                LOG.debug('skipping disk for %s as it does not have a path',
                          instance_name)
                continue

            if disk_type not in ['file', 'block']:
                LOG.debug('skipping disk because it looks like a volume', path)
                continue

            if target in volume_devices:
                LOG.debug('skipping disk %(path)s (%(target)s) as it is a '
                          'volume', {'path': path, 'target': target})
                continue

            # get the real disk size or
            # raise a localized error if image is unavailable
            if disk_type == 'file':
                dk_size = int(os.path.getsize(path))
            elif disk_type == 'block' and block_device_info:
                dk_size = lvm.get_volume_size(path)
            else:
                LOG.debug('skipping disk %(path)s (%(target)s) - unable to '
                          'determine if volume',
                          {'path': path, 'target': target})
                continue

            disk_type = driver_nodes[cnt].get('type')
            if disk_type == "qcow2":
                backing_file = libvirt_utils.get_disk_backing_file(path)
                virt_size = disk.get_disk_size(path)
                over_commit_size = int(virt_size) - dk_size
            else:
                backing_file = ""
                virt_size = dk_size
                over_commit_size = 0

            disk_info.append({'type': disk_type,
                              'path': path,
                              'virt_disk_size': virt_size,
                              'backing_file': backing_file,
                              'disk_size': dk_size,
                              'over_committed_disk_size': over_commit_size})
        return disk_info

    def get_instance_disk_info(self, instance,
                               block_device_info=None):
        try:
            guest = self._host.get_guest(instance)
            xml = guest.get_xml_desc()
        except libvirt.libvirtError as ex:
            error_code = ex.get_error_code()
            LOG.warn(_LW('Error from libvirt while getting description of '
                         '%(instance_name)s: [Error Code %(error_code)s] '
                         '%(ex)s'),
                     {'instance_name': instance.name,
                      'error_code': error_code,
                      'ex': ex},
                     instance=instance)
            raise exception.InstanceNotFound(instance_id=instance.uuid)

        return jsonutils.dumps(
                self._get_instance_disk_info(instance.name, xml,
                                             block_device_info))

    def _get_disk_over_committed_size_total(self):
        """Return total over committed disk size for all instances."""
        # Disk size that all instance uses : virtual_size - disk_size
        disk_over_committed_size = 0
        instance_domains = self._host.list_instance_domains()
        if not instance_domains:
            return disk_over_committed_size

        # Get all instance uuids
        instance_uuids = [dom.UUIDString() for dom in instance_domains]
        ctx = nova_context.get_admin_context()
        # Get instance object list by uuid filter
        filters = {'uuid': instance_uuids}
        # NOTE(ankit): objects.InstanceList.get_by_filters method is
        # getting called twice one is here and another in the
        # _update_available_resource method of resource_tracker. Since
        # _update_available_resource method is synchronized, there is a
        # possibility the instances list retrieved here to calculate
        # disk_over_committed_size would differ to the list you would get
        # in _update_available_resource method for calculating usages based
        # on instance utilization.
        local_instance_list = objects.InstanceList.get_by_filters(
            ctx, filters, use_slave=True)
        # Convert instance list to dictionary with instace uuid as key.
        local_instances = {inst.uuid: inst for inst in local_instance_list}

        # Get bdms by instance uuids
        bdms = objects.BlockDeviceMappingList.bdms_by_instance_uuid(
            ctx, instance_uuids)

        for dom in instance_domains:
            try:
                guest = libvirt_guest.Guest(dom)
                xml = guest.get_xml_desc()

                block_device_info = None
                if guest.uuid in local_instances:
                    # Get block device info for instance
                    block_device_info = driver.get_block_device_info(
                        local_instances[guest.uuid], bdms[guest.uuid])

                disk_infos = self._get_instance_disk_info(guest.name, xml,
                                 block_device_info=block_device_info)

                for info in disk_infos:
                    disk_over_committed_size += int(
                        info['over_committed_disk_size'])
            except libvirt.libvirtError as ex:
                error_code = ex.get_error_code()
                LOG.warn(_LW(
                    'Error from libvirt while getting description of '
                    '%(instance_name)s: [Error Code %(error_code)s] %(ex)s'
                ), {'instance_name': guest.name,
                    'error_code': error_code,
                    'ex': ex})
            except OSError as e:
                if e.errno == errno.ENOENT:
                    LOG.warn(_LW('Periodic task is updating the host stat, '
                                 'it is trying to get disk %(i_name)s, '
                                 'but disk file was removed by concurrent '
                                 'operations such as resize.'),
                                {'i_name': guest.name})
                elif e.errno == errno.EACCES:
                    LOG.warn(_LW('Periodic task is updating the host stat, '
                                 'it is trying to get disk %(i_name)s, '
                                 'but access is denied. It is most likely '
                                 'due to a VM that exists on the compute '
                                 'node but is not managed by Nova.'),
                             {'i_name': guest.name})
                else:
                    raise
            except exception.VolumeBDMPathNotFound as e:
                LOG.warn(_LW('Periodic task is updating the host stats, '
                             'it is trying to get disk info for %(i_name)s, '
                             'but the backing volume block device was removed '
                             'by concurrent operations such as resize. '
                             'Error: %(error)s'),
                         {'i_name': guest.name,
                          'error': e})
            # NOTE(gtt116): give other tasks a chance.
            greenthread.sleep(0)
        return disk_over_committed_size

    def unfilter_instance(self, instance, network_info):
        """See comments of same method in firewall_driver."""
        self.firewall_driver.unfilter_instance(instance,
                                               network_info=network_info)

    def get_available_nodes(self, refresh=False):
        return [self._host.get_hostname()]

    def get_host_cpu_stats(self):
        """Return the current CPU state of the host."""
        return self._host.get_cpu_stats()

    def get_host_uptime(self):
        """Returns the result of calling "uptime"."""
        out, err = utils.execute('env', 'LANG=C', 'uptime')
        return out

    def manage_image_cache(self, context, all_instances):
        """Manage the local cache of images."""
        self.image_cache_manager.update(context, all_instances)

    def _cleanup_remote_migration(self, dest, inst_base, inst_base_resize,
                                  shared_storage=False):
        """Used only for cleanup in case migrate_disk_and_power_off fails."""
        try:
            if os.path.exists(inst_base_resize):
                utils.execute('rm', '-rf', inst_base)
                utils.execute('mv', inst_base_resize, inst_base)
                if not shared_storage:
                    self._remotefs.remove_dir(dest, inst_base)
        except Exception:
            pass

    def _is_storage_shared_with(self, dest, inst_base):
        # NOTE (rmk): There are two methods of determining whether we are
        #             on the same filesystem: the source and dest IP are the
        #             same, or we create a file on the dest system via SSH
        #             and check whether the source system can also see it.
        shared_storage = (dest == self.get_host_ip_addr())
        if not shared_storage:
            tmp_file = uuid.uuid4().hex + '.tmp'
            tmp_path = os.path.join(inst_base, tmp_file)

            try:
                self._remotefs.create_file(dest, tmp_path)
                if os.path.exists(tmp_path):
                    shared_storage = True
                    os.unlink(tmp_path)
                else:
                    self._remotefs.remove_file(dest, tmp_path)
            except Exception:
                pass
        return shared_storage

    def migrate_disk_and_power_off(self, context, instance, dest,
                                   flavor, network_info,
                                   block_device_info=None,
                                   timeout=0, retry_interval=0):
        LOG.debug("Starting migrate_disk_and_power_off",
                   instance=instance)

        ephemerals = driver.block_device_info_get_ephemerals(block_device_info)

        # get_bdm_ephemeral_disk_size() will return 0 if the new
        # instance's requested block device mapping contain no
        # ephemeral devices. However, we still want to check if
        # the original instance's ephemeral_gb property was set and
        # ensure that the new requested flavor ephemeral size is greater
        eph_size = (block_device.get_bdm_ephemeral_disk_size(ephemerals) or
                    instance.ephemeral_gb)

        # Checks if the migration needs a disk resize down.
        root_down = flavor.root_gb < instance.root_gb
        ephemeral_down = flavor.ephemeral_gb < eph_size
        disk_info_text = self.get_instance_disk_info(
            instance, block_device_info=block_device_info)
        booted_from_volume = self._is_booted_from_volume(instance,
                                                         disk_info_text)
        if (root_down and not booted_from_volume) or ephemeral_down:
            reason = _("Unable to resize disk down.")
            raise exception.InstanceFaultRollback(
                exception.ResizeError(reason=reason))

        disk_info = jsonutils.loads(disk_info_text)

        # NOTE(dgenin): Migration is not implemented for LVM backed instances.
        if CONF.libvirt.images_type == 'lvm' and not booted_from_volume:
            reason = _("Migration is not supported for LVM backed instances")
            raise exception.InstanceFaultRollback(
                exception.MigrationPreCheckError(reason=reason))

        # copy disks to destination
        # rename instance dir to +_resize at first for using
        # shared storage for instance dir (eg. NFS).
        inst_base = libvirt_utils.get_instance_path(instance)
        inst_base_resize = inst_base + "_resize"
        shared_storage = self._is_storage_shared_with(dest, inst_base)

        # try to create the directory on the remote compute node
        # if this fails we pass the exception up the stack so we can catch
        # failures here earlier
        if not shared_storage:
            try:
                self._remotefs.create_dir(dest, inst_base)
            except processutils.ProcessExecutionError as e:
                reason = _("not able to execute ssh command: %s") % e
                raise exception.InstanceFaultRollback(
                    exception.ResizeError(reason=reason))

        self.power_off(instance, timeout, retry_interval)

        block_device_mapping = driver.block_device_info_get_mapping(
            block_device_info)
        for vol in block_device_mapping:
            connection_info = vol['connection_info']
            disk_dev = vol['mount_device'].rpartition("/")[2]
            self._disconnect_volume(connection_info, disk_dev)

        try:
            utils.execute('mv', inst_base, inst_base_resize)
            # if we are migrating the instance with shared storage then
            # create the directory.  If it is a remote node the directory
            # has already been created
            if shared_storage:
                dest = None
                utils.execute('mkdir', '-p', inst_base)

            on_execute = lambda process: \
                self.job_tracker.add_job(instance, process.pid)
            on_completion = lambda process: \
                self.job_tracker.remove_job(instance, process.pid)

            active_flavor = instance.get_flavor()
            for info in disk_info:
                # assume inst_base == dirname(info['path'])
                img_path = info['path']
                fname = os.path.basename(img_path)
                from_path = os.path.join(inst_base_resize, fname)

                # To properly resize the swap partition, it must be
                # re-created with the proper size.  This is acceptable
                # because when an OS is shut down, the contents of the
                # swap space are just garbage, the OS doesn't bother about
                # what is in it.

                # We will not copy over the swap disk here, and rely on
                # finish_migration/_create_image to re-create it for us.
                if not (fname == 'disk.swap' and
                    active_flavor.get('swap', 0) != flavor.get('swap', 0)):

                    compression = info['type'] not in NO_COMPRESSION_TYPES
                    libvirt_utils.copy_image(from_path, img_path, host=dest,
                                             on_execute=on_execute,
                                             on_completion=on_completion,
                                             compression=compression)

            # Ensure disk.info is written to the new path to avoid disks being
            # reinspected and potentially changing format.
            src_disk_info_path = os.path.join(inst_base_resize, 'disk.info')
            if os.path.exists(src_disk_info_path):
                dst_disk_info_path = os.path.join(inst_base, 'disk.info')
                libvirt_utils.copy_image(src_disk_info_path,
                                         dst_disk_info_path,
                                         host=dest, on_execute=on_execute,
                                         on_completion=on_completion)
        except Exception:
            with excutils.save_and_reraise_exception():
                self._cleanup_remote_migration(dest, inst_base,
                                               inst_base_resize,
                                               shared_storage)

        return disk_info_text

    def _wait_for_running(self, instance):
        state = self.get_info(instance).state

        if state == power_state.RUNNING:
            LOG.info(_LI("Instance running successfully."), instance=instance)
            raise loopingcall.LoopingCallDone()

    @staticmethod
    def _disk_size_from_instance(instance, disk_name):
        """Determines the disk size from instance properties

        Returns the disk size by using the disk name to determine whether it
        is a root or an ephemeral disk, then by checking properties of the
        instance returns the size converted to bytes.

        Returns 0 if the disk name not match (disk, disk.local).
        """
        if disk_name == 'disk':
            size = instance.root_gb
        elif disk_name == 'disk.local':
            size = instance.ephemeral_gb
        # N.B. We don't handle ephemeral disks named disk.ephN here,
        # which is almost certainly a bug. It's not clear what this function
        # should return if an instance has multiple ephemeral disks.
        else:
            size = 0
        return size * units.Gi

    @staticmethod
    def _disk_raw_to_qcow2(path):
        """Converts a raw disk to qcow2."""
        path_qcow = path + '_qcow'
        utils.execute('qemu-img', 'convert', '-f', 'raw',
                      '-O', 'qcow2', path, path_qcow)
        utils.execute('mv', path_qcow, path)

    @staticmethod
    def _disk_qcow2_to_raw(path):
        """Converts a qcow2 disk to raw."""
        path_raw = path + '_raw'
        utils.execute('qemu-img', 'convert', '-f', 'qcow2',
                      '-O', 'raw', path, path_raw)
        utils.execute('mv', path_raw, path)

    def _disk_resize(self, image, size):
        """Attempts to resize a disk to size

        :param image: an instance of nova.virt.image.model.Image

        Attempts to resize a disk by checking the capabilities and
        preparing the format, then calling disk.api.extend.

        Note: Currently only support disk extend.
        """

        if not isinstance(image, imgmodel.LocalFileImage):
            LOG.debug("Skipping resize of non-local image")
            return

        # If we have a non partitioned image that we can extend
        # then ensure we're in 'raw' format so we can extend file system.
        converted = False
        if (size and
            image.format == imgmodel.FORMAT_QCOW2 and
            disk.can_resize_image(image.path, size) and
            disk.is_image_extendable(image)):
            self._disk_qcow2_to_raw(image.path)
            converted = True
            image = imgmodel.LocalFileImage(image.path,
                                            imgmodel.FORMAT_RAW)

        if size:
            disk.extend(image, size)

        if converted:
            # back to qcow2 (no backing_file though) so that snapshot
            # will be available
            self._disk_raw_to_qcow2(image.path)

    def finish_migration(self, context, migration, instance, disk_info,
                         network_info, image_meta, resize_instance,
                         block_device_info=None, power_on=True):
        LOG.debug("Starting finish_migration", instance=instance)

        block_disk_info = blockinfo.get_disk_info(CONF.libvirt.virt_type,
                                                  instance,
                                                  image_meta,
                                                  block_device_info)
        # assume _create_image does nothing if a target file exists.
        # NOTE: This has the intended side-effect of fetching a missing
        # backing file.
        self._create_image(context, instance, block_disk_info['mapping'],
                           network_info=network_info,
                           block_device_info=None, inject_files=False,
                           fallback_from_host=migration.source_compute)

        # Resize root disk and a single ephemeral disk called disk.local
        # Also convert raw disks to qcow2 if migrating to host which uses
        # qcow2 from host which uses raw.
        # TODO(mbooth): Handle resize of multiple ephemeral disks, and
        #               ephemeral disks not called disk.local.
        disk_info = jsonutils.loads(disk_info)
        for info in disk_info:
            path = info['path']
            disk_name = os.path.basename(path)

            size = self._disk_size_from_instance(instance, disk_name)
            if resize_instance:
                image = imgmodel.LocalFileImage(path, info['type'])
                self._disk_resize(image, size)

            # NOTE(mdbooth): The code below looks wrong, but is actually
            # required to prevent a security hole when migrating from a host
            # with use_cow_images=False to one with use_cow_images=True.
            # Imagebackend uses use_cow_images to select between the
            # atrociously-named-Raw and Qcow2 backends. The Qcow2 backend
            # writes to disk.info, but does not read it as it assumes qcow2.
            # Therefore if we don't convert raw to qcow2 here, a raw disk will
            # be incorrectly assumed to be qcow2, which is a severe security
            # flaw. The reverse is not true, because the atrociously-named-Raw
            # backend supports both qcow2 and raw disks, and will choose
            # appropriately between them as long as disk.info exists and is
            # correctly populated, which it is because Qcow2 writes to
            # disk.info.
            #
            # In general, we do not yet support format conversion during
            # migration. For example:
            #   * Converting from use_cow_images=True to use_cow_images=False
            #     isn't handled. This isn't a security bug, but is almost
            #     certainly buggy in other cases, as the 'Raw' backend doesn't
            #     expect a backing file.
            #   * Converting to/from lvm and rbd backends is not supported.
            #
            # This behaviour is inconsistent, and therefore undesirable for
            # users. It is tightly-coupled to implementation quirks of 2
            # out of 5 backends in imagebackend and defends against a severe
            # security flaw which is not at all obvious without deep analysis,
            # and is therefore undesirable to developers. We should aim to
            # remove it. This will not be possible, though, until we can
            # represent the storage layout of a specific instance
            # independent of the default configuration of the local compute
            # host.

            # Config disks are hard-coded to be raw even when
            # use_cow_images=True (see _get_disk_config_image_type),so don't
            # need to be converted.
            if (disk_name != 'disk.config' and
                        info['type'] == 'raw' and CONF.use_cow_images):
                self._disk_raw_to_qcow2(info['path'])

        xml = self._get_guest_xml(context, instance, network_info,
                                  block_disk_info, image_meta,
                                  block_device_info=block_device_info,
                                  write_to_disk=True)
        # NOTE(mriedem): vifs_already_plugged=True here, regardless of whether
        # or not we've migrated to another host, because we unplug VIFs locally
        # and the status change in the port might go undetected by the neutron
        # L2 agent (or neutron server) so neutron may not know that the VIF was
        # unplugged in the first place and never send an event.
        self._create_domain_and_network(context, xml, instance, network_info,
                                        block_disk_info,
                                        block_device_info=block_device_info,
                                        power_on=power_on,
                                        vifs_already_plugged=True)
        if power_on:
            timer = loopingcall.FixedIntervalLoopingCall(
                                                    self._wait_for_running,
                                                    instance)
            timer.start(interval=0.5).wait()

        LOG.debug("finish_migration finished successfully.", instance=instance)

    def _cleanup_failed_migration(self, inst_base):
        """Make sure that a failed migrate doesn't prevent us from rolling
        back in a revert.
        """
        try:
            shutil.rmtree(inst_base)
        except OSError as e:
            if e.errno != errno.ENOENT:
                raise

    def finish_revert_migration(self, context, instance, network_info,
                                block_device_info=None, power_on=True):
        LOG.debug("Starting finish_revert_migration",
                  instance=instance)

        inst_base = libvirt_utils.get_instance_path(instance)
        inst_base_resize = inst_base + "_resize"

        # NOTE(danms): if we're recovering from a failed migration,
        # make sure we don't have a left-over same-host base directory
        # that would conflict. Also, don't fail on the rename if the
        # failure happened early.
        if os.path.exists(inst_base_resize):
            self._cleanup_failed_migration(inst_base)
            utils.execute('mv', inst_base_resize, inst_base)

        backend = self.image_backend.image(instance, 'disk')
        # Once we rollback, the snapshot is no longer needed, so remove it
        # TODO(nic): Remove the try/except/finally in a future release
        # To avoid any upgrade issues surrounding instances being in pending
        # resize state when the software is updated, this portion of the
        # method logs exceptions rather than failing on them.  Once it can be
        # reasonably assumed that no such instances exist in the wild
        # anymore, the try/except/finally should be removed,
        # and ignore_errors should be set back to False (the default) so
        # that problems throw errors, like they should.
        if backend.check_image_exists():
            try:
                backend.rollback_to_snap(libvirt_utils.RESIZE_SNAPSHOT_NAME)
            except exception.SnapshotNotFound:
                LOG.warning(_LW("Failed to rollback snapshot (%s)"),
                            libvirt_utils.RESIZE_SNAPSHOT_NAME)
            finally:
                backend.remove_snap(libvirt_utils.RESIZE_SNAPSHOT_NAME,
                                    ignore_errors=True)

        disk_info = blockinfo.get_disk_info(CONF.libvirt.virt_type,
                                            instance,
                                            instance.image_meta,
                                            block_device_info)
        xml = self._get_guest_xml(context, instance, network_info, disk_info,
                                  instance.image_meta,
                                  block_device_info=block_device_info)
        self._create_domain_and_network(context, xml, instance, network_info,
                                        disk_info,
                                        block_device_info=block_device_info,
                                        power_on=power_on,
                                        vifs_already_plugged=True)

        if power_on:
            timer = loopingcall.FixedIntervalLoopingCall(
                                                    self._wait_for_running,
                                                    instance)
            timer.start(interval=0.5).wait()

        LOG.debug("finish_revert_migration finished successfully.",
                  instance=instance)

    def confirm_migration(self, migration, instance, network_info):
        """Confirms a resize, destroying the source VM."""
        self._cleanup_resize(instance, network_info)

    @staticmethod
    def _get_io_devices(xml_doc):
        """get the list of io devices from the xml document."""
        result = {"volumes": [], "ifaces": []}
        try:
            doc = etree.fromstring(xml_doc)
        except Exception:
            return result
        blocks = [('./devices/disk', 'volumes'),
            ('./devices/interface', 'ifaces')]
        for block, key in blocks:
            section = doc.findall(block)
            for node in section:
                for child in node.getchildren():
                    if child.tag == 'target' and child.get('dev'):
                        result[key].append(child.get('dev'))
        return result

    def get_diagnostics(self, instance):
        guest = self._host.get_guest(instance)

        # TODO(sahid): We are converting all calls from a
        # virDomain object to use nova.virt.libvirt.Guest.
        # We should be able to remove domain at the end.
        domain = guest._domain
        output = {}
        # get cpu time, might launch an exception if the method
        # is not supported by the underlying hypervisor being
        # used by libvirt
        try:
            for vcpu in guest.get_vcpus_info():
                output["cpu" + str(vcpu.id) + "_time"] = vcpu.time
        except libvirt.libvirtError:
            pass
        # get io status
        xml = guest.get_xml_desc()
        dom_io = LibvirtDriver._get_io_devices(xml)
        for guest_disk in dom_io["volumes"]:
            try:
                # blockStats might launch an exception if the method
                # is not supported by the underlying hypervisor being
                # used by libvirt
                stats = domain.blockStats(guest_disk)
                output[guest_disk + "_read_req"] = stats[0]
                output[guest_disk + "_read"] = stats[1]
                output[guest_disk + "_write_req"] = stats[2]
                output[guest_disk + "_write"] = stats[3]
                output[guest_disk + "_errors"] = stats[4]
            except libvirt.libvirtError:
                pass
        for interface in dom_io["ifaces"]:
            try:
                # interfaceStats might launch an exception if the method
                # is not supported by the underlying hypervisor being
                # used by libvirt
                stats = domain.interfaceStats(interface)
                output[interface + "_rx"] = stats[0]
                output[interface + "_rx_packets"] = stats[1]
                output[interface + "_rx_errors"] = stats[2]
                output[interface + "_rx_drop"] = stats[3]
                output[interface + "_tx"] = stats[4]
                output[interface + "_tx_packets"] = stats[5]
                output[interface + "_tx_errors"] = stats[6]
                output[interface + "_tx_drop"] = stats[7]
            except libvirt.libvirtError:
                pass
        output["memory"] = domain.maxMemory()
        # memoryStats might launch an exception if the method
        # is not supported by the underlying hypervisor being
        # used by libvirt
        try:
            mem = domain.memoryStats()
            for key in mem.keys():
                output["memory-" + key] = mem[key]
        except (libvirt.libvirtError, AttributeError):
            pass
        return output

    def get_instance_diagnostics(self, instance):
        guest = self._host.get_guest(instance)

        # TODO(sahid): We are converting all calls from a
        # virDomain object to use nova.virt.libvirt.Guest.
        # We should be able to remove domain at the end.
        domain = guest._domain

        xml = guest.get_xml_desc()
        xml_doc = etree.fromstring(xml)

        # TODO(sahid): Needs to use get_info but more changes have to
        # be done since a mapping STATE_MAP LIBVIRT_POWER_STATE is
        # needed.
        (state, max_mem, mem, num_cpu, cpu_time) = \
            guest._get_domain_info(self._host)
        config_drive = configdrive.required_by(instance)
        launched_at = timeutils.normalize_time(instance.launched_at)
        uptime = timeutils.delta_seconds(launched_at,
                                         timeutils.utcnow())
        diags = diagnostics.Diagnostics(state=power_state.STATE_MAP[state],
                                        driver='libvirt',
                                        config_drive=config_drive,
                                        hypervisor_os='linux',
                                        uptime=uptime)
        diags.memory_details.maximum = max_mem / units.Mi
        diags.memory_details.used = mem / units.Mi

        # get cpu time, might launch an exception if the method
        # is not supported by the underlying hypervisor being
        # used by libvirt
        try:
            for vcpu in guest.get_vcpus_info():
                diags.add_cpu(time=vcpu.time)
        except libvirt.libvirtError:
            pass
        # get io status
        dom_io = LibvirtDriver._get_io_devices(xml)
        for guest_disk in dom_io["volumes"]:
            try:
                # blockStats might launch an exception if the method
                # is not supported by the underlying hypervisor being
                # used by libvirt
                stats = domain.blockStats(guest_disk)
                diags.add_disk(read_bytes=stats[1],
                               read_requests=stats[0],
                               write_bytes=stats[3],
                               write_requests=stats[2])
            except libvirt.libvirtError:
                pass
        for interface in dom_io["ifaces"]:
            try:
                # interfaceStats might launch an exception if the method
                # is not supported by the underlying hypervisor being
                # used by libvirt
                stats = domain.interfaceStats(interface)
                diags.add_nic(rx_octets=stats[0],
                              rx_errors=stats[2],
                              rx_drop=stats[3],
                              rx_packets=stats[1],
                              tx_octets=stats[4],
                              tx_errors=stats[6],
                              tx_drop=stats[7],
                              tx_packets=stats[5])
            except libvirt.libvirtError:
                pass

        # Update mac addresses of interface if stats have been reported
        if diags.nic_details:
            nodes = xml_doc.findall('./devices/interface/mac')
            for index, node in enumerate(nodes):
                diags.nic_details[index].mac_address = node.get('address')
        return diags

    def instance_on_disk(self, instance):
        # ensure directories exist and are writable
        instance_path = libvirt_utils.get_instance_path(instance)
        LOG.debug('Checking instance files accessibility %s', instance_path,
                  instance=instance)
        shared_instance_path = os.access(instance_path, os.W_OK)
        # NOTE(flwang): For shared block storage scenario, the file system is
        # not really shared by the two hosts, but the volume of evacuated
        # instance is reachable.
        shared_block_storage = (self.image_backend.backend().
                                is_shared_block_storage())
        return shared_instance_path or shared_block_storage

    def inject_network_info(self, instance, nw_info):
        self.firewall_driver.setup_basic_filtering(instance, nw_info)

    def delete_instance_files(self, instance):
        target = libvirt_utils.get_instance_path(instance)
        # A resize may be in progress
        target_resize = target + '_resize'
        # Other threads may attempt to rename the path, so renaming the path
        # to target + '_del' (because it is atomic) and iterating through
        # twice in the unlikely event that a concurrent rename occurs between
        # the two rename attempts in this method. In general this method
        # should be fairly thread-safe without these additional checks, since
        # other operations involving renames are not permitted when the task
        # state is not None and the task state should be set to something
        # other than None by the time this method is invoked.
        target_del = target + '_del'
        for i in six.moves.range(2):
            try:
                utils.execute('mv', target, target_del)
                break
            except Exception:
                pass
            try:
                utils.execute('mv', target_resize, target_del)
                break
            except Exception:
                pass
        # Either the target or target_resize path may still exist if all
        # rename attempts failed.
        remaining_path = None
        for p in (target, target_resize):
            if os.path.exists(p):
                remaining_path = p
                break

        # A previous delete attempt may have been interrupted, so target_del
        # may exist even if all rename attempts during the present method
        # invocation failed due to the absence of both target and
        # target_resize.
        if not remaining_path and os.path.exists(target_del):
            self.job_tracker.terminate_jobs(instance)

            LOG.info(_LI('Deleting instance files %s'), target_del,
                     instance=instance)
            remaining_path = target_del
            try:
                shutil.rmtree(target_del)
            except OSError as e:
                LOG.error(_LE('Failed to cleanup directory %(target)s: '
                              '%(e)s'), {'target': target_del, 'e': e},
                            instance=instance)

        # It is possible that the delete failed, if so don't mark the instance
        # as cleaned.
        if remaining_path and os.path.exists(remaining_path):
            LOG.info(_LI('Deletion of %s failed'), remaining_path,
                     instance=instance)
            return False

        LOG.info(_LI('Deletion of %s complete'), target_del, instance=instance)
        return True

    @property
    def need_legacy_block_device_info(self):
        return False

    def default_root_device_name(self, instance, image_meta, root_bdm):
        disk_bus = blockinfo.get_disk_bus_for_device_type(
            instance, CONF.libvirt.virt_type, image_meta, "disk")
        cdrom_bus = blockinfo.get_disk_bus_for_device_type(
            instance, CONF.libvirt.virt_type, image_meta, "cdrom")
        root_info = blockinfo.get_root_info(
            instance, CONF.libvirt.virt_type, image_meta,
            root_bdm, disk_bus, cdrom_bus)
        return block_device.prepend_dev(root_info['dev'])

    def default_device_names_for_instance(self, instance, root_device_name,
                                          *block_device_lists):
        block_device_mapping = list(itertools.chain(*block_device_lists))
        # NOTE(ndipanov): Null out the device names so that blockinfo code
        #                 will assign them
        for bdm in block_device_mapping:
            if bdm.device_name is not None:
                LOG.warn(_LW("Ignoring supplied device name: %(device_name)s. "
                             "Libvirt can't honour user-supplied dev names"),
                         {'device_name': bdm.device_name}, instance=instance)
                bdm.device_name = None
        block_device_info = driver.get_block_device_info(instance,
                                                         block_device_mapping)

        blockinfo.default_device_names(CONF.libvirt.virt_type,
                                       nova_context.get_admin_context(),
                                       instance,
                                       block_device_info,
                                       instance.image_meta)

    def get_device_name_for_instance(self, instance, bdms, block_device_obj):
        block_device_info = driver.get_block_device_info(instance, bdms)
        instance_info = blockinfo.get_disk_info(
                CONF.libvirt.virt_type, instance,
                instance.image_meta, block_device_info=block_device_info)

        suggested_dev_name = block_device_obj.device_name
        if suggested_dev_name is not None:
            LOG.warn(_LW('Ignoring supplied device name: %(suggested_dev)s'),
                     {'suggested_dev': suggested_dev_name}, instance=instance)

        # NOTE(ndipanov): get_info_from_bdm will generate the new device name
        #                 only when it's actually not set on the bd object
        block_device_obj.device_name = None
        disk_info = blockinfo.get_info_from_bdm(
            instance, CONF.libvirt.virt_type, instance.image_meta,
            block_device_obj, mapping=instance_info['mapping'])
        return block_device.prepend_dev(disk_info['dev'])

    def is_supported_fs_format(self, fs_type):
        return fs_type in [disk.FS_FORMAT_EXT2, disk.FS_FORMAT_EXT3,
                           disk.FS_FORMAT_EXT4, disk.FS_FORMAT_XFS]
