Ocamlnet 4 Reference Manual : Netglob

# Module Netglob

    module Netglob: sig .. end

Globbing

Globbing resolves shell wildcards like "*" and "?". For example,

        let files = Netglob.glob (`String "*.cm[iox]")

would return all files matching this pattern (e.g. module.cmi, module.cmo).

The main user function is `Netglob.glob`. Globbing accesses the local filesystem by default, but one can also run the globbing algorithm on any other filesystem, provided the access primitives of `Netglob.glob_fsys` are available.
Globbing resolves shell wildcards like "*" and "?". For example,

        let files = Netglob.glob (`String "*.cm[iox]")

would return all files matching this pattern (e.g. module.cmi, module.cmo).

The main user function is `Netglob.glob`. Globbing accesses the local filesystem by default, but one can also run the globbing algorithm on any other filesystem, provided the access primitives of `Netglob.glob_fsys` are available.

## Types and exceptions

    type glob_expr = glob_expr_atom list

    type glob_expr_atom = [ `Brace of glob_expr list
           | `Bracket of bool * glob_set
           | `Literal of string
           | `Qmark
           | `Star
           | `Tilde of string ]

Atoms:

- ``Literal s`: Matches the string literally. The string must not be empty. The backslash is not an escape character, but matches the backslash character.
- ``Star`: The "*" operator
- ``Qmark`: The "?" operator
- ``Bracket(negated,set)`: The `[...]` operator. The `set` argument describes the characters that are matched. The `negated` argument is true when the expression is negated (i.e. `[^...]`).
- ``Brace l`: The `{e1,e2,...}` operator
- ``Tilde t`: The `~username` operator. If `t=""` the current user is meant. The ``Tilde` atom may only occur at the beginning of the list. The ``Tilde` atom always matches a directory, and must be followed by a literal slash (if anything follows).

Compatibility: Conforms to POSIX with extensions (braces). Shells often implement brace expressions in a slightly different way (braces are parsed and expanded in a separate step before the other pattern constructors are handled). The cases where this leads to different results are quite exotic (e.g. `"{~g,~h}1"` would mean `"~g1 ~h1"`, but this implementation rejects the pattern).

    type glob_set = <

`` | `set : `(int * int) list`;`

>
A set of code points is given as a list of ranges `(from,to)`, with `from <= to`. It is allowed that ranges overlap.

    type valid_glob_expr

A validated `glob_expr`

    class type user_info = object .. end

Access to the user database

    class type glob_fsys = object .. end

Filesystem primitives.

    type glob_mode = [ `All_paths | `All_words | `Existing_paths ]

Modes:

- ``Existing_paths`: Only paths are returned that really exist
- ``All_paths`: Generated paths not including `*`, `?` and bracket expressions are returned even if they do not exist. For example, globbing for `"fictive{1,2,3}"` would return `["ficitve1";"fictive2";"fictive3"]` independent of whether these files exist.
- ``All_words`: Patterns that cannot be resolved are returned as-is (like the shell does)

    type pattern = [ `Expr of valid_glob_expr | `String of string ]

Input for `Netglob.glob`

    exception Bad_glob_expr of string

An syntax error in the glob expression; the argument is the bad expression

    exception Unsupported_expr of string

The notations `:class:`, `.symbol.`, `=eqclass=` inside `...` are not supported by this implementation. If they are found, this exception will be raised, and the argument is the whole glob expression

## Parsing and printing

    val parse_glob_expr : ?encoding:Netconversion.encoding ->
           ?enable_star:bool ->
           ?enable_qmark:bool ->
           ?enable_brackets:bool ->
           ?enable_braces:bool ->
           ?enable_tilde:bool ->
           ?enable_escape:bool -> string -> valid_glob_expr

Parses the glob expression. By default, all syntax features are enabled. May raise `Bad_glob_expr` or `Unsupported_expr`.

The glob expressions are POSIX-compliant with the extension of brace expressions, and tildes, and the omission of internationalized bracket expressions:

- `*`: Matches a sequence of zero or more arbitrary characters
- `?`: Matches one arbitrary character
- `[abc]`: Matches one of the mentioned characters
- `[a-z]`: Matches one of the characters of the range. This is here only permitted when the range falls into the ASCII set. (Otherwise the interpretation would be dependent on the encoding.) Note that the ASCII restriction does not comply to POSIX.
- `[!expr]` or `[^expr]`: Negates the bracket expression
- `{expr,expr,...}`: Generates a string for each of the alternatives. A brace expression is even recognized if there is no comma, or even no contents (i.e. `"{expr}"` and `"{}"`). The elements of brace expressions may be again glob expressions; nested brace expressions are allowed.
- `~username`: Generates the home directory of this user
- `~`: Generates the home directory of the current user
- If enabled, the backslash character is the escape character. Within bracket expressions, the backslash character never escapes.
- Not supported: Collating symbols `[.a.]`, equivalence classes `[=a=]`, and character classes `[:name:]`. If they are found, the exception `Unsupported_expr` will be raised.

Glob expressions have a character `encoding`. This defaults to ``Enc_iso88591`. Encodings must be ASCII-compatible.

    val validate_glob_expr : Netconversion.encoding -> glob_expr -> valid_glob_expr

Checks whether the passed expression is syntactically valid. If so, a validated expression is returned. Otherwise, this function fails.

    val recover_glob_expr : valid_glob_expr -> glob_expr

Returns the explicit representation

    val encoding_of_glob_expr : valid_glob_expr -> Netconversion.encoding

Returns the encoding

    val literal_glob_expr : Netconversion.encoding -> string -> valid_glob_expr

Returns an expression that matches literally the passed string

    val print_glob_expr : ?escape_in_literals:bool -> valid_glob_expr -> string

Prints the glob expression as string. Meta characters are escaped by a backslash when possible. Meta characters are: `"*"`, `"?"`, `"["], ["]"`, `"{"`, `"}"`, `","`, `"~"` and `"\\"`

- `escape_in_literals`: Whether meta characters in ``Literal` subexpressions are escaped. This is true by default.

## Operations on `valid_glob_expr`

    val expand_glob_expr : ?user_info:user_info ->
           ?expand_brace:bool ->
           ?expand_tilde:bool -> valid_glob_expr -> valid_glob_expr list

Resolve generative sub expressions by expanding them. The returned list of glob expr no longer contains the expanded constructions.

- `expand_brace`: Expands ``Brace` subexpressions.
- `expand_tilde`: Expands ``Tilde` subexpressions.
- `user_info`: The subset of file system operations needed for tilde expansion. Defaults to `Netglob.local_user_info` (see below).

Both `expand_*` options are enabled by default.

    val match_glob_expr : ?protect_period:bool ->
           ?protect_slash:bool ->
           ?encoding:Netconversion.encoding -> valid_glob_expr -> string -> bool

Matches the glob_expr against a string.

The input must neither contain brace expressions nor tildes (i.e. call `expand_glob_expr` first). The function fails if it encounters such an expression.

- `protect_period`: If true, a leading period cannot be not matched by `*`, `?`, `[...]`, but only by a literal `.`. A leading period is a `.` at the beginning of the string to be matched against, or if also `protect_slash` a `.` after a `/`
- `protect_slash`: If true, a slash cannot be matched by `*`, `?`, `[...]`, but only by a literal `/`

Both options are enabled by default.

- `encoding`: The encoding of the string argument. Defaults to the encoding of the glob pattern.

    val split_glob_expr : valid_glob_expr -> valid_glob_expr list

Splits the glob expression into filename components separated by literal `/` characters. For example, for the glob expression `"a*b/c/d?"`, the list `["a*b"; "c"; "d?"]` is returned.

If the first component begins with a slash, the slash is not removed from the first returned list element, e.g. for `"/ab/c*"`, the list `[ "/ab"; "c*" ]` is computed. Use `check_rooted_glob_expr` to test this case.

Several adjacent slashes are handled like a single slash. E.g. for `"a//b"`, the list `["a"; "b"]` is returned.

If the last component ends with a slash, it is not removed from the returned list element, e.g. for `"a/b/"`, the list `[ "a"; "b/" ]` is returned. Use `check_directory_glob_expr` to test this case.

The glob expression passed to this function must not contain brace or tilde expressions.

    val check_rooted_glob_expr : valid_glob_expr -> valid_glob_expr option

If the glob expression matches the root directory (i.e. the expression begins with a literal `/`), the function returns `Some expr'`, where `expr'` matches the path relative to the root directory (i.e. the expression without the `/` at the beginning).

Otherwise, `None` is returned.

Example: For `"/a/b*"`, the expression `"a/b*"` is returned.

Special case: for `"/"`, the expression `""` (only matching the empty string) is returned.

The glob expression passed to this function must not contain brace or tilde expressions.

    val check_directory_glob_expr : valid_glob_expr -> valid_glob_expr option

If the last component of the glob expression matches only directories because it ends with a literal `/` character, the value `Some expr'` is returned where `expr'` matches the same path without the trailing `/`.

Otherwise, `None` is returned.

Example: For `"a/b*/"`, the expression `"a/b*"` is returned.

Special case: for `"/"`, the expression `""` (only matching the empty string) is returned.

The glob expression passed to this function must not contain brace or tilde expressions.

## Globbing

    val glob : ?encoding:Netconversion.encoding ->
           ?base_dir:string ->
           ?protect_period:bool ->
           ?fsys:glob_fsys ->
           ?user_info:user_info ->
           ?mode:glob_mode -> pattern -> string list

Forms a set of filenames as described below, and matches this set against the pattern. The pattern can be given as a ``String s` in which case `s` is parsed (with all features enabled, and it is assumed it has the passed `encoding`). Alternatively, an already parsed ``Expr e` can be given. (Note that `encoding` is ignored in this case.)

Slashes must be explicitly matched: "/" must literally occur in order to be a candidate for matching. It is not matched by `*` or `?` or a bracket expression.

Periods: The leading period is protected if `protect_period`. It must then also literally occur to be matched.

Anchoring: If the `glob_expr` begins with a literal "/", the set of filenames is anchored at the root directory; otherwise the set is anchored at the current directory or, if `base_dir` is passed, at this directory. (If `fsys` is passed, it is required to also set `base_dir`.)

Initially, the set contains all files of the anchor directory (for the root directory, a "/" is prepended).

After that, the set is extended by adding the paths of subdirectories relative to the anchor directory. Note that the constructed set is always infinite, because "." and ".." are not handled specially, and are also regarded as "subdirectories". However, after applying the matching criterion, the returned list is always finite.

Note that the anchor directory itself is not part of the generated set. For example, for the expression "/*" the root directory "/" is not returned. As an exception of this rule, for the glob expression "/" the file "/" is returned.

Braces: Brace expressions are handled by expanding them first, even before filename generation starts.

Mode: By default, only existing paths are returned (`mode=`Existing_paths`). If no files match, the empty list is returned (and not the pattern as the shell does). By passing a different `mode`, this can be changed:

- ``All_paths`: It is allowed that non-existing paths are returned when the paths do not contain *, ?, or [ metacharacters after the brace expansion. Path expressions with these metacharacters are still checked for existence.
- ``All_words`: When an expression does not refer to existing paths, it is returned as such, leaving the metacharacters *, ?, [ unexpanded (i.e., what the Bourne shell does). Note that either all metacharacters are resolved, or none, but not a subset of them.

Encodings: Often, only the pattern has an encoding, but not the filesystem (as in Unix). In this case, no conversion is attempted, and the byte representation of the pattern is matched with the byte representation of the filenames. Good luck.

If the filesystem has an encoding, however, conversions may be required, and this can cause problems. Usually, network filesystems provide an encoding, and the Win32 local filesystem. (For Unix, one can pass a custom `fsys` with encoding knowledge.) Conversion problems can be avoided if (1) the encoding of the pattern is a superset of the filename encoding. Also, (2) one should not use literals in the pattern that cannot be represented in the filename encoding. If (2) cannot be satisfied, ensure you have at least `mode=`Existing_paths`, i.e. the default mode (this removes results from the returned list when a conversion problem occurs).

The return value of `glob` is encoded in the encoding of the filesystem if the filesystem provides an encoding. (If you want to check this encoding, pass `fsys`, e.g. as `local_fsys()`, and call the `path_encoding` method of `fsys`.)

## Remarks

Examples demonstrating the effect of encodings: (Linux)

           let fsys = local_fsys ~encoding:`Enc_utf8()
           let l = glob ~fsys (`String "\214*")

The byte 214 is O-umlaut in ISO-8859-1 (the default encoding for patterns). By passing an `fsys` argument we change the encoding for filenames to UTF-8. For example, if

"\195\150ffentlich"

was a file in the current directory, it would be found and returned in `l`.

Conversions: For example, assume we have a file "\226\130\172uro" (EUR-uro in UTF-8). The glob

           let fsys = local_fsys ~encoding:`Enc_utf8()
           let l = glob ~fsys (`String "*")

finds it although the euro sign cannot be represented in ISO-8859-1, the default pattern encoding.

We run into a problem, however, if we want to generate the euro sign even if the file is not present, and the filesystem uses an encoding that does not include this sign:

           let fsys = local_fsys ~encoding:`Enc_iso88591()
           let l = glob ~fsys ~encoding:`Enc_utf8 ~mode:`All_paths
                      (`String "\226\130\172uro")

This raises an exception `Netconversion.Cannot_represent 8364`.

## Remarks

Examples demonstrating the effect of encodings: (Linux)

           let fsys = local_fsys ~encoding:`Enc_utf8()
           let l = glob ~fsys (`String "\214*")

The byte 214 is O-umlaut in ISO-8859-1 (the default encoding for patterns). By passing an `fsys` argument we change the encoding for filenames to UTF-8. For example, if

"\195\150ffentlich"

was a file in the current directory, it would be found and returned in `l`.

Conversions: For example, assume we have a file "\226\130\172uro" (EUR-uro in UTF-8). The glob

           let fsys = local_fsys ~encoding:`Enc_utf8()
           let l = glob ~fsys (`String "*")

finds it although the euro sign cannot be represented in ISO-8859-1, the default pattern encoding.

We run into a problem, however, if we want to generate the euro sign even if the file is not present, and the filesystem uses an encoding that does not include this sign:

           let fsys = local_fsys ~encoding:`Enc_iso88591()
           let l = glob ~fsys ~encoding:`Enc_utf8 ~mode:`All_paths
                      (`String "\226\130\172uro")

This raises an exception `Netconversion.Cannot_represent 8364`.
Notes for Win32:

- Globbing only supports forward slashes, not backslashes as path separators
- Globbing does neither recognize drive letters nor UNC paths as special cases. This may lead to subtle bugs. Glob expressions like "c:/file.*" may or may not work depending on the context.
- The usually case-insensitive file system is not taken into account. (To be fixed.)

## Remarks

Examples demonstrating the effect of encodings: (Linux)

           let fsys = local_fsys ~encoding:`Enc_utf8()
           let l = glob ~fsys (`String "\214*")

The byte 214 is O-umlaut in ISO-8859-1 (the default encoding for patterns). By passing an `fsys` argument we change the encoding for filenames to UTF-8. For example, if

"\195\150ffentlich"

was a file in the current directory, it would be found and returned in `l`.

Conversions: For example, assume we have a file "\226\130\172uro" (EUR-uro in UTF-8). The glob

           let fsys = local_fsys ~encoding:`Enc_utf8()
           let l = glob ~fsys (`String "*")

finds it although the euro sign cannot be represented in ISO-8859-1, the default pattern encoding.

We run into a problem, however, if we want to generate the euro sign even if the file is not present, and the filesystem uses an encoding that does not include this sign:

           let fsys = local_fsys ~encoding:`Enc_iso88591()
           let l = glob ~fsys ~encoding:`Enc_utf8 ~mode:`All_paths
                      (`String "\226\130\172uro")

This raises an exception `Netconversion.Cannot_represent 8364`.
Notes for Win32:

- Globbing only supports forward slashes, not backslashes as path separators
- Globbing does neither recognize drive letters nor UNC paths as special cases. This may lead to subtle bugs. Glob expressions like "c:/file.*" may or may not work depending on the context.
- The usually case-insensitive file system is not taken into account. (To be fixed.)

## Default access objects

    class local_user_info : unit -> user_info

    val local_user_info : unit -> user_info

Get the home directory of a user from the local user database.

    class local_fsys : ?encoding:Netconversion.encoding -> unit -> glob_fsys

    val local_fsys : ?encoding:Netconversion.encoding -> unit -> glob_fsys

Accesses the local filesystem

    class of_stream_fs : #Netfs.stream_fs -> glob_fsys

    val of_stream_fs : #Netfs.stream_fs -> glob_fsys

Use an arbitrary network filesystem for globbing

## Compatibility

This implementation is not fully compatible with the POSIX specs. The differences:

- Missing support for character classes, equivalence classes and collating symbols.
- Ranges in brackets are restricted to ASCII.
- Unparseable patterns are indicated by exceptions. POSIX, however, requires that such patterns are taken literally. E.g. a pattern "[" would match a left bracket in POSIX, but this module throws a syntax error.
- If the slash character is protected, it is still allowed inside brackets. POSIX, however, requires that the pattern is scanned for slashes before brackets. For instance, the pattern "[a/b*]" is scanned as `[`Literal "[a/b]"; `Star]` following the POSIX rules while this implementation sees a bracket expression with "a", "b", "/" and "*" characters.
- The "^" character negates the set if used at the beginning of bracket expressions. POSIX leaves this unspecified.
- Brace expresions are an extension (although commonly implemented in shells).
- The default globbing mode is ``Existing_paths` which is not defined by POSIX. Use ``All_paths` for getting POSIX behavior.

Compared with popular shells, there are some subtle differences in how the various syntax elements (wildcards, braces, tildes) are parsed and processed. Shells do it in this order:

- Parse and expand brace expressions
- Parse and expand tildes
- Split the paths at slashes into path components
- Parse and expand wildcards

For example, after expanding braces it is possible to see totally new tilde or wildcard expressions, e.g. `"~user{1,2}/file"` would be legal. This implementation here does not support this - we first parse the expression, and then interpret it. However, users interested in a higher degree of compatibility can call the `Netglob` parsing, processing and printing functions in the required order, and emulate the shell behavior. For example,

      let alt_glob pat =
        let g1 =
           parse_glob_expr
             ~enable_star:false ~enable_qmark:false ~enable_brackets:false
             ~enable_tilde:false        (* only braces remain enabled *)
              pat in
        let g2_list =
           expand_glob_expr g1 in
        let pat2_list =
           List.map (print_glob_expr ~escape_in_literals:false) g2_list in
        let g3_list =
           List.map
             (fun pat2 -> parse_glob_expr ~enable_braces:false pat2)
             pat2_list in
        List.flatten
          (List.map (fun g3 -> glob (`Expr g3)) g3_list)

would parse and expand brace expressions in a separate step before running `glob` on the remaining syntactic elements.